0% found this document useful (0 votes)
176 views17 pages

Hoe To Use Bibexcel

This document provides an overview of how to use Bibexcel, a bibliometric software tool, to perform various types of bibliometric analysis. It describes how to prepare data downloaded from Web of Science for import into Bibexcel, focusing on restructuring the file and converting it to the required DIALOG format. The document then outlines some of Bibexcel's basic analytical functions and how to export files to other software for visualization. The goal is to introduce readers to the basic capabilities and workflow of Bibexcel to enable beginners to start using the flexible but complex tool.

Uploaded by

subrua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
176 views17 pages

Hoe To Use Bibexcel

This document provides an overview of how to use Bibexcel, a bibliometric software tool, to perform various types of bibliometric analysis. It describes how to prepare data downloaded from Web of Science for import into Bibexcel, focusing on restructuring the file and converting it to the required DIALOG format. The document then outlines some of Bibexcel's basic analytical functions and how to export files to other software for visualization. The goal is to introduce readers to the basic capabilities and workflow of Bibexcel to enable beginners to start using the flexible but complex tool.

Uploaded by

subrua
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/285473885

How to use Bibexcel for various types of bibliometric analysis

Article · January 2009

CITATIONS READS

136 1,809

3 authors, including:

Rickard Danell Jesper Wiborg Schneider


Umeå University Aarhus University
32 PUBLICATIONS   778 CITATIONS    50 PUBLICATIONS   842 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

The Evolution of Prejudice View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Rickard Danell on 03 May 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


#FNKFLJ<@9<O:<C=FIM8I@FLJKPG<JF=9@9C@FD<KI@:
8E8CPJ@J

2OOH3HUVVRQ5LFNDUG'DQHOODQG-HVSHU:LERUJ6FKQHLGHU
'HSDUWPHQWRI6RFLRORJ\8PHn8QLYHUVLW\6(8PHn6ZHGHQ
5R\DO6FKRRORI/LEUDU\DQG,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH'.$DOERUJ

+PVTQFWEVKQP
%LEH[FHO LV D YHUVDWLOH ELEOLRPHWULF WRROER[ GHYHORSHG E\ 2OOH 3HUVVRQ ,Q
%LEH[FHOLWLVSRVVLEOHWRGRPRVWW\SHVRIELEOLRPHWULFDQDO\VLVDQG%LEH[FHO
DOORZV HDV\ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU VRIWZDUH HJ 3DMHN ([FHO 6366 HWF 7KH
SURJUDPRIIHUVWKHXVHUKLJKGHJUHHRIIOH[LELOLW\LQERWKGDWDPDQDJHPHQWDQG
DQDO\VLV DQG WKLV IOH[LELOLW\ LV RQH RI WKH SURJUDP
V UHDO VWUHQJWKV ,W LV IRU
H[DPSOHSRVVLEOHWRXVHRWKHUGDWDVRXUFHVWKDQ:HERI6FLHQFHDQG%LEH[FHO
FDQ LQ IDFW GHDO ZLWK GDWD RWKHU WKDQ ELEOLRJUDSKLF UHFRUGV ,I WKH XVHU RQO\
OHDUQVWKHEDVLFILOHVWUXFWXUHVWKDW%LEH[FHOUHTXLUHVLWSRVVLEOHWRLPSRUWPDQ\
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIGDWD+RZHYHUIOH[LELOLW\KDVLWVSULFHDQGWKHIOH[LELOLW\PD\
LQLWLDOO\FDXVHQHZXVHUVWRSHUFHLYHLWDVGLIILFXOWWRXVH:HWKHUHIRUHILQGWKLV
IHVWVFKULIWDQDSSURSULDWHIRUXPWRGHVFULEH%LEH[FHO·VEDVLFIXQFWLRQVDQGZH
ZLOO GHVFULEH WKHVH IXQFWLRQV E\ DQDO\]LQJ GDWD FRQVLVWLQJ RI :HE RI 6FLHQFH
DUWLFOHVWKDWFLWH2OOH3HUVRQVVFLHQWLILFSXEOLFDWLRQV
7KH FKDSWHU LV VWUXFWXUHG LQ IRXU PDLQ VHFWLRQV ,Q WKH ILUVW VHFWLRQ ZH
GHVFULEHKRZGDWDGRZQORDGHGIURP:HERI6FLHQFHPXVWEHUHVWUXFWXUHG,Q
WKH VHFRQG VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO WDNH D FORVHU ORRN DW WKH 287ILOH %LEH[FHO
SURGXFHVVHYHUDOW\SHVRIILOHVLQIDFWHYHU\SURFHGXUHZLOOJLYHWKHXVHUDQHZ
ILOH+RZHYHUWKH287ILOHLVDOZD\VFUHDWHGILUVWDQGLWLVWKLVILOHWKDWLVWKH
VWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUWKHDQDO\VLV\RXZDQWWRGRLQ%LEH[FHO,QWKHWKLUGVHFWLRQ
ZH ZLOO JLYH D EULHI GHVFULSWLRQ RI EDVLF DQDO\WLFDO IXQFWLRQV DYDLODEOH LQ
%LEH[FHO ,Q WKH ODVW VHFWLRQ ZH ZLOO GHVFULEH KRZ WR H[SRUW ILOHV WR 3DMHN LQ
RUGHU WR GR YLVXDOL]DWLRQV 7KH DLP RI WKLV FKDSWHU LV WR LQWURGXFH UHDGHUV WR
KRZ WR XVH %LEH[FHO :H ZLOO DVVXPH WKDW WKH UHDGHUV KDYH VRPH EDVLF
NQRZOHGJH RI ELEOLRJUDSKLF GDWD DQG EDVLF ELEOLRPHWULF WHFKQLTXHV ,W VKRXOG
DOVR EH QRWHG WKDW %LEH[FHO LQFOXGHV IDU PRUH IHDWXUHV WKDQ GHVFULEHG LQ WKLV
FKDSWHU+RZHYHULWLVRXUKRSHWKDWRXUEDVLFGHVFULSWLRQZLOOPDNHLWSRVVLEOH
IRUWKHLQWHUHVWHGUHDGHUWRDFTXLUHHQRXJKNQRZOHGJHWRVWDUWXVLQJ%LEH[FHO
DQG DIWHU VRPH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ EH VXIILFLHQW VHOI UHOLDQW WR ILJXUH RXW KRZ WR
XVHIXQFWLRQVQRWGHVFULEHGLQWKLVFKDSWHU


*QYVQRTGRCTGCPFKORQTVFCVC
$VVWDWHGDERYHLWLVSRVVLEOHLPSRUWPDQ\GLIIHUHQWGDWDIRUPDWVLQ%LEH[FHO
EXWLQWKLVVHFWLRQZHZLOORQO\WRFRPPHQWRQKRZWRLPSRUWGDWDIURP:HE
RI6FLHQFH7KHGDWDLPSRUWHGIURP:HERI6FLHQFHVKRXOGEHVDYHGDVSODLQ
WH[W 7KH SODLQ WH[W ILOH GRZQORDGHG IURP :HE RI 6FLHQFH QHHGV WR EH
UHVWUXFWXUHG EHIRUH LW FDQ EH LPSRUWHG LQWR %LEH[FHO 7KH UHVWUXFWXUDWLRQ RI
GDWDFRQVLVWVRIWZRVLPSOHVWHSV)LUVWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRLQVHUWFDUULDJHUHWXUQ
LQWKHWH[WILOHZHZDQWWRLPSRUWLQ%LEH[FHO&DUULDJHUHWXUQFDQEHLQVHUWHGLQ
WKHILOHLQWZRGLIIHUHQWZD\VHLWKHUZHRSHQWKHILOHLQZRUGDQGUHVDYHLWDVD
WH[WILOHRUZHVHOHFWIURP%LEH[FHOVPHQX
(GLWGRFILOH!5HSODFHOLQHIHHGZLWKFDUULDJHUHWXUQ
7KH QH[W QHFHVVDU\ UHVWUXFWXULQJ RI WKH ILOH GRZQORDGHG IURP WKH :HE RI
6FLHQFHLVWRFRQYHUWWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFUHFRUGVWRD',$/2*IRUPDW:HGR
WKLV E\ ILUVW VHOHFWLQJ WKH ILOH ZLWK WKH H[WHQVLRQ W[ DQG WKHQ FKRRVH WKH
IROORZLQJRSWLRQIURPWKHPHQX
0LVF!&RQYHUWWRGLDORJIRUPDW!&RQYHUWIURP:HERI6FLHQFH
7KH SURFHGXUH WHOOV %LEH[FHO WR FUHDWH D ILOH ZLWK WKH H[WHQVLRQ  GRF ZH
KHQFHIRUWKUHIHUWRWKLVDV'2&ILOH $IWHUFRPSOHWLQJWKHVHVWHSVWKHWH[WILOH
ZHGRZQORDGHGIURPWKH:HERI6FLHQFHLVUHDG\WREHXVHGLQ%LEH[FHODQG
ZH FDQ VWDUW DQDO\]H WKH GDWD +RZHYHU EHIRUH ZH VWDUW ZH PD\ ZDQW WR
IDPLOLDUL]HRXUVHOIZLWKWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH'2&ILOH$WOHDVWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR
EH IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH ELEOLRJUDSKLF UHFRUGV LQ WKH '2&ILOH
%LEH[FHO NHHSV WUDFN RI ZKHUH WKH ELEOLRJUDSKLF UHFRUGV EHJLQV DQG HQGV E\
ORRNLQJ IRU D GRXEOHVSLNH WKDW LV _ _ (DFK UHFRUG LV FRPSRVHG RI VHYHUDO
ELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGVDQG%LEH[FHONHHSVWUDFNRIZKHUHWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGV
EHJLQVE\ILHOGWDJV)RUH[DPSOHWKHILHOGWDJIRUWKHDXWKRUILHOGLV$8,WLV
LPSRUWDQWWRNHHSWUDFNRIILHOGWDJVEHFDXVHZHXVXDOO\KDYHWRWHOO%LEH[FHO
ZKLFKELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGVZHZDQWWRZRUNZLWK(DFKELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGHQGV
ZLWKDVLQJOHVSLNHLH_,QELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGVZLWKPXOWLSOHXQLWVWKHXQLWV
DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP HDFK RWKHU ZLWK VRPH GHOLPLWHU )RU PRVW ELEOLRJUDSKLF
ILHOGVWKHILHOGGHOLPLWHULVDVHPLFRORQ+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHRWKHUGHOLPLWHUVDQG
LWLVQHFHVVDU\WRWHOO%LEH[FHOKRZWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGLVGHOLPLWHG

%TGCVKPICP176HKNGCPFECNEWNCVKPIHTGSWGPE[FKUVTKDWVKQPU
:HPDGHWKHILOHFRQWDLQLQJWKHELEOLRJUDSKLFUHFRUGVUHDGDEOHLQ%LEH[FHODQG
ZHDUHQRZUHDG\WRPDNHDQ287ILOH0DNLQJDQ287ILOHLVDOZD\VWKHILUVW
VWHS ZKHQ DQDO\]LQJ ELEOLRJUDSKLF GDWD ZLWK %LEH[FHO :KHQ ZH PDNH WKH
287ILOH ZH VWDUW E\ GHFLGH ZKLFK ELEOLRJUDSKLF ILHOG WKH 287ILOH ZLOO EH
FRQVWUXFWHGIURP:HWHOO%LEH[FHOZKLFKELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGWKH287ILOHZLOO
EHFRQVWUXFWHGIURPE\HQWHULQJWKHILHOGWDJLQWKHER[PDUNHG2OGWDJHJ


LIZHZDQWWKH287ILOHWREHEDVHGRQWKHDXWKRUILHOGZHZULWH$8LQ2OG
WDJ
1H[WZHVHOHFWWKH'2&ILOHIURPWKHILOHPDQDJLQJV\VWHPE\FOLFNLQJRQLW
:HPXVWNQRZKRZWKHILHOGLVGHOLPLWHGDQGZHVHOHFWDQRSWLRQIRUKRZWKH
XQLWV LQ WKH ILHOG DUH GHOLPLWHG IURP WKH VFUROOEDU PDUNHG ´6HOHFW ILHOG WR EH
DQDO\]HGµ,QRXUH[DPSOHZHZLOOPDNHDQ287ILOHEDVHGRQWKHDXWKRUILHOG
DQG LQ WKLV ILHOG HDFK FRDXWKRUV DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP HDFK RWKHU ZLWK D
VHPLFRORQ:HWKHUHIRUHVHOHFWWKHRSWLRQ´$Q\VHSDUDWHGILHOGµ
$IWHUZHVHOHFWHGWKH'2&ILOHDQGVHOHFWHGILHOGGHOLPLWHUDQGW\SHG$8LQ
WKH ER[ PDUNHG ´2OG WDJµZH SUHVVWKH EXWWRQ ODEHOHG 3UHS %LEH[FHO QRZ
FUHDWHV DQ 287ILOH EDVHGRQ WKH DXWKRUILHOG DQG HDFK OLQH LQ WKH 287ILOH
ZLOOEHPDWFKHGE\DXQLTXHDXWKRUVKLSDVDXQLTXHDXWKRUKROGV7KH287
ILOH
VVWUXFWXUHLVVLPSOHDQGLWLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWZHIDPLOLDUL]HRXUVHOYHVZLWKLW
7KH287ILOHZHSURGXFHGKDVWKHIROORZLQJVWUXFWXUH 7DEOH 
7DEOH 7KHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH287ILOH
'RFXPHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQQXPEHU  $XWKRUV
  /HYLWW-0
  7KHOZDOO0
  +VX3<
  6KLDX:/
  6X<0
  <DQJ6&
  $QHJRQ)'
  *XHUUHUR%RWH93
  2OPHGD*RPH]&
  2YDOOH3HUDQGRQHV0$
  3HULDQHV5RGULJXH]$
«  «
«  «
  6WHIDQLDN%
  9ODFK\-
  (OOLV'

7KHOHIWFROXPQRIWKH287ILOHFRQVLVWVRIDGRFXPHQWLGHQWLW\QXPEHUDQG
WKH ULJKW FROXPQ WKH DXWKRUV ,Q 7DEOH  ZH VHH WKDW LQ WRWDO WKHUH DUH 
GRFXPHQWV FLWLQJ 2OOH 3HUVVRQ·V SXEOLFDWLRQV DQG WKH ILUVW GRFXPHQW LQ WKH
'2&ILOH KDV EHHQ FRDXWKRUHG E\ -0 /HYLWW DQG 0 7KHOZDOO 5HJDUGOHVV RI
ZKDWELEOLRJUDSKLFILHOGZHVHOHFWWKH287ILOHZLOOKDYHWKLVVWUXFWXUH,WFDQ
EHRILQWHUHVWWRQRWHWKDWWKH287ILOHLVDWDEGHOLPLWHGWH[WILOHDQGOLNHDOO
%LEH[FHOILOHVLWFDQEHLPSRUWHGLQ([FHORURWKHUVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUH

)UHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQV
'HSHQGLQJ RQ ZKDW ELEOLRJUDSKLF ILHOGV ZH KDYH FKRVHQ DV D XQLW ZKHQ ZH
FUHDWHG WKH 287ILOH WKH IUHTXHQF\ FDOFXODWLRQ IXQFWLRQ LQ %LEH[FHO RIIHUV


PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW RSWLRQV )RU H[DPSOH LI WKH 287ILOH FRQVLVWV RI FLWHG
GRFXPHQW%LEH[FHOFDQPDNHDVXEVWULQJVHDUFKDQGRQO\FRXQWDVSHFLILHGSDUW
RI WKH FLWHG GRFXPHQW HJ FLWHG MRXUQDO RU FLWHG DXWKRU ,Q %LEH[FHO ZH FDQ
DOVR FKRRVH EHWZHHQ WZR FRXQWLQJ PHWKRGV ZKHQ ZH DVN %LEH[FHO WR FRXQW
XQLWVLQWKH287ILOHZKROHFRXQWVDQGIUDFWLRQDOFRXQWV,IZHFKRVHWR
FKHFNWKHER[PDUNHG)UDFWLRQDOL]H%LEH[FHOZLOOFKDQJHFRXQWLQJPHWKRGV
WRIUDFWLRQDOFRXQWVDQGLIWKLVER[HGLVOHIWXQFKHFNHGWKHFRXQWLQJPHWKRG
ZLOO EH ZKROH FRXQWV 7KH PHWKRG RI IUDFWLRQDO FRXQWLQJ LV HDV\ WR
XQGHUVWDQG )RU H[DPSOH LI D GRFXPHQW LV FRDXWKRUHG E\ WZR DXWKRUV HDFK
DXWKRUDWWULEXWHGKDOIDQDUWLFOHDQGLIWKHGRFXPHQWKDVWKUHHFRDXWKRUVHDFK
DXWKRUZLOOEHDWWULEXWHGDWKLUGRIWKHDUWLFOHHWF
,QRXUH[DPSOHWKH287ILOHFRQVLVWVRIDXWKRUVZKRKDYHFLWHGDWOHDVWRQH
RI 2OOH 3HUVVRQ·V SXEOLFDWLRQV DQG ZH ZDQW WR NQRZ KRZ PDQ\ WLPHV WKH
DXWKRUVKDYHFLWHG2OOH3HUVVRQ7RJHW%LEH[FHOWRFDOFXODWHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
DXWKRUVKLSV ZH VHOHFW WKH 287ILOH IURP WKH %LEH[FHO·V ILOH PDQDJLQJ V\VWHP
XQGHU WKH FDSWLRQ ´6HOHFW ILOH KHUHµ  1H[W ZH PXVW WHOO %LEH[FHO ZKHWKHU LW
VKRXOG FRXQW ´ZKROH VWULQJVµ LH WKH ZKROH URZ LQ WKH 287ILOH  RU VRPH
SUHGHILQHGSDUWRIWKHWH[WVWULQJ,QRXUH[DPSOHWKHURZV287ILOHFRQVLVWVRI
DXWKRU QDPHV DQG %LEH[FHO FDQQRW GR D VXEVWULQJ VHDUFK LQ DQ DXWKRU QDPH
6LQFH ZH ZDQW %LEH[FHO FRXQW WKH ZKROH DXWKRU QDPH ZH VHOHFW WKH RSWLRQ
:KROH6WULQJIURPWKHVFUROOEDUXQGHUWKHFDSWLRQ6HOHFWW\SHRI8QLW,I
ZHZDQWWKHOLVWRIDXWKRUVVRUWHGGHVFHQGLQJE\IUHTXHQF\ZHFOLFNLQWKHER[
PDUNHG 6RUW GHVFHQGLQJ DQG LI ZH ZDQW WR FKDQJH FRXQWLQJ PHWKRG WR
IUDFWLRQDO FRXQWV ZH FOLFN LQ WKH ER[ PDUNHG )UDFWLRQOL]H :H VWDUW WKH
FRXQWLQJ SURFHGXUH E\ SUHVVLQJ WKH EXWWRQ PDUNHG ´6WDUWµ DQG %LEH[FHO
FUHDWHVDIUHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQDQGVDYHVLWLQDILOHZLWKH[WHQVLRQ FLW
7DEOH $XWKRUVFLWLQJDWOHDVWRQHRI2OOH3HUVVRQ·VSXEOLFDWLRQV
$XWKRU :KROHFRXQWV )UDFWLRQDOFRXQWV
3HUVVRQ2  
/H\GHVGRUII/  
*ODQ]HO:  
0H\HU0  
0HOLQ*  
=LWW0  
:KLWH+'  
5RXVVHDX5  
*RPH],  
=XFFDOD$  
&URQLQ%  
0R\D$QHJRQ)  
0RUULV6$  
%DVVHFRXODUG(  
+HUUHUR6RODQD9  


&UHDWLQJDQHZ287ILOH
,Q VRPH VLWXDWLRQV LW LV QHFHVVDU\ UHGHILQH WKH XQLWV LQ WKH 287ILOH DQG WR
PDNH D QHZ 287ILOH ,I ZH IRU H[DPSOH DUH LQWHUHVWHG LQ H[DPLQLQJ ZKLFK
MRXUQDOV WKDW KDV EHHQ FLWHG %LEH[FHO HQDEOH XV WR PDNH D QHZ 287ILOH LQ
ZKLFK DQ 287ILOH FRQWDLQLQJ FLWHG GRFXPHQWV DUH UHGXFHG WR D 287ILOH
FRQWDLQLQJ FLWHG MRXUQDOV LH %LEH[FHO UHPRYHV DOO UHIHUHQFHV WKDW DUH QRW
SXEOLVKHGLQDVFLHQWLILFMRXUQDODQGNHHSVRQO\WKHQDPHRIWKHFLWHGMRXUQDOV
LQ WKH QHZ 287ILOH , VKRXOG EH QRWHG LQ WKLV SURFHGXUH %LEH[FHO DVVXPHV
WKDW D FLWHG GRFXPHQW ZLWK D YROXPH QXPEHU LV SXEOLVKHG LQ D MRXUQDO 7KLV
GHILQLWLRQ LV QRW SHUIHFW DQG ZH XVXDOO\ QHHG WR GR VRPH HGLWLQJ RI WKH QHZ
287ILOH$OWHUQDWLYHRSWLRQVWRPDNHDQHZ287ILOHLVOLVWHGLQWKHVFUROOEDU
XQGHUWKHFDSWLRQ6HOHFWW\SHRIXQLW7KDWLVLQWKHVDPHVFUROOEDUWKDWZH
XVHWRVHOHFWWKHW\SHRIXQLWZKHQZHFUHDWHGWKH&,7ILOH
7RFUHDWHDQHZ287ILOHZHVWDUWE\VHOHFWLQJWKH´ROGµ287ILOHLQWKHER[
IRU ILOH PDQDJHPHQW :H FRQWLQXH E\ VHOHFWLQJ D W\SH RI XQLW LQ WKH VFUROOEDU
XQGHU WKH FDSWLRQ 6HOHFW W\SH RI XQLW ,Q RXU H[DPSOH ZH ZLOO VHOHFW WKH
RSWLRQ &LWHG MRXUQDOµ 1H[W ZH GHFLGH LI ZH ZDQW WR %LEH[FHO WR HOLPLQDWH
GXSOLFDWHV LH UHPRYH LGHQWLFDO XQLWV ZLWK WKH VDPH GRFXPHQW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
QXPEHU6LQFHWKHXQLWVLQRXUQHZ287ILOHZLOOEHFLWHGMRXUQDOVZHVKRXOG
FRQVLGHUWKLVRSWLRQLWLVSRVVLEOHWKDWVHYHUDOGRFXPHQWVLQWKHUHIHUHQFHOLVW
KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG LQ WKH VDPH MRXUQDO 'XSOLFDWH XQLWV LQ WKH 287ILOH ZLOO
FDXVHSUREOHPVIRUVRPHW\SHVRIFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVHJLIZHXVHD0'6
DOJRULWKPZHGRQRWZDQWORRSVLQWKHPDWUL[,IZHFOLFNLQWKHER[PDUNHG
´5HPRYH GXSOLFDWHVµ DOO XQLWV ZLWK WKH VDPH GRFXPHQW LGHQWLILFDWLRQ QXPEHU
ZLOOEHXQLTXH1H[WZHWHOO%LEH[FHOWRPDNHDQHZ287ILOHE\FOLFNLQJLQWKH
ER[PDUNHG´0DNHQHZRXWILOHµDQGSUHVVLQJWKHEXWWRQODEHOHG´6WDUWµ7KH
QHZ 287ILOH ZLOO KDYH WKH H[WHQVLRQ  RX[ 7KH 28;ILOH KDV WKH VDPH
VWUXFWXUHDVWKH287ILOHDQGZHFDQXVHWKH28;ILOHLQWKHVDPHZD\ZHXVH
WKH287ILOHHJZHFDQWHOO%LEH[FHOWRFDOFXODWHKRZPDQ\WLPHVWKHMRXUQDOV
KDVEHHQFLWHG7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIUHPRYLQJGXSOLFDWHVIURPWKH28;
ILOH 7DEOH  GLVSOD\V WKH FLWDWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQV RYHU MRXUQDOV ZLWK GXSOLFDWHV
UHPRYHGDQGZLWKGXSOLFDWHVLQFOXGHG
7DEOH 6FLHQWLILFMRXUQDOVXVXDOO\XVHGZKHQFLWLQJ2OOH3HUVVRQSXEOLFDWLRQV
1R&LWDWLRQV 1R&LWDWLRQV
-RXUQDO
QRGXSOLFDWHV   DOOFLWDWLRQV 
6&,(1720(75,&6  
-$062&,1)2506&,  
5(632/,&<  
6&,7(&+12/  
6&,(1&(  
62&678'6&,  
-,1)2506&,  
,1)250352&(660$1$*  


1R&LWDWLRQV 1R&LWDWLRQV
-RXUQDO
QRGXSOLFDWHV   DOOFLWDWLRQV 
-$062&,1)6&,7(&  
-'2&  
1$785(  
6&,38%/32/,&<  
$1185(9,1)2506&,  
5(6(9$/8$7  
$062&,2/5(9  
$036<&+2/  
$0-62&,2/  
31$7/$&$'6&,86$  
/,%575(1'6  

2TQFWEKPICFCVCOCVTKZHQTGZRQTVVQCUVCVKUVKECNUQHVYCTG
$XVHIXOIHDWXUHLQ%LEH[FHOLVWKHRQHWKDWHQDEOHVXVWRSURGXFHGDWDPDWULFHV
IRUH[SRUWWRVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUH,Q%LEH[FHODGDWDPDWUL[LVFUHDWHGE\DGGLQJ
YDULDEOHVWRDQ287ILOHDQGWKHYDULDEOHVDUHFUHDWHGE\VHOHFWLQJILHOGVLQWKH
ELEOLRJUDSKLFUHFRUG+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDSLWIDOOWKDW%LEH[FHOXVHUVVKRXOGEH
DZDUHRI:HPXVWUHPHPEHUWKDWWKHILUVWYDULDEOHLQWKHPDWUL[LHWKHXQLWLQ
WKH287ILOHPXVWEHSUHVHQWLQDOOELEOLRJUDSKLFUHFRUGV,IWKHELEOLRJUDSKLF
ILHOGFKRVHQDVXQLWZKHQWKH287ILOHZDVPDGHLVPLVVLQJLQVRPHUHFRUGV
%LEH[FHOZLOOQRWEHDEOHWRFUHDWHDGDWDPDWUL[,WWKXVPDNHVVHQVHWRFKRRVH
DILHOGWKDWLVDOZD\VDYDLODEOHHJWKHILHOGFRQWDLQLQJWKHMRXUQDOQDPH 62 ,I
WKH XQLWV LQ WKH 287ILOH DUH SUHVHQW LQ DOO ELEOLRJUDSKLF UHFRUGV LW LV QR
SUREOHP WR DGG ILHOGVWR WKH 287ILOHWKDW DUH PLVVLQJ LQVRPHELEOLRJUDSKLF
UHFRUGV %LEH[FHO ZLOO ZULWH 1R ILHOG DV FRPSHQVDWLRQ IRU WKH ORVW YDULDEOH
YDOXH
,IZHKDYHFUHDWHGDQ287ILOHWKDWFRQWDLQVDOOWKHGRFXPHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQ
QXPEHUV WKH SURFHGXUH IRU FUHDWLQJ D GDWD PDWUL[ TXLWH VLPSOH :H EHJLQ E\
VHOHFWLQJ WKH 287ILOH RU DQ 28;ILOH RU VRPH RWKHU ILOH ZLWK WKH VDPH
VWUXFWXUHDVDQ287ILOH DQGHQWHUDILHOGWDJLQWKHER[PDUNHG2OGWDJ,I
ZHZDQWWRDGG´WLPHVFLWHGµWRWKH287ILOHDVDYDULDEOHZHZULWH7&LQER[
ODEHOHG2OGWDJ%\HQWHULQJWKHILHOGWDJLQWKH2OGWDJZHWHOOZKLFKILHOG
ZHZDQW%LEH[FHOWRXVHZKHQLWDGGVDQHZYDULDEOHWRRXUGDWDPDWUL[1H[W
ZHSUHVVWKHEXWWRQODEHOHG$GGILHOGVWRXQLWVµ7KHILOHFUHDWHGE\%LEH[FHO
KDVWKHH[WHQVLRQ MQ,IZHZDQWWRFRQWLQXHWRDGGYDULDEOHVWRRXUPDWUL[
ZH VHOHFW WKH -1ILOH DQG HQWHU D QHZ ILHOG WDJ LQ 2OG WDJ DQG SUHVV $GG
ILHOGVXQLWVµ7KLVPDNHV%LEH[FHOFUHDWHVDILOHZLWKWKHH[WHQVLRQ MQ:H
FRQWLQXH E\ VHOHFWLQJ WKH -1ILOH DQG UHSHDW WKH SURFHGXUH DQG %LEH[FHO
FUHDWHVD-1ILOH:HFRQWLQXHXQWLOWKHPDWUL[FRQWDLQVVXIILFLHQWLQIRUPDWLRQ
6LQFH-1 ILOHLVDWDEGHOLPLWHGWH[WILOHLWFDQEHLPSRUWHGLQWR([FHORUDQ\
RWKHUVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUHIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV


7DEOH ([DPSOHRIDGDWDPDWUL[SURGXFHGE\%LEH[FHO
'RFXPHQWLGHQWLILFDWLRQQXPEHU 7LPHVFLWHG 3XEOLFDWLRQ\HDU
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
« « «
  
  

%QQEEWTTGPEGCPCN[UKUCPFVJG%1%HKNG
7KH SUHVHQW VHFWLRQ LOOXVWUDWHV KRZ WR SHUIRUP VRPH RI WKH PRVW HVVHQWLDO
ELEOLRPHWULF DQDO\VHV E\ XVH RI %LEH[FHO 7KH SUHYLRXV %LEH[FHO PHQXV )LOH
(GLWGRFILOHDQG(GLWRXWILOHKDYHIRFXVHGXSRQFOHDQLQJDQGVHWWLQJXSGDWDIRU
DQDO\VLV 7KH PHQX $QDO\]H SUHVHQWHG KHUH FRQWDLQV D QXPEHU RI VSHFLDOL]HG
IXQFWLRQVWKDWDOORZXVWRSHUIRUPDQDO\VHVRIFLWDWLRQQHWZRUNVDQGSHUKDSV
PRVW LPSRUWDQW D UDQJH RI GLIIHUHQW FRRFFXUUHQFH DQDO\VHV :H FDQQRW
GHPRQVWUDWH DOO WKH IXQFWLRQV LQ WKH $QDO\]H PHQX :H ZLOO WKHUHIRUH IRFXV
XSRQFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVDQGKRZWRSUHSDUH\RXUGDWDDQGKRZWRSHUIRUP
FRRFFXUUHQFH DQDO\VHV :H GHPRQVWUDWHWKH LQWULQVLF IXQFWLRQV DQG SRLQW RXW
WKHVPDOOGLIIHUHQFHVLQSHUIRUPLQJFRFLWDWLRQDQDO\VLVELEOLRJUDSKLFFRXSOLQJ
FRZRUGDQDO\VLVDQGFRDXWKRUDQDO\VLV)LQDOO\ZHORRNDWVRPHDOWHUQDWLYHV
LQWKH$QDO\]HPHQXWKDWHQDEOHVRPHPRUHDGYDQFHGPXOWLYDULDWHDQDO\VHV

&RRFFXUUHQFHV
$ELEOLRJUDSKLFUHFRUGFRQVLVWVRIDQXPEHURIILHOGVXVHGWRLQGH[WKHDFWXDO
WH[W LWV VXEMHFWV DQG GHVFULSWLYH GDWD $V GHPRQVWUDWHG DERYH ZKHQ ZRUNLQJ
ZLWK%LEH[FHOZHXVXDOO\WUDQVIRUPVRXULQLWLDOGDWDWRWKH'LDORJIRUPDWPRUH
VSHFLILF WKHIRUPDW IRU 6FLHQFH &LWDWLRQ ,QGH[Š &RPPRQ GDWD EHWZHHQ UHFRUGV
DUHWKXVVWUXFWXUHGLQXQLYRFDOPHWDGDWDILHOGVVXFKDVSXEOLFDWLRQWLWOHVLQWKH
WLWOH ILHOG DXWKRUV LQ WKH DXWKRU ILHOG DQG UHIHUHQFHV LQ WKH UHIHUHQFH ILHOG $
FRRFFXUUHQFH UHODWLRQ LQ D ELEOLRJUDSKLF UHFRUG XVXDOO\ PHDQV WKH PXWXDO
RFFXUUHQFHRIWZRXQLWVLQWKHVDPHPHWDGDWDILHOG+HQFHZKHQZRUGV[DQG\
DSSHDUWRJHWKHULQWKHWLWOHILHOGRUZKHQDXWKRUV]DQGZDSSHDUWRJHWKHULQWKH
DXWKRUILHOG2EYLRXVO\RQHFRRFFXUUHQFHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWZRXQLWVLVWULYLDO
:KDWLVLQWHUHVWLQJRQWKHRWKHULVZKHWKHUDFRRFFXUUHQFHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQ
WZRXQLWVLVIUHTXHQWRYHUDQXPEHURIUHFRUGVIRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKHVDPHWLWOH
ZRUGV [ DQG \ DSSHDUV WRJHWKHU LQ D QXPEHU RI UHFRUGV RU WKH VDPH SDLU RI
DXWKRUV]DQGZDOVRDSSHDUWRJHWKHULQDQXPEHUUHFRUGV²WKLVLVLQSULQFLSOHD


FRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV&RRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVLVWKHUHIRUHWKHVWXG\RIPXWXDO
DSSHDUDQFHV RI SDLUV RI XQLWV RYHU D FRQVHFXWLYH QXPEHU RI ELEOLRJUDSKLF
UHFRUGV:LWKWKLVLQPLQGZHZLOOQRZLOOXVWUDWHKRZZHSUHSDUHDQGSHUIRUP
FRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVLQ%LEH[FHO

3UHSDULQJGDWDDQGILOHVIRUFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV
%DVLFDOO\WKHFRRFFXUUHQFHURXWLQHLQ%LEH[FHOPDWFKSDLUVRIXQLWVH[WUDFWHG
IURPWKHVDPHPHWDGDWDILHOGZLWKLQDQGDFURVVWKHUHFRUGVLQWKH'2&ILOH,Q
RUGHUIRUWKHURXWLQHWRPDWFKSDLUVRIXQLWVZHQHHGWRLQGLFDWH RQZKDWILOH
WKHPDWFKLQJURXWLQHLVWREHSHUIRUPHGDQG ZKDWXQLWVVKRXOGEHPDWFKHG
7KH ¶ZRUNKRUVH· LQ %LEH[FHO LV WKH 287ILOH 0RVW DQDO\WLFDO URXWLQHV DUH
SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH 287ILOH 5HPHPEHU WKDW WKH 287ILOH LV EDVLFDOO\ DQ
H[WUDFWLRQRIXQLWVIURPRQHPHWDGDWDILHOGDFURVVWKHUHFRUGVLQWKH'2&ILOH
7KHUHIRUH WKH XQLW RI DQDO\VLV LQ WKH 287ILOH GHILQHV WKH W\SH RI FR
RFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV)RUH[DPSOHDQ287ILOHWKDWOLVWVWKHLQGLYLGXDODXWKRUV
IURPHDFKUHFRUGLQWKH'2&ILOHZRXOGEHWKHEDVLVIRUDFRDXWKRUDQDO\VLV
7KH PDWFKLQJ URXWLQH XVHG WR PDWFK SDLUV RI XQLWV PXVW WKHUHIRUH EH
SHUIRUPHGRQWKH287ILOH,WLVWKHXQLWSDLUVLQWKHLQGLYLGXDOGRFXPHQWVDQG
WKHLUIUHTXHQF\FURVVDOOGRFXPHQWVWKDWPXVWEHJHQHUDWHG
1RWLFHPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOXQLWVZLOOKDYHYHU\ORZIUHTXHQFLHV6XFKXQLWVDUH
RIWHQXQLPSRUWDQWLQFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VHDVWKHLUPXWXDOUHODWLRQVKLSVZLOOEH
WULYLDOGXHWRORZIUHTXHQFLHV,WLVWKHUHIRUHDYHU\JRRGLGHDWRXVHLQGLYLGXDO
IUHTXHQF\ DV DQ LQFOXVLRQ FULWHULRQ IRU WKH DQDO\VLV )XUWKHU VXFK D FULWHULRQ
DOVR VSHHGV XS WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI FRRFFXUUHQFH SDLUV VLQFH WKLV FDQ EH D
UHVRXUFH GHPDQGLQJ URXWLQH GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH QXPEHU RI XQLWV WR PDWFK
2EYLRXVO\RWKHUFULWHULDFDQDOVREHXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIXQLWVIRUWKH
DQDO\VLV,QRUGHUWRVHOHFWWKHXQLWVWREHLQFOXGHGDQGPDWFKHGZHQHHGWKH
&,7ILOH5HPHPEHUWKH&,7ILOHLVDIUHTXHQF\ILOHRIWKHXQLWVUHSUHVHQWHGLQ
WKH287ILOH:KDWZHQHHGWRGRLVWRVKRZWKH&,7ILOHLQ7KH/LVWZKLFKLV
GRQH E\ PDUNLQJ WKH &,7ILOH LQ 6HOHFW ILOH KHUH DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH 9LHZ ILOH
EXWWRQ
/HWXVLOOXVWUDWHWKHSUHSDUDWLRQSURFHGXUH7KHILUVWWKLQJWRGRLVWRDFWXDOO\
VHOHFWWKHXQLWVWREHLQFOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV0DUNWKH&,7ILOHLQ6HOHFWILOHKHUH
DQG VKRZ WKH &,7ILOH LQ 7KH /LVW E\ SUHVVLQJ WKH 9LHZ ILOH EXWWRQ 1H[W ZH
PXVW PDUN WKH XQLWV IURP WKH &,7ILOH VKRZQ LQ 7KH /LVW  WKDW ZH ZDQW WR
VWXG\LQWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV3RLQWLQJWKHPRXVHWRRQHXQLWZLOOPDUNLW
7RPDUNVHYHUDOFRQVHFXWLYHXQLWVPDUNWKHILUVWWKHQSUHVV6+,)7DQGPDUN
WKHODVWXQLWWRPDUNDQXPEHURIQRQFRQVHFXWLYHXQLWVSUHVV&75/DQGWKH
XVHWKHPRXVHWRVHOHFWXQLWV,I\RXUHJUHWWKHVHOHFWLRQRIDXQLWSUHVV&75/
DQGXVHWKHPRXVHDJDLQRQWKHFKRVHQXQLW1RWLFHLI\RXQHHGWRYLHZDQG
VHOHFW PDQ\ XQLWV IURP 7KH /LVW SUHVV WKH 9LHZ ZKROH ILOH DQG VFUROO GRZQ DQG


VHOHFWXQLWV%HORZLVDQH[DPSOHRID&,7ILOHWKDWFRQWDLQVIUHTXHQFLHVRIFLWHG
UHIHUHQFHV UHSUHVHQWHGE\DXWKRUDQGSXEOLFDWLRQ\HDU 
7DEOH 7KH&,7ILOH
)UHTXHQF\ &LWHGUHIHUHQFH
 /88..21(17
 .$7=-6
 0(/,1*
 /88..21(17
 :+,7(+'
 3(566212
 1(:0$10(-
 %($9(5''
 %($9(5''
 :+,7(+'
 /88..21(17
 .$7=-6

7RVHOHFWDOOUHIHUHQFHVPDUNWKHILUVWXQLWSUHVV6+,)7DQGPDUNWKHODVW
XQLW1RWLFH\RXPDUNWKHZKROHOLQHLQFOXGLQJWKHIUHTXHQF\QXPEHU
:H DUH QRZ UHDG\ WR FRPPHQFH WKH DFWXDO FRRFFXUUHQFH DQDO\VLV 7KLV LV
GRQHE\WKHIROORZLQJSURFHGXUHIURPWKH%LEH[HOPHQX
$QDO\]H!&RRFFXUUHQFH!6HOHFWXQLWVYLDOLVWER[
7KLVURXWLQH UHPRYHV QRQVHOHFWHG XQLWV IURP WKH7KH/LVW VR WKDW RQO\ WKH
RQHVVHOHFWHGIRUWKHFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVDUHNHSW
7KH QH[W VWHS LV WR LGHQWLI\ FRRFFXUUHQFH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH VHOHFWHG
XQLWV LH WKH DFWXDO FRRFFXUUHQFH DQDO\VLV 7KLV VWHS LV GRQH LQ WZR WHPSL
)LUVWZHQHHGWRLQGLFDWHZKDWILOHWKHPDWFKLQJURXWLQHLVWREHSHUIRUPHGRQ
DVLQGLFDWHGDERYH7KLVLVDOZD\VWKH287ILOH:HWKHUHIRUHPDUNWKH287
ILOHLQ6HOHFWILOHKHUH1RWLFHZHRQO\PDUNWKH287ILOHZHGRQRWVKRZLWLQ
7KH /LVW ZKHUH ZH DOUHDG\ KDYH WKH XQLWV VHOHFWHG E\ WKH SUHYLRXV RSHUDWLRQ
&RQVHTXHQWO\ ZH KDYH PDUNHG WKH 287ILOH LQ WKH 6HOHFW ILOH KHUH DQG WKH
VHOHFWHGXQLWVDUHLQ7KH/LVWRQO\WKHILUVWDUHYLVLEOH7KHQH[WPRYHLVWR
UXQ WKH PDWFKLQJ URXWLQH RQ WKH 287ILOH ZKLFK LV GRQH E\ WKH IROORZLQJ
SURFHGXUHIURPWKH%LEH[FHOPHQX
$QDO\]H!&RRFFXUUHQFH!0DNHSDLUVYLDOLVWER[
$TXHVWLRQSRSVXSLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUDFWLYDWLQJWKHURXWLQHDVNLQJZKHWKHU
RQH ZLVKHV WR LQFOXGH LQGLYLGXDO IUHTXHQFLHV IRU WKH XQLWV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR FR
RFFXUUHQFHIUHTXHQF\LQWKHRXWSXW0RVWRIWHQLIWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHDQDO\VLVLV
DPDSSLQJRIVRPHVRUWVXFKIUHTXHQFLHVVKRXOGEHOHIWRXW7KHRXWFRPHRI
WKH FRRFFXUUHQFH URXWLQH LV WKH &2&ILOH DEEUHYLDWLRQ IRU FRRFFXUUHQFH 
H[DPSOHVZLWKRXWDQGZLWKLQGLYLGXDOIUHTXHQFLHVLVVKRZQEHORZ


7DEOH 7KH&2&ILOHV

&2& &LWHG &LWHG &2& &LWHG &LWHG


IUHT UHIHUHQFH UHIHUHQFH IUHT UHIHUHQFH UHIHUHQFH
 .$7=-6 0(/,1*  .$7=-6 0(/,1*
   
 %($9(5'' %($9(5''  %($9(5'' %($9(5''
   
 :+,7(+' :+,7(+'  :+,7(+' :+,7(+'
   
 3(566212 :+,7(+'  3(566212 :+,7(+'
   
 %($9(5'' /88..21(17  %($9(5'' /88..21(17
   
 %($9(5'' /88..21(17  %($9(5'' /88..21(17
   
 .$7=-6 /88..21(17  .$7=-6 /88..21(17
   
 0(/,1* 1(:0$10(-  0(/,1* 1(:0$10(-
   
([DPSOHRI&2&ILOHZKHUHLQGLYLGXDOIUHTXHQFLHVDUHQRW ([DPSOHRI&2&ILOHZKHUHLQGLYLGXDOIUHTXHQFLHVDUH
LQFOXGHG LQFOXGHG

7KH &2&ILOH FRQWDLQV DFWXDO FRRFFXUUHQFH IUHTXHQFLHV EHWZHHQ WKH XQLWV


FKRVHQIRUWKHDQDO\VLV7KHFRRFFXUUHQFHVIUHTXHQFLHVDUHEDVHGRQPDWFKLQJ
DOOSRVVLEOHSDULQJVRIXQLWVLQWKH287ILOHWRHVWDEOLVKKRZPDQ\WLPHVWKH\
DSSHDUWRJHWKHUDFURVVWKHUHFRUGV

2SSRUWXQLWLHVZLWK&2&ILOH
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV IURP KHUH 7KH &2&ILOH FDQ YHU\ HDVLO\ EH
WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR DQ LQSXW ILOH IRU QHWZRUN YLVXDOL]DWLRQ LQ 3DMHN 7KLV LV
GHPRQVWUDWHGLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ7KH&2&ILOHLVDOVRWKHLQSXWIRUWKHVSHFLDO
FOXVWHULQJ DOJRULWKP LQ %LEH[FHO FDOOHG 3HUVVRQ·V 3DUW\ &OXVWHULQJ <RX VLPSO\
PDUNWKH&2&ILOHLQ6HOHFWILOHKHUHDQGWKHQSURFHHGZLWK
$QDO\]H!&RRFFXUUHQFH!&OXVWHUSDLUV
7KH RXWFRPH LV D 3(5ILOH WKDW FRQWDLQV LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH QXPEHU RI
FOXVWHUV WKHLU PHPEHUV DQG OLQNV ZLWKLQ DQG EHWZHHQ FOXVWHUV )LQDOO\ WKH
&2&ILOH FDQ DOVR EH XVHG DV WKH EDVLV IRU FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI VTXDUH V\PPHWULF
PDWULFHV7KLVLVGRQHLQWZRVWHSV)LUVWZHQHHGWRLQGLFDWHZKLFKXQLWVWKDW
ZLOO JR LQWR WKH PDWUL[ 0RVW RIWHQ WKLV LV GRQH E\ PDUNLQJ WKH &2&ILOH LQ
6HOHFWILOHKHUHDQGWKHQSURFHHGVZLWK
$QDO\]H!/LVWXQLWVLQSDLUV


7KHRXWFRPHLVD&&&ILOH7RSURFHHGZLWKWKHPDWUL[JHQHUDWLRQPDUNWKH
&&&ILOHLQWKH6HOHFWILOHKHUHDQGIURPWKH$QDO\]HPHQXFKRRVH
$QDO\]H!0DNHDPDWUL[IRU0'6HWF
<RX KDYH WKH FKRLFH RI JHQHUDWLRQ D VTXDUH V\PPHWULF PDWUL[ RU LWV
FRQVWLWXHQW ORZHU OHIW SDUW 7KH ODWWHU LV WKH LQSXW IRU WKH 0'6 6<67$7
DOJRULWKP WKDW LV FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK %LEH[FHO EXW QRW DQ LQWHJUDWH SDUW RI WKH
VRIWZDUH ,I \RX KDYH DFFHVV WR 6<67$7 FRQWLQXH ZLWK WKH URXWLQHV 0DNH D
PDS6<67$7FPGILOHDQG6KRZPDSWRSURGXFHDQ0'6PDSSLQJRIWKHPDWUL[
2WKHUZLVH H[SRUW WKH PDWUL[ WR ([FHO 6366 8&,1(7 RU RWKHU VRIWZDUHV
FRQWDLQLQJ0'6URXWLQHV

'LIIHUHQWFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VHV
$ERYHZHKDYHGHVFULEHGWKHLQWULQVLFSURFHGXUHVRIFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLVLQ
%LEH[FHOZKHQXVLQJWKH$QDO\]H!&RRFFXUUHQFHURXWLQH7DEOH[EHORZRXWOLQHV
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VHVZKDWXQLWVVKRXOGEHLQWKH287ILOH
WR SURGXFH WKHP KRZ WR UXQ WKHP WKHLU RXWFRPH ILOHV DQG VRPH RI WKHLU
VSHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
7DEOH 0DWUL[RIFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VHV
7\SHRIFR 287ILOHPXVWEHEDVHG
%LEH[FHOPHQX 6SHFLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
RFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV RQWKLVPHWDGDWDILHOG
&RFLWDWLRQDQDO\VLV &5RU&'LHWKHFLWHG $QDO\]H!&R 7KHIRFXVLVXSRQPDSSLQJ
UHIHUHQFHVWULQJRUSDUW RFFXUUHQFH!0DNH UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQFLWHG
RILIVXFKDVFLWHGDXWKRU SDLUVYLDOLVWER[ UHIHUHQFHV
RUFLWHGZRUN 2XWFRPH &2&ILOH
%LEOLRJUDSKLF &5RU&'LHWKHFLWHG $QDO\]H!6KDUHG 7KHIRFXVLVXSRQPDSSLQJ
FRXSOLQJ UHIHUHQFHVWULQJRUSDUW XQLWV UHODWLRQVEHWZHHQFLWLQJ
RILIVXFKDVFLWHGDXWKRU 2XWFRPH &28ILOH SXEOLFDWLRQV WKHUHFRUGVLQ
RUFLWHGZRUN VLPLODUIRUPDWDVWKH WKH'2&ILOH 
&2&ILOH 
&RDXWKRUDQDO\VLV $8RU$)DQG $QDO\]H!&R 
RFFXUUHQFH!0DNH
SDLUVYLDOLVWER[
2XWFRPH &2&ILOH
&RZRUGDQDO\VLV 7, WLWOHZRUGV $% $QDO\]H!&R ,QSULQFLSOHHYHU\ILHOGLILW
ZRUGVIURPDEVWUDFW  RFFXUUHQFH!0DNH PDNHVVHQVHFDQEHXVHG
'( GHVFULSWRUV 6& SDLUVYLDOLVWER[ HYHQ¶KRPHPDGH·ILHOGVFDQEH
6XEMHFWFDWHJRULHV HWF 2XWFRPH &2&ILOH PDGHLIIRUH[DPSOHGDWDDUH
LPSRUWHGIURPRWKHUVRXUFHV
VHH6FKQHLGHU  

)RU H[DPSOH WR GR D GRFXPHQW FRFLWDWLRQ DQDO\VLV \RX QHHG WR JHQHUDWH DQ
287ILOHZLWKFLWHGUHIHUHQFHVDQGWKHQSURFHHGDVGHVFULEHGDERYH7KHVDPH
JRHV IRU D FRDXWKRU DQDO\VLV ZKHUH \RX JHQHUDWH DQ 287ILOH FRQWDLQLQJ


DXWKRUV H[WUDFWHG IRU H[DPSOH IURP WKH $8 ILHOG LQ WKH '2&ILOH &RZRUG
DQDO\VLVDFWXDOO\FRYHUVDQXPEHURIFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKH
XQLWV LQ WKH 287ILOH IRU H[DPSOH WLWOH ZRUGV GHVFULSWRUV VXEMHFW FDWHJRULHV
HWF²\RXGHFLGH
7KH RQO\ GHYLDQFH IURP WKH LQWULQVLF SURFHGXUH LV ELEOLRJUDSKLF FRXSOLQJ
%LEOLRJUDSKLF FRXSOLQJ LV FDOOHG 6KDUHG XQLWV LQ %LEH[FHO DQG WKH URXWLQH LV
SHUIRUPHGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\0DUNWKH287ILOHLQ6HOHFWILOHKHUHDQG
$QDO\]H!6KDUHGXQLWV
7KH RXWFRPH LV D &28ILOH WKDW FRQWDLQV SDLUV RI GRFXPHQWV DQG WKHLU
FRPPRQ VKDUH RI XQLWV UHIHUHQFHV  1RWLFH WKDW GRFXPHQWV DUH LQGLFDWHG E\
WKHUHFRUGQXPEHU<RXPD\ZDQWWRDGGODEHOVWRWKHVHQXPEHUVIRUGHWDLOHG
GHVFULSWLRQVHHWKH+HOSILOHLQ%LEH[FHO7KH&28ILOHLVLQSULQFLSOHWKHVDPH
DVD&2&ILOHDQGFDQEHXVHGDVLQSXWIRUFOXVWHULQJDQGPDWUL[JHQHUDWLRQDV
GHVFULEHGDERYH>

0RUHDGYDQFHGFRFRRFFXUUHQFHDQDO\VLV7KH0$ILOH
6RPHWLPHV ZH QHHG WR GR PRUH HODERUDWH PXOWLYDULDWH DQDO\VHV RI FR
RFFXUUHQFH UHODWLRQV )RU VXFK SXUSRVHV %LEH[FHO SURYLGHV DQ H[WUHPHO\
YDOXDEOHWRRO'RFVDQGXQLWVPDWULFHV7KLVURXWLQHFUHDWHVDFODVVLFDOGDWDPDWUL[
ZKHUHURZVFRUUHVSRQGWRGRFXPHQWV UHFRUGV DQGFROXPQVWKHFKRVHQXQLWV
IRUWKHVWXG\

%TGCVKPI2CLGMHKNGUKP$KDGZEGN
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ ZH VKDOO GHVFULEH KRZ WR FUHDWH 3DMHN ILOHV LQ %LEH[FHO
+RZHYHUZHZLOOQRWJLYHDGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWIRUWKHPDQ\IXQFWLRQVLQ3DMHN
3DMHNLVIUHHO\DYDLODEOHRQWKH:HEDQGIRUWKRVHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKLVH[FHOOHQW
VRIWZDUH VKRXOG YLVLW 3DMHN :LNL KWWSSDMHNLPIPVLGRNXSKS  7KLV
UHVRXUFHFRQWDLQVERWKWKHSURJUDPDQGDPDQXDO
,Q%LEH[FHOZHFDQFUHDWHWKUHHW\SHVRI3DMHNILOHVQHWZRUNILOHV 1(7ILOH 
YHFWRU ILOHV 9(&ILOH  DQG ILOHV FRQWDLQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH FOXVWHU
PHPEHUVKLS &/8ILOH ,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHVKDOOGHVFULEHKRZWRSURGXFHWKHVH
ILOHVLQ%LEH[FHODQGZHZLOOXVHWKHILOHVWRYLVXDOL]H2OOH3HUVVRQ
VSRVLWLRQLQD
GRFXPHQWVSDFHRULI\RXOLNH2OOH3HUVVRQ·VLQWHOOHFWXDOFRQWH[WV
,I ZH ZDQW WR FUHDWH ILOHV IRU 3DMHN LQ %LEH[FHO ZH PXVW IROORZ D VSHFLILF
VHTXHQFH:HDOZD\VVWDUWE\FUHDWLQJWKHQHWZRUNILOH 1(7ILOH DQGD1(7
ILOH LV FUHDWHGIURP D &2&ILOH :H VWDUW E\VHOHFWLQJ WKH &2&ILOH DQG IURP
WKH%LEH[FHOPHQXZHFKRRVH
7R3DMHN!&UHDWHQHWILOHIURPFRFILOH
6LQFHDQHWZRUNPD\EHDGLUHFWHGRUXQGLUHFWHGJUDSK%LEH[FHOZLOODVNXV
´'R\RXUGDWDKDYHGLUHFWHGDUFVOLNH$FLWHV%µ6LQFHWKH&2&ILOHXVHGLQ
WKLVH[DPSOHLVWKHUHVXOWRIDFRFLWDWLRQDQDO\VLVZHGRQRWKDYHGLUHFWHGDUFV


DQGZHDQVZHUQRWRWKHTXHVWLRQ%LEH[FHOFRPSOHWHVWKHSURFHVVDQGFUHDWHVD
ILOHZLWKWKHH[WHQVLRQ QHWZKLFKFRQWDLQVWKHFRFLWDWLRQQHWZRUN$IWHUZH
PDGHWKH1(7ILOHZHFDQFRQWLQXHWRFUHDWH9(&ILOHVDQG&/8ILOHVLQDQ\
RUGHU7KHUHDVRQZHQHHGWRGR1(7ILOHILUVWLVWKDWWKHSURFHVVWKDWFUHDWHV
1(7ILOHDOVRFUHDWHVDILOHZLWKH[WHQVLRQ 9HOZKLFK%LEH[FHOQHHGWRPDNH
9(&DQG&/8ILOHV
7RPDNHD9(&ILOHZHXVHD&,7ILOH,QRXUYLVXDOL]DWLRQRI2OOH3HUVVRQ·V
LQWHOOHFWXDO FRQWH[WV ZH DOVR ZDQW WR VKRZ ZKLFK GRFXPHQWV WKDW DUH PRVW
FLWHG:HZLOOWKHUHIRUHFUHDWHDYHFWRUILOHWKDWFRQWDLQVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH
FRFLWHGSDSHUVFLWDWLRQIUHTXHQF\7RGRWKLV9(&ILOHZHVWDUWE\VHOHFWLQJWKH
&,7ILOHWKDWFRQWDLQVFLWDWLRQIUHTXHQFLHVDQGWKHQZHVHOHFW
7R3DMHN!&UHDWHYHFILOH
,WLVSRVVLEOHWRXVHRWKHUILOHVWKDQ&,7ILOHVZKHQZHZDQWWRPDNHD9(&
ILOH:KDWLVLPSRUWDQWLVWKDWWKHILOHKDVWKHVDPHVWUXFWXUHDV&,7ILOHLHD
WDEGHOLPLWHG WH[W ILOH ZKHUH WKH ILUVW FROXPQ FRQVLVWV RI VRPH YDOXHV IRU WKH
YHFWRUDQGWKHVHFRQGFROXPQWKHQDPHRIWKHQRGHVLQFOXGHGLQWKH1(7ILOH
$ WKLUG W\SH RI 3DMHNILOHQZH FDQ FUHDWH LQ %LEH[FHO LV WKH &/8ILOH ZKLFK
FRQWDLQVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHSDUWLWLRQV<RXFDQFUHDWHSDUWLWLRQVLQ%LEH[FHO
ZLWK DQ DOJRULWKP GHYHORSHG E\ 2OOH 3HUVVRQ 3HUVVRQ·V SDUW\ FOXVWHU 
+RZHYHUWKH&/8ILOHFDQEHEDVHGRQDQ\W\SHRISDUWLWLRQSULQFLSOHDVORQJ
DV WKH ILOH ZH WHOO %LEH[FHO WR XVH KDV WKH ULJKW VWUXFWXUH ,Q RXU H[DPSOH ZH
VKDOOXVH2OOH3HUVVRQRZQDOJRULWKPDQGIRUPRUHGHWDLOVRIWKHDOJRULWKPVHH
3HUVVRQ  
7R SDUWLWLRQ WKH FRFLWDWLRQV PDWUL[ ZLWK 2OOH 3HUVVRQ DOJRULWKP ZH VHOHFW
&2&ILOHDQGIURPWKHPHQXZHFKRRVH
$QDO\]H!&RRFFXUDQFHV!&OXVWHUSDLUV
%LEH[FHOZLOOFUHDWHWKUHHILOHVHDFKFRQWDLQLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHFOXVWHUV
FUHDWHGIURPWKH&2&ILOH7KHILOHVKDVWKHH[WHQVLRQ SH SHDQG SHU
7KHILOHZHQHHGWRPDNHD&/8ILOHLVWKH3(ILOH:HVHOHFWWKH3(ILOHDQG
IURPWKHPHQXZHFKRRVH
7R3DMHN!&UHDWHFOXILOH
,PSRUWLQJ 1(7 9(& DQG &/8 ILOHV LQ 3DMHN LV VLPSOH 7KH 1(7 ILOH ZH
RSHQDV1HWZRUNVWKH9(&ILOHZHRSHQDV9HFWRUVDQGWKH&/8ILOHZH
RSHQ DV 3DUWLWLRQV $IWHU ZH KDYH RSHQHG WKH ILOHV LQ 3DMHN ZH FKRRVH WKH
IROORZLQJRSWLRQIURPWKH3DMHNPHQX
'UDZ!'UDZ3DUWLRQ9HFWRU


)LJXUH 2OOH3HUVVRQLQWHOOHFWXDOFRQWH[W

7KH PDS GLVSOD\HG LQ )LJXUH  KDV EHHQ FUHDWHG ZLWK 3DMHN 7KH FRFLWDWLRQ
PDSVKRZVWKHFRQWH[WLQZKLFK2OOH3HUVVRQVFKRODUO\ZRUNVKDYHEHHQXVHG
7KH GRFXPHQWV DUH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH ILUVW DXWKRU DQG SXEOLFDWLRQ \HDU ,W
VKRXOG EH QRWHG WKDW PDQ\ RI 2OOH 3HUVRQ·V SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH UHSUHVHQWHG E\
RWKHUDXWKRUVDQGWKHPRVWFLWHGRIWKHVHDUH/XXNNRQHQ7/XXNNRQHQ
7DQG0HOLQ*ZKLFKLV/XXNNRQHQ3HUVVRQ 6LYHUWVHQ  
/XXNNRQHQ3HUVVRQ 7LMVVHQ  DQG0HOLQ 3HUVVRQ  7KHFOXVWHU
DOJRULWKP SURGXFHG VL[ FOXVWHUV DQG ZH FDQ DJJUHJDWH WKHP LQWR WKUHH PDLQ
LQWHOOHFWXDOWKHPHV,QWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHPDSZHILQGSXEOLFDWLRQVSULPDULO\
XVHGLQDQLQIRUPDWLRQVFLHQFHFRQWH[W0RVWFLWHGRIWKHVHLV3HUVVRQ  
ZKLFKLV2OOH·VDQDO\VLVRIWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOEDVHRI-RXUQDORIWKH$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU
,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH,WLVLQWKLVDUWLFOHZKLFKLVDQDXWKRUFRFLWDWLRQDQDO\VLVWKDW
2OOHSUHVHQWVKLVDOJRULWKPIRU´SDUW\FOXVWHULQJµ7KHDUWLFOHLVKLJKO\FRFLWHG
ZLWK+HQU\6PDOO·VFODVVLFDUWLFOHDQGVHYHUDODUWLFOHVE\:KLWHDQG0F&DLQ7KH
PDLQWKHPHRIWKLVFOXVWHULVREYLRXVO\FRFLWDWLRQVDQDO\VLV,QWKHVDPHFOXVWHU
EXWIXUWKHUGRZQWKHPDSZHILQG2OOH3HUVVRQDUWLFOHRQDOODXWKRUFRFLWDWLRQ
DQDO\VLV D SURSRVHGVROXWLRQ WR WKHILUVW DXWKRU SUREOHP LQ WUDGLWLRQDO DXWKRU
FRFLWDWLRQ DQDO\VLV $QRWKHU DUWLFOH E\ 2OOH 3HUVVRQ LQ WKLV FOXVWHU LV 2OOH·V
DUWLFOHRQ2QOLQHELEOLRPHWULFV 3HUVVRQ ,QWKHPLGGOHDQGWKHORZHUOHIW
SDUW RI WKH PDS ZH ILQG SXEOLFDWLRQV WKDW DGGUHVV LVVXHV RI UHVHDUFK


FROODERUDWLRQ DQG VFLHQFH LQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ $ FORVH H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH FR
FLWHG SDSHUV LQ WKH VPDOOHU FOXVWHU LQ WKH PDS
V FHQWHU UHYHDOV WKDW WKH
RULHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHVWXGLHVLVRQIRUPDWLRQRIVRFLDOQHWZRUNVZKLOHWKHODUJHU
FOXVWHUGHDOVZLWKLVVXHVUHODWLQJWRWKHLQFUHDVLQJVKDUHRIFRDXWKRUHGDUWLFOHV
DQG LQWHUQDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ RI VFLHQFH 2Q WKH PDS
V ULJKW VLGH ZH ILQG DUWLFOHV
GHDOLQJZLWKUHVHDUFKHYDOXDWLRQDQGWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHU7KHPDSJLYHVXVDQ
LQVLJKWLQWRWKHEUHDGWKDQGLPSRUWDQFHRI2OOH3HUVVRQVFLHQWLILFDFKLHYHPHQW

4GHGTGPEGU
'DQHOO5DQG23HUVVRQ  5HJLRQDO5 'DFWLYLWLHVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQVLQ
WKH6ZHGLVK7ULSOH+HOL[6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
*ODQ]HO:5'DQHOODQG23HUVVRQ  ´7KHGHFOLQHRI6ZHGLVK
QHXURVFLHQFH'HFRPSRVLQJDELEOLRPHWULFQDWLRQDOVFLHQFHLQGLFDWRUµ
6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
/XXNNRQHQ723HUVVRQDQG*6LYHUWVHQ  8QGHUVWDQGLQJ3DWWHUQV
RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&ROODERUDWLRQ6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\ +XPDQ
9DOXHV  
/XXNNRQHQ75-:7LMVVHQDQG23HUVVRQ  7KH0HDVXUHPHQWRI
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&ROODERUDWLRQ6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
0DKOFN3DQG23HUVVRQ  6RFLRELEOLRPHWULFPDSSLQJRILQWUD
GHSDUWPHQWDOQHWZRUNV6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
0HOLQ*DQG23HUVVRQ  6WXG\LQJUHVHDUFKFROODERUDWLRQXVLQJFR
DXWKRUVKLSV6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
0HOLQ*DQG23HUVVRQ  ´+RWHOFRVPRSROLWDQ$ELEOLRPHWULFVWXG\RI
FROODERUDWLRQDWVRPH(XURSHDQXQLYHUVLWLHVµ-RXUQDORIWKH$PHULFDQ
6RFLHW\IRU$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH  
0HOLQ*5'DQHOODQG23HUVVRQ  $ELEOLRPHWULFPDSSLQJRIWKH
VFLHQWLILFODQGVFDSHRQ7DLZDQ,VVXHV 6WXGLHV  
0H\HU0DQG23HUVVRQ  1DQRWHFKQRORJ\,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\
SDWWHUQVRIFROODERUDWLRQDQGGLIIHUHQFHVLQDSSOLFDWLRQ6FLHQWRPHWULFV
  
3HUVVRQ2  2QOLQH%LEOLRPHWULFV²$5HVHDUFK7RROIRUHYHU\0DQ
6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
3HUVVRQ2  7KH,QWHOOHFWXDO%DVHDQG5HVHDUFK)URQWRI-$6,6
-RXUQDORIWKH$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\IRU,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH  

3HUVVRQ2DQG0%HFNPDQQ  /RFDWLQJWKH1HWZRUNRI,QWHUDFWLQJ
$XWKRUVLQ6FLHQWLILF6SHFLDOWLHV6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
3HUVVRQ2  $OODXWKRUFLWDWLRQVYHUVXVILUVWDXWKRUFLWDWLRQV
6FLHQWRPHWULFV  


3HUVVRQ2:*ODQ]HODQG5'DQHOO  ´,QIODWLRQDU\ELEOLRPHWULFYDOXHV
7KHUROHRIVFLHQWLILFFROODERUDWLRQDQGWKHQHHGIRUUHODWLYHLQGLFDWRUVLQ
HYDOXDWLYHVWXGLHVµ6FLHQWRPHWULFV  
6FKQHLGHU-:  9HULILFDWLRQRIELEOLRPHWULFPHWKRGV
DSSOLFDELOLW\IRU
WKHVDXUXVFRQVWUXFWLRQ
3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ$DOERUJ'HSDUWPHQWRI,QIRUPDWLRQ6WXGLHV5R\DO6FKRRO
RI/LEUDU\DQG,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH[LLLSSOXV$SSHQGL[
YROXPHS
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

$GGUHVVHVRIFRQJUDWXODWLQJDXWKRUV
5,&.$5''$1(//
'HSDUWPHQWRI6RFLRORJ\8PHn8QLYHUVLW\
6(8PHn6ZHGHQ
(PDLOULFNDUGGDQHOO#VRFXPXVH
-(63(5:,%25*6&+1(,'(5
5R\DO6FKRRORI/LEUDU\DQG,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFH
'.$DOERUJ
(PDLOMZV#GEGN



View publication stats

You might also like