SEE 1223: Digital Electronics

1 – Number Systems
 Number Systems
• Standard number systems
– Decimal
– Binary
– Hexadecimal
– Octal
• Binary Codes
– Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
– Gray Codes
– ASCII
• Representation of negative numbers
– Sign magnitude
– 1’s complement and 2’s complement
• Arithmetic operations using 2’s complement
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 Binary Numbers
• Counting in binary and decimal:
Binary Decimal
0000 => 0
0001 => 1
0010 => 2
0011 => 3
0100 => 4
0101 => 5 How to represent 16 in binary?
0110 => 6 => 100002
0111 => 7
1000 => 8 How to represent decimal 33?
1001 => 9 => 1000012
1010 => 10
1011 => 11 What is the value of 1001012
1100 => 12 => 37
1101 => 13
1110 => 14
1111 => 15
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 Binary Numbers (cont.)
• Binary number system uses “0” and “1”
• Example: find the decimal value of 00101
Bit Position: 4 3 2 1 0

Binary: 0 0 1 0 1

Decimal: 0x24 0x23 1x22 0x21 1x20

0+ 0+ 4+ 0+ 1 =5

Therefore, 001012 = 510

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 Binary Numbers (cont.)
• Convert these binary numbers to decimal:
– 10102 => 23 + 21 = 10
– 101112 => 24 + 22 + 21 + 20 = 23

• Convert these decimal numbers to binary:

– 19 => 24 + 21 + 20 = 100112
– 58 => 25 + 24 + 23 + 21 = 1110102

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 Hexadecimal Numbers
• Counting in hexadecimal
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
0000 => 0 => 0
0001 => 1 => 1
0010 => 2 => 2
0011 => 3 => 3 How to represent 16 in hexadecimal?
0100 => 4 => 4 => 1016
0101 => 5 => 5
0110 => 6 => 6 Continue counting from 1016..
0111 => 7 => 7
1000 => 8 => 8 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A
1001 => 9 => 9 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 20…
1010 => 10 => A
1011 => 11 => B
1100 => 12 => C
1101 => 13 => D
1110 => 14 => E
1111 => 15 => F
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 Hexadecimal Numbers (cont.)
• Hexadecimal number conversion: Convert
10110110110012 to hexadecimal
break binary into 4 groups
Binary: 1011011011001

1 6 D 9

Hexadecimal: 1 6 D 9 16

Can you convert this hex number to decimal?

=>1x163+6x162+13x161+9x160 = 584910

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 Hexadecimal Numbers (cont.)
• Convert the following to binary:
– CF8E16 => 1100 1111 1000 11102
– 97416 => 1001 0111 01002
• Convert the following to hexadecimal
– 1111 0000 10102 => F0A16
– 10 0001 1101 10012 => 21D916

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 Octal Numbers
• Counting in Octal
Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Octal
0000 => 0 => 0 => 0
0001 => 1 => 1 => 1
0010 => 2 => 2 => 2
0011 => 3 => 3 => 3
0100 => 4 => 4 => 4
0101 => 5 => 5 => 5
0110 => 6 => 6 => 6
0111 => 7 => 7 => 7 After 178?
1000 => 8 => 8 => 10
=> 208
1001 => 9 => 9 => 11
1010 => 10 => A => 12
1011 => 11 => B => 13
1100 => 12 => C => 14
1101 => 13 => D => 15
1110 => 14 => E => 16
1111 => 15 => F => 17
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 Octal Numbers (cont.)
• Octal numbers conversion: Convert
1011111010001 to octal break binary into 3 groups

Binary: 1011111010001

1 3 7 2 1

Octal: 1 3 7 2 18

Can you convert this octal number to decimal?

=>1x84+3x83+7x82+2x81+1x80= 609710

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 Octal Numbers (cont.)
• Convert the following to binary
– 258 => 10 1012
– 1408 => 001 100 0002
• Convert the following to octal
– 110 1012 => 658
– 1 101 111 0012 => 15718

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 More Number Conversions
• Convert A7B16 to binary and decimal – easy
• Convert 65010 to hexadecimal – 2 ways
– Convert to binary first, then to hex
– Convert directly to hex

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 More number conversions (cont.)
65010 to binary using repeated division method:
650/2 = 325, remainder 0 Least significant bit (MSB)
325/2 = 162, remainder 1
162/2 = 81, remainder 0
81/2 = 40, remainder 1
40/2 = 20, remainder 0
20/2 = 10, remainder 0
10/2 = 5, remainder 0
5/2 = 2, remainder 1
2/2 = 1, remainder 0
1/2 = 0, remainder 1 Most significant bit (MSB)

Therefore, 65010 = 10100010102

What is 65010 in hexadecimal? 65010 = 28A16

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 More number conversions (cont.)
65010 to hexadecimal using repeated division method:

650/16 = 40.625  0.625 x 16 = 10  A Least significant bit (MSB)

40/16 = 2.5  0.5 x 16 = 8  8

2/16 = 0.125  0.125 x 16 = 2  2 Most significant bit (MSB)

Therefore, 65010 = 28A16

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 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
• Each decimal digit (0 to 9) is represented by 4
bit binary
Binary Decimal
0000 => 0
0001 => 1 How to represent 28 in BCD?
0010 => 2 => 0010 10002
0011 => 3
0100 => 4 What is 0011 0010 in BCD?
0101 => 5 => 32
0110 => 6
0111 => 7 What is 32 in binary?
1000 => 8 => 1000002
1001 => 9

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 Gray Code
Binary Decimal Gray Code
0000 => 0 => 0000
0001 => 1 => 0001
0010 => 2 => 0011
0011
0100
=>
=>
3
4
=>
=>
0010
0110 • Exhibits a single
0101 => 5 => 0111
0110 => 6 => 0101
bit change from
0111
1000
=>
=>
7
8
=>
=>
0100
1100
one code word
1001 => 9 => 1101 to another
1010 => 10 => 1111
1011 => 11 => 1110
1100 => 12 => 1010
1101 => 13 => 1011
1110 => 14 => 1001
1111 => 15 => 1000

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 Binary-Gray Code Conversions
• MSB of Gray Code is the same MSB in binary
• From left to right, add each adjacent pair of
binary code, discard carry

Binary: 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 => 22

Gray Code: 1 1 1 0 1

Therefore, binary 10110 is equivalent to gray code 11101

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 Gray Code-Binary Conversions
• MSB of binary is the same MSB in Gray Code
• From left to right, add each generated binary
code with adjacent Gray Code, discard carry

Gray Code: 1 1 0 1 1
+ + + +

Binary: 1 0 0 1 0 => 18

Therefore, gray code11011 is equivalent to binary 10010

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 ASCII
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• 128 characters, represented by 8-bit binary
code with MSB ‘0’
• The 8-bit code runs from 0016 to 7F16
• The first 32 ASCII characters used for controls
such as ESC, new line, space, start of text, etc
• Other characters include letters (upper and
lower case), decimal digits, and symbols
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 ASCII Table

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 ASCII Example
• Find the ASCII equivalent “ab.12” in binary
=> 0110 0001 0110 0010 0010 1110 0011 0001 0011 0010

• A receiver receives the bit sequence:

504D544B2316
– Find the ASCII characters corresponding the
transmitted data
=> PMTK#

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