Article

pubs.acs.org/crystal

Nanocystals of Hematite with Unconventional Shape-Truncated

Hexagonal Bipyramid and Its Optical and Magnetic Properties
Thanh-Khue Van,† Hyun Gil Cha,† Cuong Ky Nguyen,† Soo-Whan Kim,‡ Myun-Hwa Jung,‡
and Young Soo Kang*,†
†
Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis and Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Shinsu-dong #1, Mapo-gu, Seoul
121-854, Korea
‡
Department of Physics, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea

ABSTRACT: The capping agent plays a critical function in

anisotropic crystal growth to induce polyhedral morphology of
a nanocrystal. Uniform and single-crystalline α-Fe 2 O 3
polyhedral nanoparticles in the hexagonal single crystal system
named truncated hexagonal bipyramid for the first time were
successfully synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal
method with the aid of carboxymethyl cellulose and hydrazine
molecules. The appearance and crystal structure of these iron
oxide nanoparticles were characterized in detail by phys-
icochemical methods. The results show that the as-synthesized
α-Fe2O3 particles are bound by 12 same-side crystalline facets {101} and two other same facets {001} at the tops. These obtained
iron oxide particles belong to a pure hematite phase, and the particle size is around 400 nm. The optical property of the as-
synthesized product was analyzed, and the determined indirect band gap value Eg is 2.08 eV. The magnetic property studies of
truncated hexagonal bipyramid hematite particles have shown that this kind of α-Fe2O3 possess a weak ferromagnetism under the
TM, and the saturation points do not reach up to the maximum applied magnetic field. Role of the reactants was discussed and
investigated systematically in the work. Furthermore, a schematic illustration for the probable formation of this α-Fe2O3
morphology in whole of the synthetic process was also proposed.

■ INTRODUCTION
Many nanomaterials are in different stages of research and
instance, Wang and co-workers14 applied a simple impregnating
method to prepare hollow spheres of Fe 2TiO5/α-Fe2O3
development. Each type possesses specific properties that are nanocomposite, which showed much improved gas-sensing
potentially applicable to solve the problem of insufficient properties for some organic gases. By adjusting the polarity of
energy in the world. The physical and chemical properties of the mixed solvent, Yu et al.15 could controllably fabricate
the nanomaterials are dependent not only on their components various morphologies of α-Fe2O3, which critically affected the
but also strongly on their size and morphology because the magnetic properties. In another example, Wang and co-
proportion of the surface atom is determined by size of the workers16 have synthesized uniform α-Fe2O3 nanorods on a
particles, and the crystalline structure of the particle surface large scale by a simple and direct 1,2-propanediamine-assisted
depends on the particle shape.1 Among metal oxide nanoma- hydrothermal method. The role of the reaction parameters and
terials, hematite (α-Fe2O3), an n-type semiconductor, has magnetic properties of the product in this work were examined
attracted great attention from researchers2−6 because of its systematically as well. Up to now, although many approaches
optimal optical band gap (Eg = 2.1 eV, which is capable of for the preparation of hematite in various morphologies such as
absorbing light up to 600 nm),7 thermodynamic stability in hierarchical mesoporous hematite microspheres,17 acicular α-
oxidative environment, nontoxicity, abundance, and low Fe2O3 nanoparticles,18 hematite nanocubes,19 iron oxide tubes
processing cost. However, challenges are set by its poor in tube nanostructures,20 hollow spheres,21 cigar-shaped ferrite
conductivity, a short hole-diffusion length, LD, of only 2−4 nanocrystals, dendritic, urchinlike α-Fe2O3 nanorings,22−25 etc.
nm,8 and very short excited-state lifetime of ∼10−26 s9 that have have been reported, it is still a big challenge to produce them in
to be overcome before this material can be used for practical large homogeneous quantities in polyhedral single-crystalline
applications. Therefore, the fabrication of size- and shape- nanoparticle forms because the surface energy of several low-
controlled nanostructures is very important for the control of index planes of crystalline structure are quite similar and
their physicochemical properties that hold promise for the strongly depend on synthesis parameters.26−28
design of novel materials, devices, and techniques with various
applications in sensors, catalysts, information storage, bio- Received: September 23, 2011
technology, water splitting, etc.5,10−13 In recent years, hematite Revised: November 30, 2011
material was synthesized through various strategies. For Published: January 3, 2012

© 2012 American Chemical Society 862 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868
Crystal Growth & Design Article

In the present contributions, homogeneous polyhedral solution sample was released on carbon-enhanced copper grids and
single-crystalline α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the hexagonal dried at 80 °C in air.
crystalline system named truncated hexagonal bipyramid
(THB) were synthesized for the first time through a facile
one-step hydrothermal method with the aid of carboxymethyl
■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At the beginning, the α-Fe2O3 phase forming mechanism can
cellulose sodium salt (CMC) and hydrazine (N2H4) molecules. be explained as follows.29
The crucial roles of CMC and N2H4 molecules used in this
route are as dispersant agents and capping agents, respectively, [Fe(CN)6 ]3 − ↔ Fe3 +
to control the uniformity, size, and shape of the particles. The → FeOOH/Fe(OH)3
obtained THB particle product is enclosed by 12 symmetric
side trapezoidal facets {101} and two hexagonal facets {001} at → α‐Fe2O3
two tops. The particle size was determined as around 400 nm.
The optical property of this kind was also investigated. Under hydrothermal conditions, [Fe(CN)6]3− ions are
Magnetic behavior of this hematite morphology revealed that dissociated slowly into Fe3+and CN− ions. These Fe3+ ions
THB α-Fe2O3 possesses a weak ferromagnetism under the are subsequently hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to produce
Morin transition temperature, TM, and the saturation points do FeOOH or Fe(OH)3 and then dehydrated to α-Fe2O3.
not reach up to the maximum applied magnetic field. The The chemical composition and crystal structure of the THB
influence of reactants during the whole of the synthetic process nanoparticle sample were characterized by the X-ray powder
on the morphology of the α-Fe2O3 particles resulting in various diffraction method. From Figure 1, the X-ray diffraction (XRD)
morphologies was also systematically investigated. In addition, a
possible mechanism and crystal growth processes to create
these morphologies was proposed schematically.

■ EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Materials and Reagents. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
(K3[Fe(CN)6]), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, Mw = 250
000), hydrazine hydrate solution (N2H4·xH2O, 60%) was purchased
from Aldrich. All the reagents were AR grade and used in the synthetic
process without further purification. Distilled deionized water (DDW)
was used throughout the experiment.
Synthesis. In our experiment, the truncated hexagonal bipyramid
α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. In
a typical synthetic procedure, a mixture of 20 mL solution of
K3[Fe(CN)6] (0.02 M), CMC (3.5 g L−1), and N2H4 (1.5%) was
stirred for a few moments before being transferred into a Teflon-lined
(poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined) stainless steel autoclave. The hydro-
thermal treatment process was carried out at 160 °C and maintained
for 8 h. After the hydrothermal treatment, the reaction was cooled
under cool water at the room temperature. The dark red precipitated
product was isolated by centrifugation, repeatedly washed with
absolute ethanol and distilled water, and dried at 80 °C in air.
Figure 1. XRD patterns of (a) truncated hexagonal bipyramid iron
When the concentration of N2H4 was changed to 4.5%, 6.0%, and
oxide nanocrytals and (b) hematite, PDF 33-0664.
8.0% while the other reagents were kept in constant, octahedral,
oblique cubic, and shape-unidentified morphologies were obtained,
respectively, by the same procedure. pattern shows that the THB nanoparticle product is indexed to
For the dendritic morphology, 20 mL solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] hexagonal iron oxide structure with cell constants a = b =
(0.02 M) was kept at 160 °C under hydrothermal conditions for 8 h 0.50356 nm and c = 1.37489 nm, which are consistent with the
and cooled to room temperature naturally. Finally, the produced values in the literature (JCPDS 33-0664). The strong and
hematite dendritic product was separated by centrifugation, washed narrow sharp diffraction peaks are evidence that the as-
with a copious absolute ethanol and water, and dried at 80 °C in the
air. A similar procedure was used with the addition of CMC (3.5 g L−1)
synthesized product was well crystallized. No other diffraction
in the reaction solution. The final hematite product is a spherical peaks for impurities were observed.
morphology. Representative scanning electron microscope (SEM) images
Characterization Techniques. The crystal structure of the of the THB α-Fe2O3 nanoparticle products can be visualized in
material was examined with X-ray diffraction on a Rigaku miniFlex- Figure 2. As shown in Figure 2a, a typical large-area SEM image
II desktop X-ray diffractometer, Cu Kα radiation with λ = 0.154056 of the product sample indicates that the as-synthesized α-Fe2O3
nm. The diffraction patterns were recorded from 20° to 80° 2θ range
with step size of 0.02° at 2°/min. UV−vis spectra of THB α-Fe2O3 particles exhibit high uniformity and nanocrystals of well-
powder were taken with a Shimadu UV-310PC. Magnetic measure- defined shape. Figure 2b,c in higher magnification SEM images
ments for the samples in the powder form were carried out with a show more clearly the shape of the as-synthesized products.
Quantum Design MPMS SQUID VSM DC magnetometer. Scanning The as-prepared particle product possesses a shape of truncated
electron microscopy (SEM) (Hitachi S-4300 FE-SEM) and JEOL hexagonal bipyramid as the schematic geometrical model
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with JEM 2100F installed
presented in the inset of Figure 2c and in Figure 3a. The
with EDX operated at accelerating at 200 keV was used for analysis of
morphology and crystal structure of α-Fe2O3. In a brief procedure, the THB particle is bound by 12 highly symmetric side-trapezoidal
α-Fe2O3 powder sample was dispersed in ethanol solution by facets corresponding to the probably Miller indices (101),
ultrasonic agitation for a few moments. A drop of the dispersant- (011), (11̅1), (1̅01), (1̅11), and (01̅1) and (101̅), (011̅), (11̅1̅),
863 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868
Crystal Growth & Design Article

Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy images of the truncated hexagonal bipyramid α-Fe2O3 single-crystalline nanoparticles shown in scale bars
(a) 5 μm, (b) 1 μm, and (c) 300 nm.

(10̅ 1̅), (1̅11̅), and (01̅1̅) and two facets at top and bottom that this value is 2.30 The optical absorbance and Tauc plots of the
could be indexed as (001) and (001)̅ , respectively. THB hematite powder were shown in the Figure 4. The optical
To provide further insight into the nanocrystal structure of properties of the as-synthesized product can be easily
these particles, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) visualized; the optical absorption band is from 300 to 600
investigation accompanied by high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) nm and the indirect band gap is 2.08 eV, which closely matches
and its corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) the value reported in the literature.32 It was reported that33 the
pattern was also carried out in detail. Figure 3b,c displays the optical property of hematite changes as a result of change in
representative TEM images of the as-synthesized α-Fe2O3 shape and size. The light-scattering properties of material
particles with the truncated hexagonal bipyramid-liked shape change with respect to its size and morphology, which lead to
and particle size ca. 400 nm. A typical HRTEM image (Figure changes in the optical properties. The electronic transition
3d) was taken at a corner position A of a single THB particle occuring in the optical absorption spectra of Fe3+substance
(presented in Figure 3c). The clear lattice fringe image includes three types:34 (1) the Fe3+ ligand field transition or the
indicates the high crystallinity and single-crystalline nature of d−d transitions, (2) the ligand−metal charge-transfer tran-
the THB α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Three classes of lattice fringes sitions, and (3) the pair excitations of two adjacent Fe3+ cations
are resolved, and their corresponding interplane spaces of that are magnetically coupled. Figure 4a shows that optical
0.416, 0.416 and 0.270 nm could be indexed to the interplane absorption of THB hematite nanoparticles occurs in the
distances of the (101), (101̅) and (104) planes, respectively. wavelength region of 300−600 nm, which could be attributed
The SAED pattern taken from an individual single THB α- to the electronic transition for the charge localized to the FeO6
Fe2O3 nanoparticle is shown in the Figure 3e. The diffraction coordination site (e.g., Fe3+ ligand field and O2− → Fe3+ charge-
spots are projected by the (101), (006), (104), and (113) transfer transition) and the adjacent Fe3+ cations.35
planes and their equivalent planes under an incident electron To understand the role of reactants used throughout the
beam. This result clearly suggests that the structures of as- synthetic process, as well as the crystal growth mechanism to
synthesized THB α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are single crystals. In form this morphology, various experiments were carried out in
addition, the analysis of chemical composition of these THB different reaction conditions. As mentioned above, the THB α-
nanoparticles was further confirmed by the energy-dispersive X- Fe2O3 particles were fabricated with the aid of CMC and N2H4
ray spectroscopy (EDS) method as presented in the Figure 3f, molecules. The role of CMC and N2H4 molecules used in this
in which the signals of Cu came from Cu grid substrate and route is very important to form uniform THB nanoparticles,
atom ratio of Fe/O is around 38.26:57.82 for the product, which acts as dispersant agents and capping agent. It was
which agrees well with the value calculated from the formula of reported that36 the CMC molecule possesses many carbox-
hematite to be of 2:3. On the basis of the above structural ymethyl side groups, which suppresses CMC backbones from
information, we can conclude that the as-synthesized α-Fe2O3 getting close to each other as dispersing in a solution. Thus,
nanoparticle is a single crystal and bound by 12 side symmetric when these CMC molecules are dispersed into the reaction
trapezoidal facets with the crystal Miller indices {101} and two solution, they will form numerous “channels” in the reaction
other {001} facets at the tops. This morphology is quite well system that not only limit the crystal growth leading to the
matched with the ideal geometric model of the THB presented formation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with much smaller size but
in Figure 3. also result in homogeneous particle size distribution. On the
One of the most important characteristics of a semi- other hand, N2H4 molecules in the reaction solution act as
conductor is its band gap energy, Eg. In order to determine capping agents by adsorbing onto the crystal planes of the
this parameter, the optical tool applied to measure is calculating initial α-Fe2O3 nuclei lead to decrease of the crystal growth rate
the intercept of the extrapolated linear fit in the experiment along the direction of the adsorbed planes by deactivation.
data of the Tauc plot, (F(R)hν)n versus incident photon energy Adsorption occurs, which could originate from an acceptor−
(hν) near the absorption edge,30 in which F(R) is the donor mechanism between the free electron pairs on N atoms
absorption coefficient of the material that was converted from of N2H4 molecules and exposed Fe3+ cations on the surface of
the diffuse reflectance (light scattered to all angles) by the the α-Fe2O3 germs. The amount of hydrazine molecules
Kubelka−Munk function, F(R) = (1 − R)2/(2R), where R is adsorbed onto different planes of a hematite crystal is different
reflectance.31 The value of the exponent n denotes the nature of because the adsorption is dependent on the density of exposed
the material. For the hematite, an indirect band gap material, Fe3+ cations on the plane of α-Fe2O3 crystal. As a previous work
864 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868
Crystal Growth & Design Article

Figure 3. (a) The geometrical model of a truncated hexagonal bipyramid shape bound by {101} and {001} facets, (b, c) TEM images of the
truncated hexagonal bipyramid iron oxide nanocrystal, (d) HRTEM image of the truncated hexagonal bipyramid taken at the corner A, (e) SAED
pattern of the particle, and (f) EDS spectrum of the sample.

presented,28 the different densities of exposed Fe3+ cations on planes is lower than that of others. Due to this and on the basis
some low-index planes of a α-Fe2O3 crystal is shown in Table 1. of the hematite crystal structure, the anisotropic growth along
From the data in this table, it is obvious that the density of six directions of equivalent planes {100} at a low rate and two
exposed Fe3+ cations on the plane (100) is 0.1158 Å−2 higher directions of equivalent planes {001} at a slightly higher rate
than that on the others. Therefore, the amount of hydrazine lead to form the shape of particle as truncated hexagonal
molecules adsorbed on this plane, as well as their equivalent bipyramid. This is elucidated by the SEM image of the obtained
planes, is higher compared with that on the other planes. This product presented in Figure 4c. In another experimental
means that the crystal growth rate along the direction of these situation, when the amount of hydrazine was increased while
865 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868
Crystal Growth & Design Article

Figure 4. (a) The absorption spectra and (b) the Tauc plot, (F(R)hν)n versus hν (n = 2 for the indirect band gap materials) for the THB α-Fe2O3
particle powder.

Table 1. The Density of Exposed Fe3+ Cations on Some cubic (the inset of Figure 5e), and unidentified shapes. The as-
Planes of Hematite Crystala obtained Fe2O3 morphologies are presented in Figure 5d,e,f
with the reaction conditions as shown in the caption of Figure
plane Fe3+ U [Å] V [Å] θ (deg) S [Å2] D [Å−2]
5. Furthermore, taking into account the role of the Fe(CN)63−
001 2 5.036 5.036 120 21.96 0.0911
complex used as a precursor in this synthetic method,
012 2 5.035 5.419 90 27.28 0.0733
K3[Fe(CN)6] salt plays an important role in the formation of
110 4 7.397 5.419 95.7 39.89 0.100
this morphology. As reported by Wang and co-workers,23 the
104 4 7.397 5.035 90 38.75 0.103
Fe(CN)63− complexed ion is very stable in aqueous solution at
100 8 13.720 5.035 90 69.08 0.1158
ambient conditions (Ks = 1.0 × 1042) and weakly dissociated in
111 8 8.721 14.642 72.7 121.92 0.0656
hydrothermal conditions. Therefore, the uniformity of the
a
U, the length of the cell; V, the width of the cell; θ, the angle between product might be also attributed to the contribution of slowly
U and V; S, the area of the cell; D, number density of Fe3+ cations.
Reprinted with permission from ref 28 for interpretation of forming
produced Fe3+ ions from weak dissociation of the Fe(CN)63−
mechanism of the morphologies. Copyright 2010 Wiley. under hydrothermal conditions, which could be moderate for
the crystal growth process in regularity. In another experiment,
other reactants were kept constant in the reaction solution, the an aqueous solution of K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, in the absence of
reaction environment becomes more basic, which accelerates CMC and N2H4 was treated by hydrothermal route at 160 °C
for 8 h, and micropine dendritic morphology was obtained (as
production of new initial nuclei and increases the crystal growth
shown in the Figure 5a. The weak dissociation of Fe(CN)63−
rate. Consequently, the capping role of N2H4 molecules is in ions and the crystal growth along six equivalent directions of
part ineffective and leads to the crystalline planes with high the hematite crystal structure result in this morphology. This
density of exposed Fe3+ cations for growing more strongly and result is similar to the previous reports in the literature.23,37
producing inhomogeneous morphologies of product in a Meanwhile, with the presence of CMC molecules at the
majority of octahedral-like (the inset of Figure 5d), oblique concentration of 3.5 g/L in the reaction solution of

Figure 5. Morphologies of the final α-Fe2O3 product obtained with various reactants under hydrothermal reaction conditions at 160 °C for 8 h: (a)
K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, in the absence of CMC and N2H4, (b) K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, in the presence of CMC, 3.5 g L−1, (c) K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M,
with the addition of CMC, 3.5 g L−1, and N2H4, 1.5 wt %, (d) K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, with the addition of CMC, 3.5 g L−1, and N2H4, 4.5 wt %, (e)
K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, with the addition of CMC, 3.5 g L−1, and N2H4, 6.0 wt %, and (f) K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, with the addition of CMC, 3.5 g L−1,
and N2H4, 8.0 wt %.

866 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868

Crystal Growth & Design Article

K3[Fe(CN)6], 0.02 M, through hydrothermal treatment solution at a suitable concentration, the anisotropic growth
process, the spherical form was produced (presented in Figure along six equivalent directions of planes {100} at a slow rate
5b) with a diameter of around 200 nm. These results provided and two other equivalent directions of planes {001} at a faster
rate resulted in the THB shape.
evidence that the isotropic growth of initial α-Fe2O3 nuclei and
The magnetic behavior of the THB α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles
confinement by “channel” of CMC molecules, the subsequent was also investigated. Hematite is antiferromagnetic. Rhombo-
Ostwald ripening process resulted in the aggregated hematite hedral crystalline bulk α-Fe2O3 possesses a weak ferromagnetic
spheres. The XRD patterns shown in the Figure 6 confirmed property above the Morin transition temperature TM ≃ 260 K
at which the magnetic phase transition from the canted
ferromagnetic phase to another antiferromagnetically ordered
state.38 This material also has a high Néel transition
temperature TN ≃ 960 K.39 The curves of temperature
dependence (60−300 K) of the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and
field-cooled (FC) magnetization under 100 Oe for the THB α-
Fe2O3 nanoparticles are shown in Figure 8a. The determined
TM value is about 227 K lower than that of bulk hematite. The
curve also shows another decreasing point in magnetization at
the temperature of approximately 119 K. This phenomenon
might be related to the difference in the size of the particle40
and magnetic sensitivity to the morphology.41 Correspondingly,
the hysteresis loops shown in Figure 8b indicate the coercivity
forces of 328 Oe at 300 K and 288 Oe at 60 K. It can be also
seen that the saturation point does not reach up to the
maximum applied magnetic field. These results revealed that
below the Morin temperature, the sample still shows weak
ferromagnetism, which means that a long-range magnetic
Figure 6. XRD patterns of the as-synthesized hematite morphologies. property still remains at low temperature. The recent studies
show that the magnetic property of hematite is influenced by
that these morphologies are hematite phases without any numerous factors including surface behaviors (e.g., absorbed
impurity. ion species, exposed facets, etc.), size distribution, morphology,
Based on the above discussions, a possible formation crystal structure and so on of material.28,42−44 Taking into
mechanism of the hematite morphologies is proposed as the account one of these factors presented above is morphology of
schematic illustration in Figure 7. The aqueous solution of this contribution. The morphology of THB hematite crystalline
nanoparticles exposes facets {101} and {001}, which have high
surface energy of 1.36 and 1.145 J m−2, respectively,45 and may
show defect-controlled ferromagnetism because of the structure
sensitivity of defect ferromagnetism.42 Moreover, the THB
hematite nanoparticle shape is highly symmetric, which may be
attributed to the shape anisotropy that holds them back from
magnetizing along directions other than their easy magnetic
axis.46 Obviously, further works should be done to understand
better the factors influencing the magnetic properties of this
material.

■ CONCLUSIONS
A new morphology with THB nanoparticle shape of α-Fe2O3
material was found by a simple hydrothermal synthetic route.
The as-synthesized THB nanoparticles are single crystals that
are bound by 12 same-side crystalline facets {101} and two
Figure 7. Schematic illustration for formation process of the hematite
morphologies. other same facets {001} at the tops. High uniformity of the
THB hematite particles was exhibited, and the particle size is ca.
K3[Fe(CN)6] precursor was treated under hydrothermal 400 nm. The chemical composition and crystalline structure
conditions. First, without the addition of CMC and N2H4 indicate that this iron oxide is a pure hematite phase. The
experimental investigations provided insight on the role of the
molecules, the crystal growth along six crystallographically
reactants used in the synthetic process and a diagram
equivalent directions of the hematite crystalline structure
schematically illustrating formation of this morphology was
resulted in the dendritic shape. Second, with the addition of also proposed. The study on optical and magnetic properties of
CMC molecules in the reaction solution, the isotropic growth the THB single-crystalline hematite nanoparticles shows great
of the hematite crystalline structure in the bounds of “CMC interests and would be a class of promising functional material
channels” and the subsequent Ostwald ripening process for many applications. However, extensive experiments should
generated spherically aggregated α-Fe2O3 particles. Third, be performed on this α-Fe2O3 structure to understand better its
with the addition of CMC and N2H4 molecules in the reaction other properties for practical applications.
867 dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg201252v | Cryst. Growth Des. 2012, 12, 862−868
Crystal Growth & Design Article

Figure 8. The magnetization vs temperature FC/ZFC curves (left) under 100 Oe of the truncated hexagonal bipyramid particles and the magnetic
hysteresis loop (right) of the truncated hexagonal bipyramid particles at 60 and 300 K.

■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
(19) Wang, S. B.; Min, Y. L.; Yu, S. H. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111,
355−3554.
(20) Jia, C. J.; Sun, L. D.; Yan, Z. G.; Pang, Y. C.; You, L. P.; Yan, C.
*E-mail: [email protected].

■
H. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 13022−13027.
(21) Li, L.; Chu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Dong, L. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2123−2127.
This work was supported by The Korea Center for Artificial (22) Ngo, A. T.; Pileni, M. P. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 4649.
Photosynthesis (KCAP) located in Sogang University funded (23) Cao, M.; Liu, T.; Sun, G.; Wu, X.; Hu, C.; Wang, Z. L. Angew.
by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4197−4201.
(MEST) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (24) Zhu, L. P.; Xiao, H. M.; Liuab, X. M.; Fu, S. Y. J. Mater. Chem.
2006, 16, 1794−1797.
(Grant NRF-2009-C1AAA001-2009-0093879).

■
(25) Lv, B.; Xu, Y.; Wua, D.; Sun, Y. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 967−
969.
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