Ieee
Ieee
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5, MAY 2012
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patch antenna with broadband polarizer for 3.5 GHz WiMAX systems,” genetic optimization. The required wideband operating characteristic is
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of 100.75%, with a VSWR 2, over the interval from 3.3 GHz to 10.0
GHz. Feasibility studies were made on the antenna sensitivity for operation
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“Small square slot antenna with circular polarization characteristics loading, wire bowtie antennas.
for WLAN/WiMAX applications,” IET Electron. Lett., vol. 46, no. 10,
2010.
[19] [Online]. Available: http://www.cst.com/Content/Products/MWS/
Overview.aspx I. INTRODUCTION
[20] User Manual – PNA Series. Palo Alto, CA, Agilent Technology.
[21] R. N. Simons, Coplanar Waveguide Circuits and Components and Sys- The early detection of breast cancer in women is imperative for ef-
tems. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-interscience, 2001.
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antenna,” IEE Proc.-Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 146, no. 4, pp.
282–284, Aug. 2002. gies [2]. The technique detects the contrast in dielectric properties be-
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of the sleeve monopole antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. This is made possible by the substantial advances made in imaging
AP-14, pp. 643–645, Sep. 1996. technologies [3], and by fully utilizing well established antenna and
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helical antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 50, no. 10, pp. tenna elements. Such antennas are crucial to the successful operation
1409–1414, Oct. 2002.
[27] D. Valderas, R. Alvarez, J. Melendez, I. Gurutzeaga, J. Legarda, and
of a microwave imaging system, where they are required to transmit
J. I. Sancho, “UWB staircase-profile printed monopole design,” IEEE and receive a short transient pulse, with minimal distortion, and with a
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circularly polarized printed antenna,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
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ements, since they produce a non dispersive ultrawideband operating
[29] C. H. Chen and E. K. N. Yung, “Dual band circularly polarized cpw fed characteristic, are physically compact, and may be easily manufactured
slot antenna with a small frequency ratio and wide bandwidths,” IEEE at low cost. The input admittance and radiation characteristics of bowtie
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1379–1384, Apr. 2011. antennas are well known, and have been comprehensively discussed
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by Brown and Woodward [7]. One of their key findings was in the rel-
circular polarization,” IEEE Trans. Edu., vol. 46, pp. 313–318, Aug.
2003. ative positioning of bow tie antennas with respect to broadband per-
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patch antenna for radio LAN’s,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. C. H. See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, and S. W. J. Chung are with the Mo-
45, no. 1, pp. 177–178, Jan. 1997. bile and Satellite Communications Research Centre, Bradford University,
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measurement of printed antenna efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Antennas [email protected]; [email protected]).
Propag., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 136–139, Jan. 1988. D. Zhou is with the Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford,
Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]).
H. Al-Ahmad is with the Electronic Engineering Department, Khalifa Univer-
sity, P.O. 573 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (e-mail: [email protected]).
P. S. Excell is with the Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, U.K.
(e-mail: [email protected]).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are avail-
able online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2012.2189730
conical monopoles. Their work also detailed the variation of input ad- Considering these constraints, the following cost function was imple-
mittance and radiation characteristics versus electrical size. Of course mented for the optimization process
n
F=1 1 + w2 1 + ((f1 ) 0 )2
these investigations were for operation in free space, whereas the an-
w
n i=1 1 VSWR(fi )
tenna designs presented here must take the effect of the adjacent bio- (1)
logical medium into account. 1 c
Later work was conducted on the application of bowtie antennas in where
TABLE I
INPUT LOAD PARAMETERS, THEIR ASSOCIATED LOCATIONS AND OPTIMUM VALUES WITHIN THE MEDIUM " = 9:0, AND = 0:4 S=m
Fig. 4. Measurement setup for the resistive loaded bowtie antenna with scat-
terer.
Fig. 5. Simulated and measured S-parameters of the two proposed antenna con-
figurations.
to 50
: the insertion loss was better than 1 dB. The input power
(5 dBm) used for the S-parameter measurements, target detection and
near field radiation patterns was obtained from the network analyzer
(HP 8510 C).
The simulated and measured S-parameter responses for the sub-
merged antenna are shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that there is close
agreement between the simulated and empirical data, with an input
reflection coefficient better than 010 dB. The detection sensitivity of
Fig. 6. Simulated (left) and measured (right) near field distributions for two
operating frequencies; Top: 4 GHz, Middle: 6 GHz, Bottom: 8 GHz.
the antenna may be assessed by observing the transmission coefficient
between two identical antennas, separated by a given face-to-face dis-
tance, in this case for an 80 mm separation, an average transmittance
of 046 dB was achieved, with 68 dB of transmission parameter
found to be around 10%: this figure is quite low but is to be expected
with this type of loaded antenna.
fluctuation for operating frequency band from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. This After validating the radiation characteristics of the antenna, the fea-
result is comparable with the results quoted in [5] for a dipole antenna. sibility of using this antenna to detect anomalous scattering centers
Fig. 6 illustrates the near field radiation characteristic of the antenna within breast tissue must be addressed. In the simulation model, the
at 4 GHz, 6 GHz and 8 GHz. The near field radiation pattern was candidate antenna structure is embedded within a 15 2 15 2 15 cm3
measured using a non-perturbing implantable E-field probe (model volume of the tissue equivalent medium. A spherical ball, of radius
EX3DV4, manufactured by SPEAG [20] and connected to an EASY4 5 mm, is positioned directly below the antenna feed, with a separa-
dosimetry metric assessment system). These fields were observed over tion distance of 3.0 cm, simulating a tumor with dielectric properties
the xz plane, for which a 20 mm minimum distance is consistently "r = 50:0, and = 9 S=m. In order to verify the simulated result, a
maintained from the antenna. It should be noted that since the probe 1.0 2 1.0 cm2 metal plate was placed at a distance of 3.0 cm below the
is not calibrated for the vegetable oil, only the relative radiation excitation point to represent a dummy target for preliminary proof of
intensity is measured. In general, both simulated and measured near concept, as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 7 illustrates the time variations in the
field patterns are consistent, and in acceptable agreement. However, normalized current components, with the scattering center located at
some discrepancies between the computed and empirical data can be 1.5 cm and 3 cm, respectively. It should be noted that these responses
attributed to reflections from the SMA connector and the boundaries are obtained from the subtraction between the residual response with no
of the tank, which are not taken into account in the simulation. The target and the actual response. Both the simulated and measured results
results are also quite comparable to those reported in [6], using a are well correlated, and indicate the presence of a peak current compo-
uni-directional antenna and slightly different medium properties. nent at 0.8 ns and 1.1 ns, for the scattering center at 1.5 cm and 3.0 cm,
The measured radiation efficiency across the operating frequency respectively. This indicates that the prototype has sufficient sensitivity
band in free space was between 18% and 26%; however the proposed for its intended application.
antenna was not designed to operate in free space. Therefore a further
test was performed to measure the radiation efficiency of the antenna
IV. CONCLUSION
in the lossy medium. For this particular configuration the distance be-
tween the antenna and the probe was kept at 8 cm. The average radia- A resistively loaded wire bowtie antenna was designed and opti-
tion efficiency of the antenna at this distance across the whole band was mized, using a genetic algorithm approach and some empirical inves-
2530 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 5, MAY 2012
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