B.Tech.

report INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

COMMERCIAL BUILDING

B.Tech. Report
RRRRAJT
ASHWANI KUMAR

By
ASHWANI KUMAR RAJTU
(Registration Number: 15000936)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AP GOYAL SHIMLA UNIVERSITY
SHIMLA (HP) – 171 009, INDIA

JULY-AUG 2018

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON
COMMERCIAL BUILDING

A Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

By
ASHWANI KUMAR RAJTU
(Registration Number: 15000936)

Under the guidance

of
Er. Parveen Talwar

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AP GOYAL SHIMLA UNIVERSITY
SHIMLA – 171 009 (INDIA)

July-Aug 2018

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Copyright © AP GOYAL SHIMLA UNIVERSITY
SHIMLA, (HP), INDIA, Year

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 AP GOYAL SHIMLA UNIVERSITY

DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project titled
“COMMERCIAL BUILDING” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Te chn ol o g y an d submitted in the Civil Engineering
Department, AP Goyal shimla university , is an authentic record of my own work carried out
during a period from JULY 2018 to AUG 2018 under the supervision of Er. Parveen Talwar,
Rampur .

The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the award of any
other degree of this or any other Institute/University.

(ASHWANI KUMAR RAJTU)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the me is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Date:
(Er. Parveen Talwar)
The Industrial training report Viva-Voce Examination of Ashwani Kumar Rajtu, has been
held on

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

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TRAINING CERTIFICATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
project. I want to thank the Department of Civil Engineering and construction and maintenance
section of “AP GOYAL SHIMLA” for giving me such a golden opportunity to commence this
project In the first instance. I have furthermore to thank the “J. Er. PRAVEEN TALWAR” who
encouraged me to go ahead with my project
I am deeply indebted to our training in-charge at sight engineer who help, stimulating suggestions
and encouragement helped me in all the time at the training site and also for writing this report.
Also I am thankful to site engineer for helping me understanding the process of construction.
My colleagues from the Civil Engineering Department supported in my project work. I want to
thank them for all their help, support, interest, valuable hints
Especially, I would like to give my specially thanks to my parents whose patience love enabled
me to complete this work. And at last but not the least I would like thank God for the successful
completion of my project.

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 ABSTRACT

Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, working in such

industry, labor problems, which we read in our books. For this, we perform
experiments and perform various tasks for knowledge and observations. Practical
knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the problems
related to that field so that he may solve them and become a successful person.
After achieving the proper goal in life, an engineer has to enter in professional life.
According to this life, he has to serve an industry, may be public or private sector or
self own. For the efficient work in the field, he must be well aware of the practical
knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.
To be a good engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment and must
know about management, working in such industry, labor problems etc., so that he
can tackle them successfully.
Due to all the above reasons and to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our
engineering curriculum provides a practical training of 42 days.
During this period, a student works in the industry and gets all type of experience
and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various types of machinery.
I have undergone my 42 days training (after 6th semester) at HP PWD Rampur
Bushahr Himachal Pradesh.
This report is based on the knowledge which I acquired during my 42 days training
period at the site.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig no. Title Pg. No.

1 Concrete mixture 17

2 Reinforcement bars 26

3 Column reinforcement 28

4 Column formwork 29

5 Small steel plates 30

6 Rectangular columns 31

7 Beam and slab 32

8 Two way slab 34

9 Bend up and extra bar 35

10 Chairs 35

11 Coarse aggregate 36

12 Concrete cover 37

13 Vibrator 38

14 Ducts 38

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 LIST OF TABLE

Table No. Title Page No.

1 About the project 14

2 Machinery proposed for the project 15

3 Column dimensions 31

4 Period of removal of formwork 33

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Topics Pg.No.

1 Introduction 12

1.1 Types of construction 12

2 Aim 14

3 About the project 14

3.1 About the building 14

3.2 Soil investigation 15

3.3 Major building material required for construction 16

4. Procedures followed during construction of building 18

4.1 Layout of building 20

4.2 Reference point 20

4.3 Excavation 20

4.4 Footing layout 21

4.5 Footing 22

4.5.1 Factor affecting the choice of footing 23

4.5.2 Types of footing used 24

4.5.3 Preparation of bed and laying of PCC 26

4.5.4 Reinforcement bars 28

4.5.5 Laying of reinforcement for column 29

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4.5.6 Steel form work 30

5 Column 30

5.1 Types of column 31

6 Beam and slabs 32

6.1 Extra bars provide at beam 32

6.2 Spacer 33

7 Slabs 33

7.1 Design of slab 34

7.2 Chairs 35

7.3 Cement 35

7.3.1 Aggregate 36

7.4 Concrete cover 37

7.5 Curing of slab 37

8 Vibrators 37

9 Ducts 38

10 Expansion joints 39

11 Brick work 39

11.1 Brick work in superstructure 39

11.2 Brick work according to the cement mortar ratio 40

12 Conclusion 41

13 Reference 42

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 INTRODUCTION

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority
of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or
renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and
design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include
some elements in common - design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of
varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structure collapse, cost overruns,
and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans
and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

Building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing various delivery

methodologies, including hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management contracting,
construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging.

Commercial construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local

building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area
generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber).
Cost of construction on a per square metre (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary
dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom
designed homes are always more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled trades
people. As residential (as well as all other types of construction and manufactured homes)
can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.

The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is wood framed
construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction
technologies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management
departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to
improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste.

1.1 Types of construction

In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial.
Building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential
(commercial/institutional). Infrastructure is often called heavy civil or heavy engineering
that includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water or wastewater
and utility distribution. Industrial construction includes refineries, process chemical,
power generation, mills and manufacturing plants. There are also other ways to break the
industry into sectors or markets
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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

TYPE I
– This concrete and steel structure, called fire resistive when first built at the turn of the
century, is supposed to confine a fire by its construction. This type of construction in
which the building elements listed in IBC Table 601 are of non-combustible materials,
such as concrete and steel. The roof is also of non-combustible material, such as concrete
or steel.

TYPE II
– This type of building has steel or concrete walls, floors, and structural framework
similar to type I construction; however, the roof covering material is combustible. The
roof covering of a type II building can be a layer of asphalt waterproofing, with a
combustible felt paper covering. Another layer of asphalt may be mopped over the felt
paper.

TYPE III
– This type of constructed building is also called a brick-and-joist structure by some. It has
masonry-bearing walls but the floors, structural framework, and roof are made of wood or
other combustible material; for example, a concrete-block building with wood roof and
floor trusses. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing complying with IBC Sec. 2303.2 shall
be permitted within exterior wall assemblies of a two-hour rating or less.

TYPE IV
– These buildings have masonry walls like type III buildings but the interior wood consists
of heavy timber. In a heavy-timber building, a wood column cannot be less than 8′′thick in
any dimension and a wood girder cannot be less than 6′′thick. The floor and roof are plank
board. One difference between a heavy timber type IV building and type III construction
is that a heavy-timber type IV building does not have plaster walls and ceilings covering
the interior wood framework. The details of type IV construction shall comply with the
provisions of 602.4.1 through 602.4.7. Fire-retardant-treated wood framing complying
with IBC Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exterior wall assemblies with a two-
hour rating or less.

TYPE V
– Wood-frame construction is the most combustible of the five building types. The interior
framing and exterior walls may be wood. A wood-frame building is the only one of the
five types of construction that has combustible exterior walls. This is the typical single-
family home construction method. These buildings are built with 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 studs and
load-bearing walls, wood floor trusses, or wood floor joist and wood roof framing.

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2. Aim
The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by us from
on going project activities during the package of CESIP(Civil Engineering students
internship Program)

3. About the project:

Table: 1

1 NAME OF PROJECT TRAUMA CENTER HOSPITAL

BUILDING
2 AREA 708 Sq.m

3 PROJECT MANAGER Mr. RAKESH

4 LOCATION OF SITE KHNERI HOSPITAL RAMPUR

5 DATE OF STARTING TRAINING 02-07-2018

6 DURATION OF TRAINING 42 DAYS

3.1 ABOUT THE BUILDING:

This project is a multi story hospital building. This building is constructing to provide
health care facilities for public and childrens. Hospital construction and health care
building is a complicated industry requiring specific knowledge and understanding in
order to create building that offer superior functionality, breath taking design and
innovative solution.
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 Table-2 MACHINERY PROPOSED FOR THE PROJECT

Sr. Machinery & equipment used No.

No.

1 JCB Excavation & loader 1

2 Tipper/Trucks 1
3 Compressor 1
4 Concrete mixer 1
5 Vibrator with nozzles 1
6 Water pump 1
7 Pickup 1

3.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION:

Soil investigation, also called geotechnical investigation, represents a method of
determining physical properties of soil at a construction site. This procedure is done with
the aim of establishing whether soil is safe and solid for construction. Not until the soil
samples are analysed can a construction project start. Soil investigation entails the
application of several different methods and represents an essential part of the building
and site preparation process. The results of this below-ground investigation can affect the
development of the construction project. The field and laboratory investigations required
to get this essential information is know as soil exploration.

Following Laboratory test should be conducted

i.Grain size analysis.
ii.Moisture content.
iii.Direct shear test.
iv.Specific gravity test.
v.Atterburg limit test.
vi.Density test.

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 vii.Unconfined compression test.
viii.Consolidation test

3.3 MAJOR BUILDING MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR

CONSTRUCTION
1. Formwork used
a) steel formwork
 Long steel plates for columns formwork
 Small steel plates for slab, beams & stairs

b) Timber formwork
c) Polly wood formwork

2. Steel formwork

Diameter in steel bars used Units

28,25,20,16,12,10,8 Mm

3. Proportioning concrete
 Concrete mix design are often given by a ratio:

Cement: sand: stone aggregates

 Usually the ratio is in terms of weight of components

 Concrete mix designs are often given by the following ratio

Ratio used in the project work :

1. 1:1:5:3(M20) For COLUMNS, BEAMS, SLABS

RATIO IMPLYING ABOVE

1. Cement
2. Fine aggregate (sand)
3. Coarse aggregate (20 mm & 40mm) (crushed rock)
 In this case, the ratio implies 1 part of cement to 1.5 parts fine aggregate to 3 parts coarse
aggregate.

For one m3 of M20 concrete we use:

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 1. 8 bags of cement
2. 0.445m3 sand
3. 0.67m3 (20mm) stone aggregate

 Part of our design for this project is to develop mix ratios that led to high compression
stresses at failure.
 The two criteria for a successful mix ratios are:-

1. High compressive stress

2. Adequate workability proportioning concrete
 Once a mix ratio is selected, you need to compute the amounts of cement, water, and
aggregates required.
 To start, we need to estimate the volume of concrete required for the job .
 Typical mixing procedure:
1. Clean mixture
2. Add cement and mix for 2minutes
3. Add cement and mix for minutes
4. Add ½ of the mixing water and mix for 2 minutes
5. Add remaining mixing water and mix for 5 minutes
(Play close attention to the concrete in the back of the mixer and make sure that all the
materials are well as mixed and as homogeneous as possible)

(FIG 1 CONCRETE MIXER)

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4.0 PROCEDURES FOLLOWED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDING
Below are the step by step processes which are performed during different phases of
construction.

Site preparation or leveling

The site needs to be cleaned and levelled before further processes. Sometimes the site may
not need levelling. All of this depends on the planning of construction.

Excavation and PCC

Excavation is the digging of trenches in the ground for making it ready for the foundation
substructure of the building. After excavating the ground, a layer of PCC (Plain cement
concrete) is laid in the dug portion before placing the reinforcements for foundation.

Foundation

Foundation is the lowermost part of the building that is contact with the soil. It transfers
the load on the building from the superstructure to the soil and needs to be extremely
strong to handle the load. The reinforcement for the foundation is then prepared after
excavation and concreting is done. The level of base of foundations should be checked
before pouring the concrete. The earth filling is done in the excavated portions after the
concrete foundations stabilize.

Plinth beam and slab

Once the foundation is built, the ground beam reinforcements are prepared and then
concreting is done. Later masonry is done above the ground beam and concreting of plinth
beam is done above that. The void between the foundation and plinth level is filled with
compacted soil.

Superstructure – Column

After the plinth slab is cured then the main structure for the house is started. The columns
are brought up and the frame for further construction is prepared.

Masonry

The walls are later prepared with different materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, fly
ash bricks etc. according to the prepared drawing. Masonry work is carried out with

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cement mortar. Cement mortar is a mixture of cement & sand. Then gaps are laid for
doors and windows during the masonry work.

Lintel over door window gaps

Lintels are prepared with reinforcement and concreting to support the masonry work over
the doors and windows.

Upper floor slab with beam or Roof structure

The masonry work is completed. Then the slab for upper floor is prepared with the beams
resting on the concrete columns. The reinforcements for beams and slabs are assembled
and then in a single day the concrete is poured. Later curing is done.

Door window framing and fixations

Once, the covering is prepared with walls and structure, the door and window frames are
installed. Later the doors and window panels are fixed without finishes.

Rough ins

The electric and plumbing cables and pipes are installed in the walls and slabs such that
they are concealed and not visible after the finishing work is done. The cables and pipes
are left out protruding such that later they can be finished with the electric fitting and
plumbing fixtures.

Exterior finishing

The exterior plastering and painting is also started once the superstructure is ready. Water
proofing is also done to prevent weather effect. Cladding can also be done to enhance the
elevation of the house.

Terrace and roof finishing

Water proofing is done on the terrace and usually terrazzo tiles are applied on the slabs to
keep prevent passage of heat.

Internal finishing

The walls are plastered and the flooring is levelled and tiling is done. Later on the walls
are painted and tiled.

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 Wood work and Fixture fittings

Once the construction process is done. The furniture work is started. Side by side, electric
lights, switch boards and other electric fixtures are fitted. And plumbing fittings are
complete in the bathrooms and kitchen areas too.

Interior decoration is the last step in completing the house with proper furnishing and
fabric use.

4.1 LAYOUT OF BUILDING

Layout techniques are described in the following paragraphs. The following are the most
commonly used layout tools and materials are:-

 A string line is used is used to distinguish the dimension of the building layout
 A sledgehammer is used to sink corner stakes or batter boards and posts.
 A posthole auger is used to dig the holes required to set posts properly in some soils.
 A chalk line is used to deposit chalk on the surface in order to make a straight line.
 A plumbing bob is used to locate the corners of the building dimensions.
 A line level has a sprit bubble to show levelness. The level is huge from a Taut Line. A
100-foot/30-meter tape is used for measuring diagonally (usually in a 100foot length) and
for laying out excavation or foundation lines.

4.2 Reference point

In construction, a datum point is a known points of reference on the basis of which further
measurements or analysis can be made. The point can be based on the finished floor level,
an existing building or a benchmark.

4.3 EXCAVATION:
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment
or explosives. It includes earthwork, trenches, wall, shafts, tunnel-ling and underground.
Excavation has a number of important applications including exploration, environmental
restoration, mining and construction. Among these, construction is one of the most
common application for excavation. Among these, construction is one of the most
common application for excavation. Excavation is used in construction to create building
foundations, reservoirs and roads. Some of different processes used in excavation include
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 trenching, digging, dredging , and site development. Each of these processes requires
unique techniques, tools machinery o get the job done right. The processes used will
depend upon the structure that will result from the construction process.

How does the process work?

Before the excavation process can begin, the site must be carefully examined to make sure
that natural habitat and arte facts surrounding it are persevered throughout excavation.
Next, the plans for the size and depth of the site are made and the excavation company
makes drawings from them to clearly mark the excavation site’s boundaries. Once these
two important steps have been taken, the excavation work can begin. The entire
excavation process include :

 Setting out corner benchmarks

 Surveying ground and top levels
 Excavation to the approved depth
 Dressing the loose soil
 Making up to cut of level
 The construction of dewatering wells and inter connecting trenches
 Making boundaries of building
 The construction of protection bunds and drains

The major methods employed in excavate are:

Mechanical: This method employs the use of mechanical like hydraulic excavation like
JCB 3CX & L&T Komatsu for the purpose of excavation.

Manual: In this method the manpower is used for the purpose of excavation using various
instruments like towel etc. It preferred only in the case where mechanical excavation
cannot be carried out since it is time consuming.

4.4 Footing layout

When beginning a construction project, it is important to take great care in properly
setting up the foundation. The success of the project, whether it is a large house or small
tool shed, relies heavily on the care and effort that has been put into the site preparation
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 and layout. While the techniques described in this article can be employed to some extent
on any scale project, they are tailored to the small to mid –scale home project. This is a
basic guidance to a do-it- yourself builder.

o Determine width and length of foundation dimensions.

 Measure out one side. Place stakes at each end, oriented as desired. It is important that the
stakes lie among the same edge, namely, corners 1 & 2, not corners 1 & 4. Bang in the
stakes using hammer or equivalent tool.
 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine where to place the last two stakes for a 90
degree triangle, a^2+b^2=c^2 where c is the hypotenuse.

4.5 FOOTING
In simple terms the bottom most part of a vertical structure (column) which ultimately
transfers the weight from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock is referred as footing.
This is a part of foundation of any modern structure. Depending on the type of element to
be supported and total designed load soil bearing capacity, footings are divided in several
types.
Below is an image of typical footing of column:

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 Another footing of a typical load bearing wall

4.5.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF THE

FOUNDATION
The following are the factors affecting the choice of foundation:

 Soil type
 Site condition (topography/slope, water content/food plain)
 Type of construction
 Magnitude of the load and intensity
 Economic and other construction considerations
 Type of building
 The possible effect of whether element e.g. rain, snow

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4.5.2 Types of footing used
1. Spread or isolated footing

2. Combined footing

1. Spread or isolated footing:

The isolated footing is one of the most popular and simplest types of foundation used
worldwide. An isolated footing is used to support a single column. Isolated footings are
independent footings which are provided for each column.

This type of footing is used when

 Columns are not closely spaced.

 Loads on footings are less.
 The Safe bearing capacity of the soil is generally high.

The Isolated footings essentially consist of a bottom slab. There are three basic types
of bottom slabs are:

 Pad footing (with uniform thickness)

 Stepped footing (with non uniform thickness)
 Sloped footing (trapezoidal section)

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 Isolated footings can have different shapes in plan, generally, it depends upon the shape of
cross section of the column.

Some of the popular shapes in plan of the footings are,

 Square footing
 Rectangular footing
 Circular footing

2. Combined footing

Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the
economical.

Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as When two
columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings Where soil
bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings Proximity of
building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building column.

TWO REASONS IN USING COMBINED FOOTING

1. When two columns closely spaced that separate footings overlap or are of uneconomic
proportions.

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 2. An exterior column footing that cannot be made symmetrical because of property line
limitations or other restrictions in these situations, the area required to provide isolated
footings for the columns generally overlap. Hence, it is advantageous to provide single
combined footing; in some cases the columns are located on or close to property line . In
such cases footing cannot be explained on one side. Here the footings of exterior and
interior columns are connected by the combined footings. Combined footing essentially
consists of a common slab for the column it is supporting. These slabs are generally
rectangular in plan. Sometimes they can also trapezoidal in plan. Combined footings can
also have a connecting beam and arrangement, which is similar to an inverted T-beam
slab.

A combined footing supporting two columns may be of the following types:

i. Rectangular slab type

ii. Trapezoidal slab type
iii. Beam and slab type

4.5.3 Preparation of bed and lying of PCC for footing:

After the process of excavation completed for a footing its bed is prepared for the
laying of PCC for laying reinforcement for RCC footing. The foundation bed ids
compacted using a damping tool and subsequently the PCC is laid on the compacted bed.
PCC used can be depending on the condition of earth bed which is excavated and how it is
compacted. The thickness of PCC to be laid varies according to the design.

4.5.4 REINFORCEMENT BARS:

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 Reinforcing steel bar specification and theoretical weight
A Ton
Cross Weight
Theoretical Contains
Diameter Sectional of 12m
Item Weight 12m
(mm) Area Bar
(kg/m) Bars
(mm2) (kg)
(pcs)
RSB-
6 28.27 0.222 2.664 375.38
6
RSB-
8 50.27 0.395 4.74 210.97
8
RSB-
10 78.54 0.617 7.404 135.06
10
RSB-
12 113.1 0.888 10.656 93.84
12
RSB-
14 153.9 1.21 14.52 68.87
14
RSB-
16 201.1 1.58 18.96 52.74
16
RSB-
18 254.5 2 24 41.67
18
RSB-
20 314.2 2.47 29.64 33.74
20
RSB-
22 380.1 2.98 35.76 27.96
22
RSB-
25 490.9 3.85 46.2 21.65
25
RSB-
28 615.8 4.83 57.96 17.25
28
RSB-
32 804.2 6.31 75.72 13.21
32
RSB-
36 1018 7.99 98.88 10.43
36
RSB-
40 1257 9.87 118.44 8.44
40

Features

 High fatigue resistance.

 Minimum crack width.
 High bonding strength.
 Desired flexibility.
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 Applications

Reinforcing steel bars are mainly used in construction industry, manufacture of anchor
bolts, masonry structures and so On.

 Building structures: slab-on-ground, walls, structural floor slabs, stairs, roof

construction.
 Road structures: road pavements, walk-able surfaces, segmental bridges.
 Other uses: box culverts, drainage structures, small concrete canals or pads, repair, etc.

4.5.5 Laying of Reinforcement for column:

After the PCC is laid the layout for lying reinforcement is made using cement mortar
subsequently, reinforcement is laid for the foundation and the column which is connected
by by a beam in case of combined footing.

(fig 3): Column Reinforcement

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4.5.6 Steel Formwork:

This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by
small steel angles. The panel units cab be held together through the use of suitable clamps
or bolts and nuts. The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired modular
shape or size . Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where large
number reuses of the shuttering is possible. This type of shuttering is considered most
suitable for circular or curved structures.

 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable
for reuse.
 Propping and centering
 Shuttering
 Cleaning and surface treatment

(fig 4) : COLUMN FORMWORK

29
 Small Steel plates:

They are provided for beams and slabs.

(Fig 5): small steel plates

Construction of concrete formwork :

This normally involves the following operations :
1. Propping and centering
2. Shuttering
3. Provision of camber
4. Cleaning and surface treatment

5. Columns:
Columns support vertical loads from the floor and roofs slabs and transfer these loads to
the footings. Columns usually support compressive loads with or without bending.
Depending on the magnitude of the bending moment and the axial force column behavior
will vary from pure beams action to pure column action. Column are classified as short or
long depending on their slenderness ratio. Short columns usually fail when their materials
are overstressed and long columns usually fail due to buckling which produces secondary
moments resulting from the P –D effect. Columns are classified according to the way they
are reinforced into tied and spirally reinforced columns. Columns are usually reinforced
with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. When this transverse reinforcement is in
the form of ties. The columns is called “tied”. If the transverse reinforcement is in the
form of helical hoops, the column is called “spirally reinforced”.

Since failure of column often cause extensive damage, they are designed with a higher
factor of safety than beams.
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5.1 Types of columns :
 Long column or slender
 Short column
 Intermediate column
A column may rectangular, square, circular, or polygon in cross – section
Here, in this project we have used one type of column which is rectangular further details
are provided in the table as follows:-

Table -3 Column Dimension

Columns Dimensions No. of Set of lateral

longitudinal ties used
bars used
Rectangular 40x75cm 3- set of ties
columns 40x60cm (8mm
&10mm
28,25,20,16 reinforcement
lateral ties)

(Fig.6): RECTANGULAR COLUMNS

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6. BEAMS AND SLABS:

Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are provided. The beams are
supported on wall and columns. The M20(1:1.5:3) grade concrete is used in beams with a
clear cover of 25mm on each side. Different sizes of beams are used in the buildings.

a. DESIGN OF BEAM:

 Beams is a member which transfer the loads from slab to columns and then foundation to
soil.
 Beams is a tension member.
 Span of slabs , which decide the spacing of beams.

b. SIZE OF BEAM
 40x60
 35*50

(Fig.7) BEAMS AND SLABS

6.1 EXTRA BARS PROVIDED AT BEAM:

That’s for resist diagonal tension stress and in order to prevent inclined cracks to occur by
action of maximum shear stresses which concrete fails to resist.

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6.2 SPACER:

To provided cover at the bottom of the beams they are rested on small pieces of different
dia bars such as 20mm and 25mm with maintains the spaces between formwork and
beam, and thus a clear cover is provided at the bottom of beams, these small pieces of
different dia bars are known as spacers.

Table -4 Period of removal of formwork:

Type of Form Removal time period

Walls, columns and vertical 24 to 48 hours as may be

sides of beams. decided by the engineer-in-
charge.

Slabs(props left under) 3 days

Beam soffit (props left 4 days

under)
Removal of props to slabs ( 7 days
Spanning up to 4.5m)

Removal of props to slabs 14 days

(spanning over 4.5m)

Removal of props to beams

and arches (spanning up to 6 14 days
m)

Removal of props to beams 21 days

and arches (spanning over 6
m)

7. SLABS:
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs
of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters)
thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also
used for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to

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 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used under the main
floor slabs or in crawl spaces. In many domestic and industrial buildings a
thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to
construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or
"suspended" slabs. The slab is "ground-bearing" if it rests directly on the foundation,
otherwise the slab is "suspended". For double-storey or multi-storey buildings.

7.1 DESIGN OF SLABS:

A one way slab movement resisting reinforcement only in its short-direction because the
movement along long axes is so small that it can be neglected. When the ratio of the
length of long direction to short direction of a slab is greater then 2 it can be considered as
a one way slab. A two way slab needs movement resisting reinforcement in both
directions.
If the ratio of the length of long and short side is less than two then movement in both
directions should be considered in design.

Slab in this project is 15cm thick in which M20 (1:1.5:3) grade concrete is used. A clear
of 20mm is given to main reinforcement
Two way slab is used in this project. In this project main reinforcement is used is 10mm
dia. Bars and Distributions bars of 8mm dia.

(Fig.8):Two way slabs

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 Bent up bars:
The additional length for one bent up to be taken=0.6D Where D=total depth of beam or
slab –bottom and top cover

(Fig.9):Bent up & Extra Bars

EXTRA BARS
Extra bars of 8mm diameter are also provided. Length of bars is 1.60m

7.2 CHAIRS:

A slab is provided with a chair shaped bars which is made of 10mm

Dia. Bars of 70cm length so that spacing is maintained between bent-up bars and main
bars, and bent up bars do not meet with main bars at bottom due to the load concrete.

7.3 CEMENT:
A cement is a binder a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to
bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate
produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Quality of
cement is based on grade of cement. The grade of cement are as-
33 grades
43 grades
53 grades

At the site Portland cement of 43 grades ( AMBUJA CEMENT) is used.

 The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes

 The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
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7.3.1 AGGREGATE:

Aggregate are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes. Neat cement is
very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too much and becomes
cracks on setting. More over,it will be costly to use neat cement in construction work.
Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable hard materials. They also
reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper as cement.

TYPES OF AGGREGATES:

1. Fine Aggregate
2. Coarse Aggregate
1. FINE OF AGGREGATES (SAND):

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. Sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron
(0.75mm) I.S. Sieve is known as fine aggregate.

FUNCTION OF FINE AGGREGATE:

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids existing in the
coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement
and increase the workability of the concrete mix.

2. COARSE AGGREGATE:

The aggregate, which pass through 75mm I.S. Sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. Sieve
is known as coarse aggregates. At the site the coarse aggregate was 10mm &20mm
(graded).

(Fig.11) Coarse Aggregate

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7.4 CONCRETE COVER ON RCC SLABS:
M 20 RATIO:- 1,1.5,3

Concrete covers are frequently used in the construction of commercial developments,

homes, bridges, municipalities, curb forming, and other locations or projects requiring
long-lasting, durability. Concrete and steel reinforcement bars combine to create strong,
resilient in the following ways:

 Upon contact with each other, the cement paste and steel rebar form a non- reactive
surface film preventing corrosion.
 Reinforcement bars or beams can be strategically set throughout the concrete to achieve
the required system.
 The bond created by utilizing rebar and concrete can also be attributed to the ridged rebar
surface. The allows stresses to transfer from the concrete to the steel, and from the steel to
concrete.
 Concrete and steel have similar thermal expansion coefficients. Upon freezing or heating,
they contract and expand in a similar manner, maintaining the structure needed.

7.5 CURING OF SLAB:

Slab is curved with water by forming blocks with sand and filling them by water on slab,
for minimum 25 days.

8. VIBRATORS:

Vibrators are commonly used as a way of compacting concrete on site. In case of

vibration, compacting gets effected by reduction in thermal friction between various
particles of concrete due to oscillation of particles which results in a dense and compact
mass of concrete.
Vibration can be either

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 (Fig 13.) : VIBRATORS

 Produced in the interior of the concrete using internal vibrator, or

 Produced in concrete by vibrating formwork using shutter form vibrator, or
 Produced on the surface of concrete using surface vibrators

9. DUCT:
In this project duct used to throughout the pipes, cables, sewer pipes etc.

(Fig 14): DUCTS

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10. EXPANSION JOINTS:

Joints provided to accommodate the expansion of adjacent building parts and relieve
compressive stresses that may otherwise develop. Expansion joints essentially provide a
space between the parts and may sometimes be provided with the load transmitting
devices between the parts and generally filled with expansion of adjacent parts, and
having ability to regain 75 percent of the original thickness, when pressure is released.

(Fig 15) : EXPANSION JOINTS

11. BRICK WORK:

Brickwork is masonry produced by a bricklayer, using bricks and mortar.

Typically, rows of bricks are called courses are laid on the top of one another to build up a
structure such as a brick wall.

11.1 BRICK WORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE:

Brick work above plinth level is called brick work in super structure. Brick work in super
structure transfer the loads of RCC beam and slabs to the foundation of the walls. Doors,
Windows and ventilators are accommodated in this part of brick work. This part of the

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 building is used to divide the space into required room etc. outer walls may be used for
ornamental design of the building.
11.2 BRICK WORK ACCORDING TO CEMENT MORTAR
RATIO:

1. First class brick work in cement sand mortar 1:4

Brick walls constructed with cement sand mortar 1:4 ratio 1 part of cement and 4 part of
sand. This mortar is of high strength and is recommended for following constructions
works.
 Multi storey buildings
 Heavy weight/load bearing walls
 In earth quake zones

2. First class Brick work in cement sand mortar 1:6

Brick walls constructed with cement sand mortar 1:6 ratio means 1 part of cement and 6
parts of sand. This mortar is of medium strength and is recommended for following
construction works.

 Three storey buildings

 Loads bearing walls
 Heavy and frequent rainy zones
 Foundation of multi storey buildings

3. First class Brick work 1:7

Brick walls constructed with cement sand mortar in the ratio of 1:7 means 1 part of
cement and 7 parts of sand. This mortar is low in strength and is recommended for
following works.

 Toe walls
 Single storey buildings
 Temporary structures
 Light weight wall having no load of beams etc.

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 CONCLUSION

The internship is a building between the theoretical and the practical knowledge in the
field of construction in the civil engineering work. We all who take the internship class go
to companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor. The
responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four
month as a real site workers. My hosting company is a consultant team and they help
different knowledge in different positions. They collaborate with the contractors to teach
us in that section and believe that the civil engineer work is more important for us than the
consulting office.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field work
can only be implemented by the students who hold a degree or people who have an
experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to
deal with problems that arise in a building construction. I took my internship session in the
consulting site HPPWD construction under the total guidance of Er. Parveen Talwar
which help me to gain more knowledge by seeing what they work in their own office and
what is their main responsibilities to the client and also each other.
They help me to understand what is going to be when I work in the consultant office. The
contractor also avail practical knowledge for us to improve our practical knowledge status
in the field and also the contractor make us more familiar with the site works starting from
communication skills ; handling of different site works equipment utilization of man
power control to finishing of work within the time scheduled by the client.

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 REFERENCE

 www.hppwdgovt.in
 www.wikipidia.in
 www.google.in
 Building construction by S K DUGGAL

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