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The analysis of electronic music

Article  in  Contemporary Music Review · January 1984

DOI: 10.1080/07494468400640161

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Marco Stroppa
Musikhochschule Stuttgart
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 The analysis of electronic music

MARCO STROPPA

IF WE VIEW the panorama of electronic music through its thirty years

of existence, what is perhaps most striking is the discrepancy between
the vast amount of work that has been put in and the results that have
issued: hundreds of pieces involving a wide variety of technologies
which have emerged then disappeared with great rapidity. New types
of musician with new r61es have appeared around the composer, and
have enriched the world of musical interpretation.
A number of works may now be judged to be important and have
found their way into the usual channels of concert programming. A
little hindsight has allowed us to make a technical assessment, and
now we are beginning to feel our way towards the first aesthetic
evaluations of artistic products which are finite, and no longer the first
hesitant steps in the discovery of a new terrain. Some works have
appeared on record, and have reached a distribution and assimilation
by the public comparable to that of contemporary music for
traditional instruments.
Even if we limit our study to compositions for electronic instru-
ments alone (normally performed through the medium of tape), the
panorama remains extremely varied, rich and multiform. Tape is an
amorphous technical support, quite independent of its content. It is
like talking about "brass music", without specifying whether we
mean a Renaissance consort, a competition band, a jazz group or an
ensemble in a country village.
To narrow the horizon further, I shall limit myself to consideration
of tape music which has kept abreast of the evolution of thought in
contemporary music - - what used to be called 'serious music',

Contemporary Music Review, 9 Harwood Academic

1984, Vol. ls'pp. 175-180 Publishers GmbH and OPA Ltd., 1984
0749-4467[84/0101-0175 $25.00 Printed in the United Kingdom
176 MARCO STROPPA

perhaps out of contempt on the one hand or 61itism on the other, but
which is now happily just "music".
One might have expected such a wealth of pieces to have
stimulated major theoretical comment, as was the case with instru-
mental music in the period after 1950. But the landscape of thought
and criticism is suprisingly barren. There are a few important but
rather general texts by established figures (like Boulez, Stockhausen,
Xenakis and others), and practically nothing from the younger
generation. I f we count specifically examples of musical analysis, the
number is reduced s i m p l y . . , to zero. There is no lack of outstanding
models (like Boulez's analysis of the Rite of Spring), which have
revealed things so profound that one may see a given work in a
completely new light, even clearer perhaps than the composer himself
could have shed. The reference points are there - - but still no
examples.

.
In this article I should like to describe some of the problems I
encountered attempting to analyse Jean-Claude Risset's Songes for
tape. I had already published a number of analyses of contemporary
instrumental works, so I had firm ideas about the organization and
.presentation of musical material, and was keen to maintain the same
standards, albeit within a different context. I had at my disposal a
quadraphonic tape, a few sketches, and notes from a conversation
with the composer. However, the problems I encountered, and the
difficulties that had to be overcome as I attempted to preserve certain
musical standards (it was never m y intention to be satisfied with
description of the method of synthesis or of the algorithm employed),
obliged me to abandon the project for the time being.
What does it mean to analyse a piece? In fact the term itself (from
the Greek ana-luo, to dissolve) is only part of the story. It describes
only the first, simplest and most tedious step in the process: the
division of the work into segments, and the regrouping of the same
according to different criteria (of similarity, contrast, expression,
etc.). With a keen ear and eye, and the patience of a saint, one may
accomplish this stage with relative ease.
But what is the use of taking a compositional mechanism apart, of
tearing asunder its internal organism, if we are incapable of putting it
 THE ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC MUSIC 177

together again? This is the most important and the most creative of
challenges: a logical and coherent synthesis of disparate segments to
reconstruct a unified totality, which may or may not be the same as
the one at the outset. In the course of this synthesis, each individual
brings to bear his own contribution, and expresses a personal vision
which reflects his education, culture and the time in which he lives.
The sort of logic we are describing is not universal, and changes from
one culture to the next. Through analysis, we reveal the composer
only after revealing ourselves, in an act of creation of something
which is personal, controversial and alive. If this were not the case, we
would be talking about "archeological reconstruction" of the choices
and conditions of work of the composer. Fortunately we are not all
archeologists!

If we attempt to hold firm to these principles and apply them to

computer music, we discover quite new problems and a new reality.
One of the principal characteristics of this music is that it exists and is
performed more or less exclusively on tape, without any effective
visual representation. Traditionally two types of what may loosely be
called a "score" have existed: a list of operational data, or a general
sketch of the musical effects obtained.
The function of operational data is to give a detailed description of
the use and control of the instruments employed. This is therefore
linked to a specific machine and program. It is completely incompre-
hensible to most musicians, and directed simply towards specialists.
The machines themselves, moreover, are continually superceded and
replaced, and their programs are frequently reviewed, modified and
improved. This type of representation is therefore soon redundant,
and even while it remains effective, it is only capable of producing one
result. The truth is that nobody is really interested in doing exactly
what the composer has done for a second time.
On the other hand, there are the various schematic representations
of the aural result, ranging from a number of Stockhausen's works to
Ligeti's Articulation. But although the composers attempt to be as
precise as possible, their notation is always rather crude and approxi-
mate, particularly in comparison with the complexity and perfection
of traditional notation. Analysts in search of compositional method,
178 MARCO STROPPA

or something more profound than a simple observation of contrast or

similarity will find themselves up against a brick wall.
W h a t does it mean to write a musical score - - any score? The most
important thing is the distinction between what should be notated
and what should be interpreted. In more precise terms, a score means
a reduction of information which involves a knowledge of the
materials employed, their laws of organization and their compre-
hensibility. This enables the composer to select those elements of
musical thought which need to be notated in most detail, those which
need only be sketched, and finally those which are left to the
discretion of the interpreter. In tonal music, for example, the most
important space has always been occupied by pitch, followed by
rhythm. Little freedom has been left to the interpreter here (except for
what m a y be regarded as ornamental or superficial). Next have come
dynamics and change of tempo, which have been determined in a
much more summary, schematic and less precise way. It is this
balance of freedom and constraint, of notation and interpretation
which is so completely missing in operational data. These data are
rather the outcome of a musical idea, of its interpretation and
realization. In electronic music, in fact, the role of interpreter has far
from disappeared: it is absorbed within the act of composition.
Let us look at two examples. Imagine listening to a pianist playing
a romantic work, a Chopin Nocturne, for example. I f we try to notate
all the nuances of time and dynamic as precisely as possible, we end
up with an extremely complex score, "full of superimposed irrational
rhythms, overloaded with information and far from the original
simplicity of the work. I f we now give this score to a second pianist, to
perform as faithfully as possible, will we hear an exact reproduction of
the original interpretation? O r will we have invoked some sort of
musical schizophrenia?
As a second example, let us imagine a composer/interpreter at the
m o m e n t of realizing the simple idea of a dynamic crescendo on a
computer. T h e operational data which result, which are the object of
study in the case of analysis, will probably hardly show a trace of this
simple idea. We now know that the impression of a crescendo is not so
much linked to the absolute amplitude of a sound, as to the increase
and change in distribution of spectral energy, and the upward
movement of its barycentre. Furthermore, in the case of repeated
notes, there is also likely to be a small change in the shape of the
 THE ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONICMUSIC 179

amplitude envelope. But which analytical wizard would succeed in

inferring from these complex parameters a unity as simple as a
crescendo? And who would not be tempted to try to understand the
significance of each change, to trace its evolution, serialize it, examine
it under a microscope, compare it with the rest, etc., completely
betraying the musical sense of the idea? The relationship between the
complexity of the effect and the simplicity of the result is also a
function of context: the behaviour of the same parameters in another
situation would be quite different, even if the idea remained the same.
Neither operational data, with their cold, technical disposition, nor
the composer's graphic representations m a y be considered as
"scores". So we have eliminated everything that exists to date.

.
Perception fanatics seem to suggest another, radically different
approach. "Let's get rid of the written text, and think more about
what happens to our ears!" they say. Perhaps they are right, but then
they must be prepared to limit themselves to the discovery of a few
superficial features, a few oppositions of contrast, and little else.
Unfortunately, perception, as it passes through the sieve of our
auditive system, is an extremely variable personal phenomenon. For
the same sound stimulus, everyone has a different perception and
reaction. It seems difficult, therefore, to establish common, objective
elements on such changeable bases. If we could offer a running
commentary on sound examples, we might be able to focus and guide
perception as a consequence. But then we would have to attach a
super 8 to every article!
Let us simply consider the difficulty of locating with certainty a
passage for detailed examination in a tape composition. What sort of
musical indication should be given on paper? Absolute time? De-
finitely not; it may well be far from the basic musical conception. How
many people would recognize in the following time succession (0,
0.2381, 0.4762, 0.7143, 1.0714) the index of a triplet followed by a
duplet in the time of crotchet equals 84? A timbral point of reference,
perhaps? Even worse. As there are no easily recognizable instru-
mental timbres, we have to rely on dangerous approximations to
describe the sounds we hear (pseudo-bell, pseudo-strings, etc.). It is
dangerous for two reasons: firstly because it strips each new sound of
 180 MARCO STROPPA

its own individuality, continually referring it to a known quantity;

secondly, because it over-simplifies and cheapens workmanship
which may well be highly refined. It is as if the violin, viola, cello and
bass were always called "string instruments", or if a delicately
structured counterpoint between them were analysed as a "mass of
strings". The greatest part of the musical content, easily visible in the
score, would be lost irremediably.
And how m a n y of us would be capable of appreciating the full force
of construction of a Bach fugue by listening alone: the form, the
delicate play of microstructural symmetries or contrasts of blocks
within larger sections? Listening follows a specific musical time: even
if we repeat passages, it cannot easily j u m p from one point to the next,
move backwards or forwards, stop on a chord to analyse its compo-
nents in detail, or immediately compare the symmetry of structural
blocks separated in time. Visual examination of the score encounters
no time constraint, and may easily penetrate beneath appearances
towards the generative ideas of the work. I am not suggesting that one
cannot understand and have a feel of a work at a single hearing. Quite
the contrary! But in this case an analysis of the score may well become
a seductive and indispensable tool.
However, what remains a choice in instrumental music (analysis of
the score, or auditive analysis?), becomes in tape music an obligation
with no alternatives, and a problem to be solved. I did not wish to
draw up an exhaustive list of the difficulties one m a y encounter in this
context: I do not care for catalogues. But those that I have examined
are among the most problematic and thorny, because they can only
be solved by an effort on the part of the composers themselves. The
absence of a notation is due neither to laziness nor to indifference, but
rather to the musical impossibility of really knowing and understand-
ing the material and its laws, in a way necessary to offer a description.
The means of expression are the measure of the ideas which support
them.
It is true that certain works have been conceived for tape alone, and
that they are at present impossible to transcribe and a n a l y s e - - and in
this case we can only be sure of a relative and superficial analytical
understanding. But those who would claim the right to more
prepared and aware listening, to a more intense involvement in the
experience of the music, must for the moment be disappointed.
Translated by Nigel Osborne

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