UNIT - I

Point collocation method:

𝑅=0
Sub-domain method:
𝑥
∫ 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0
Least square method:
𝒍
𝜕𝑅
∫ 𝑅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎 𝜕𝑎
Galerkins method:
𝒍
∫ 𝜔𝑅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎

Rayleigh-Ritz method

Total potential energy of beam

π=U−H

U = strain energy

H = work done by external force

The strain energy of the beam

2
EI l d2 y
U= 2
∫0 (dx2 ) ∗ dx

Work done by external force

H=w∗ y
 UNIT - II
BAR ELEMENT
Stiffness matrix of bar element is,
𝐴𝐸 1 −1
𝐾= [ ]
𝐿 −1 1
Finite Element Equation of 1-D bar element is,

F A1 E1 1 −1 U1
{ 1} = ( )[ ]{ }
F2 L1 −1 1 U2

Elemental stress:

Element 1:
u2 − u1
σ1 = E1 ( )
l1

Element 2:
u3 − u2
σ2 = E2 ( )
l2

Reaction force:

R1 u1 F1
{R 2 } = [K] {u2 } − {F2 }
R3 u3 F3

Force Vector,
ρAl 1
[F]e = { }
2 1
TRUSS ELEMENT

Sample :

For Element 1,
𝑙𝑒1 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

For Element 2,

𝑙𝑒2 = √(𝑥3 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦3 − 𝑦2 )2

For Element 3,
𝑙𝑒3 = √(𝑥3 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 )2

For Element 4,

𝑙𝑒4 = √(𝑥4 − 𝑥3 )2 + (𝑦4 − 𝑦3 )2

l2 lm −l2 −lm
Ae Ee lm m 2
−lm −m2 ]
Stiffness Matrix [K] = [ 2
le −l −lm l2 lm
−lm −m2 lm m2

BEAM ELEMENT
12 6L −12 6L
EI 6L 4L2 −6L 2L2
Stiffness Matrix is [K] = 3 [ ]
L −12 −6L 12 −6L
6L 2L2 −6L 4L2
 UNIT - III
Stiffness Matrix,

[𝐾] = [𝐵]𝑇 [𝐷][𝐵] ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑡

1 𝑥1 𝑦1
A = 1/2 |1 𝑥2 𝑦2 |
1 𝑥3 𝑦3
𝑞1 0 𝑞2 0 𝑞3 0
1
Strain - Displacement Matrix [𝐵] = 2𝐴 . [ 0 𝑟1 0 𝑟2 0 𝑟3 ]
𝑟1 𝑞1 𝑟2 𝑞2 𝑟3 𝑞3
Where,
q1 = y2 − y3 ; q 2 = y3 − y1 ; q 3 = y1 − y2 ;
r1 = x3 − x2 ; r2 = x1 − x3 ; r3 = x2 − x1 ;

Stress - Strain Relationship Matrix is

1 μ 0
E μ 1 0
[D] = [ ]
2
(1 − μ ) (1 − μ)
0 0
2
Stress - Strain Relationship Matrix is
(1 − μ) μ 0
E μ (1 − μ) 0
[D] = [ ]
(1 + μ)(1 − 2μ) (1 − 2μ)
0 0
2

Stresses
Maximum normal stress
2
(σx + σy ) (σx − σy )
σmax = σ1 = + √( ) + τ2xy
2 2

Minimum normal stress

2
(σx + σy ) (σx − σy )
σmin = σ2 = − √( ) + τ2xy
2 2
Principal angle
2τxy
tan 2θP =
σx − σy
Element Stress,
u1
v1
σx
u2
{ σy } = [D][B]{u} = [D][B] v
τxy 2
u3
{v3 }

Element Strain,
u1
v1
u2
{ε} = [B]{u} = [B] v
2
u3
{v3 }

AXISYMMETRIC ELEMENT
Strain - Displacement Matrix is

β1 0 β2 0 β3 0
α1 γ z α2 γ2 z α3 γ3 z
1 [ + β1 + 1 ] 0 [ + β2 + ] 0 [ + β3 + ] 0
[B] = r r r r r r
2A 0 γ1 0 γ2 0 γ3
[ γ1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β3 ]

Where,

α1 = r2 z3 − r3 z2 ; α2 = r3 z1 − r1 z3 ; α3 = r1 z2 − r2 z1 ;

β1 = z2 − z3 ; β2 = z3 − z1 ; β3 = z3 − z2 ;

γ1 = r3 − r2 ; γ2 = r1 − r3 ; γ3 = r2 − r1 ;
r1 + r2 + r3
Co − ordinate r =
3
z1 + z2 + z3
Co − ordinate z =
3
 UNIT - IV
Jacobian matrix for quadrilateral element is given by,

J11 J12
[J] = [ ]
J21 J22

Where,
1
J11 = ∗ [−(1 − ɳ)x1 + (1 − ɳ)x2 + (1 + ɳ)x3 − (1 + ɳ)x4 ]
4
1
J12 = ∗ [−(1 − ɳ)y1 + (1 − ɳ)y2 + (1 + ɳ)y3 − (1 + ɳ)y4 ]
4
1
J21 = ∗ [−(1 − ε)x1 − (1 + ε)x2 + (1 + ε)x3 + (1 − ε)x4 ]
4
1
J22 = ∗ [−(1 − ε)y1 − (1 + ε)y2 + (1 + ε)y3 + (1 − ε)y4 ]
4

Strain-Displacement matrix for quadrilateral element is given by,

[B]

1 J22 −J12 0 0
= [ 0 0 −J21 J11 ]
|J|
−J21 J11 J22 −J12
−(1 − ɳ) 0 (1 − ɳ) 0 (1 + ɳ) 0 − (1 + ɳ) 0
1 −(1 − ε) 0 −(1 + ε) 0 (1 + ε) 0 (1 − ε) 0
∗
4 0 −(1 − ɳ) 0 (1 − ɳ) 0 (1 + ɳ) 0 − (1 + ɳ)
[ 0 −(1 − ε) 0 −(1 + ε) 0 (1 + ε) 0 (1 − ε) ]
 UNIT - V

𝐴 = 1⁄2 𝑋 𝑏 𝑋 ℎ = 2 𝑐𝑚2

y23 y31 y12

Strain Dispalcement Matrix [B] = 1⁄2A [x x13 x21 ]
32

y2 − y3 y3 − y1 y1 − y2
= 1⁄2 ∗ 2 [x − x x1 − x3 x2 − x1 ]
3 2

−1 1 0
[B] = 1⁄4 [ ]
−2 −2 4

ONE-DIMENSIONAL HEAT PROBLEMS

For Element - 1,
A1 k1 1 −1 T F
[ ] ∗ { 1} = { 1}
l1 −1 1 T2 F 2

For Element - 2,
A2 k 2 1 −1 T F
[ ] ∗ { 2} = { 2}
l2 −1 1 T3 F3
For Element - 3,
A3 k 3 1 −1 0 0 T 0
( [ ] + hA [ ]) ∗ { 3 } = hT∞ A { }
l3 −1 1 0 1 T4 1