CP 105 (2016 Ed.) PDF

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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information
herein. Published opinions and statements do not necessarily reflect the opinion of ASNT. Products or services that are advertised
or mentioned do not carry the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by means electronic or mechanical including photo-
copying, recording or otherwise, without the expressed prior written permission of The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc.
IRRSP, NDT Handbook, The NDT Technician and www.asnt.org are trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. ACCP, ASNT, Level III Study Guide, Materials Evaluation, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Research in Nondestructive
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Evaluation and RNDE are registered trademarks of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
first printing 03/16

ebook 03/16
Errata, if available for this printing, may be obtained from ASNT’s web site, www.asnt.org.
ISBN: 978-1-57117-375-1 (print)

ISBN: 978-1-57117-381-2 (ebook)
Printed in the United States of America
Published by:
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
Columbus, OH 43228-0518
www.asnt.org
Edited by: Cynthia M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor
Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Publications
ASNT Mission Statement:

ASNT exists to create a safer world by promoting the profession and technologies of nondestructive testing.
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American National Standard

ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for
Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
Secretariat
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
Approved October 26, 2015
American National Standards Institute
Abstract
This standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the technical principles underlying non-
destructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities within the scope of their employment. These specific tasks or jobs
include, but are not limited to, performing, specifying, reviewing, monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work.
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To the extent applicable to the standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) does not assume
the validity or invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights, registered trademarks or copyrights in connection with any
item referred to in this standard, study materials, or examinations. Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are further
cautioned and expressly advised that determination of the validity or enforceability of any such patent rights, trademarks, or copyrights,
and the risk of the infringement of such rights through misuse of protected materials are the responsibility of the user. Reference to or pic-
torial depiction of specific types of products or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do not represent the endorsement of
such products or equipment by ASNT.
Employers or other persons utilizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned that they retain full responsibility for ultimate determi-
nation of the qualifications of NDT personnel and for the certification process. The process of personnel qualification and certification as
detailed in the standard does not relieve the employer of the ultimate legal responsibility to ensure that the NDT personnel are fully quali-
fied for the tasks being undertaken.
This standard is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by ASNT.
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American National Standard
American National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due
process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by
directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.
Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they
have approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or products not conforming
to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any
American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of
American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.
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FOREWORD
(This foreword is not part of American National Standard CP-105-2011.)
An essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) is the qualification of the personnel who are responsible for and
who perform nondestructive testing. Formal training is an important and necessary element in acquiring the skills necessary to effectively
perform nondestructive tests.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) has, therefore, undertaken the preparation and publication of this
standard, which specifies the body of knowledge to be used as part of a training program qualifying and certifying NDT personnel.
ASNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel was initially processed and approved
for submittal to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. This revision was
processed by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all
committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Standards Development Committee had the
following members:
Michael E. McDaniel, Chair

Ronald T. Nisbet, Vice-Chair
Matthew L. Patience, CP-105 Chair
Charles Longo, Secretary
Arny Bereson, Ex-Officio
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Paul E. Deeds, Jr.
William C. Plumstead, Sr.
Michael J. Ruddy
Rick L. Ruhge
Henry M. Stephens
Marvin W. Trimm
Michael L. Turnbow
David H. Vaughn
Sharon I. Vukelich
The outlines contained in this American National Standard were approved by the ASNT Technical and Education (T&E) Council through
its method committees. At the time the standard was approved, the T&E Council, Methods Division had the following members:
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Methods Division Christopher C. Hawekotte Leak Testing Committee

Joseph L. Mackin, Chair Joshua R. Jones Mark A. Johnson, Chair
David G. Moore, Vice Chair Raymond G. Morasse Anthony J. Heinz, Vice Chair
Ricky L. Morgan Michael J. Bolton
Acoustic Emission Committee Thom Schafer Edward J. Briggs
Lawrence W. Gill, Chair Khosrow Tabrizi Gary R. Elder
Darrell W. Harris
Guided Wave Testing
Gerard Hacker, Vice Chair
John C. Duke, Jr. Dietmar F. Henning
Allen T. Green Glenn M. Light, Chair David M. Kuhn
Edmund G. Henneke Jason K. Van Velsor, Vice Chair Michael V. McGloin
Eric V.K. Hill Andreanne Potvin, Secretary Kane M. Mordaunt
David L. Kesler David Alleyne Venkat N. Ramani
Margarit G. Lozev David R. Bajula Todd E. Sellmer
Ronnie K. Miller David R. Dechene Donald J. Trapp
Magnetic Flux Leakage

James R. Mitchell Mark Evans
Adrian A. Pollock Nat Y. Faransso
Jack C. Spanner, Jr. Huidong Gao Martin T. Anderson, Chair
Sotirios Vahaviolos Kevin Holt Timothy Scott Roach, Vice Chair
Frederick S. Hoyt David R. Bajula
Electromagnetics Committee Paul Jackson Darrell W. Harris
Mark A. Johnson, Chair Danny L. Keck Danny L. Keck
Michael C. Smith, Vice Chair Doron Kishoni Joseph L. Mackin
Albert S. Birks Donald D. Locke Chris L. Pankratz
Peter J. Mudge
Microwave Committee
Michael C. Brown
James R. Cahill Lawrence E. Mullins, Sr.
Robert E. Cameron Michael J. Murray Marvin W. Trimm, Chair
James E. Cox Ronald T. Nisbet Jack R. Little, Jr., Vice Chair
Claude D. Davis Kevin R. Ostergren Robert J. Woodward, Secretary
Darrell W. Harris Michael J. Quarry Jacques L. Brignac
Xiaowei He Reyaz Sabet-Sharghi Joseph T. Case
Gary E. Heath Dirk Schumann William A. Ellingson
William G. Hoffmann Michael G. Sens Ryan Goitia
Bharath Kumar Kodumuru Terry M. Webb Brian J. Gray
Martin C. Lugg
Joseph L. Mackin Copy Right Material
Infrared/Thermal Committee
Shant Kenderian
Jouni Koivumaki
David D. Mackintosh L. Terry Clausing, Chair Ken Murphy
John A. Markanich Albert A. Ohliger, Vice Chair William Neyer
Allan F. Pardini Daniel R. Ryan, Secretary Karl F. Schmidt, Jr.
Michael J. Ruddy Gary Orlove Jeffrey Sengenberger
Ward D. Rummel Steven M. Shepard Robin Sloan
David E. Russell Robert W. Spring James F. Tedesco
Hussein M. Sadek Larry Weigel
Roderic K. Stanley Laser Method Committee
Ankit Vajpayee Roger Gregory, Chair MT/PT Committee
Andrew P. Washabaugh Bennett Feferman, Vice Chair Lisa M. Price, Secretary
Ground Penetrating Radar

Flynn Spears, Secretary Tracy L. Alger
Committee
Gavin Bristow Raymond D. Berry, III
Michael R. Collingwood Richard A. Bordelon
Lawrence W. Gill, Chair Matt Crompton Lisa Brasche
Morteza K. Jafari, Vice Chair Edgardo D. Ferrer John C. Brausch
Kristy A. Davis-Jones, Secretary Paul J. Kulowitch Marc Breit
Sreenivas Alampalli Eberhard Moser Gina R. Caudill
Peter A. Annan Andrew L. Murray Brenda L. Collins
James E. Cook John W. Newman Paulla J. Daily
Linda R. Davis Terry R. Tamberg Claude D. Davis
James S. Davis Rick D. Wallen Charles W. Eick
Michael J. Diaz Andreas Welz Nat Y. Faransso
Juan R. Diaz
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Parrish A. Furr Claudia V. Kropas-Hughes Ultrasonics Committee

David Geis Kevin L. McClain Doron Kishoni, Chair
Edward J. Gosselin Michael V. McGloin Ricky L. Morgan, Vice Chair
Donald E. Harvey Gregory A. Mohr David Alleyne
Samuel C. Heller, III Robert F. Plumstead David R. Bajula
Lisa Henry William C. Plumstead, Jr. Yoseph Bar-Cohen
Eric D. Henry James E. Prindiville Kaydell C. Bowles
Steve L. Herfurth Rick L. Ruhge John A. Brunk
George M. Hopman Bryan K. Shumway, Jr. James R. Cahill
Bruce G. Isaacson Kyle D. Stoll Eugene J. Chemma
Akin Arif Koksal Kyle R. Thompson Andriy M. Chertov
Douglas G. Krauss Ray R. Tsukimura Thomas N. Claytor
Ronald W. Kruzic Jeffrey T. Wiswesser Claude D. Davis
SNT-TC-1A Review Committee

Brian D. Laite David R. Dechene
Thomas J. Larkin Robert D. Dille
Joseph L. Mackin Michael J. Ruddy, Chair B Boro Djordjevic
James A. MacMillan Robert E. Cameron, Vice Chair James B. Elder, III
Arnold G. Marquez Charles P. Longo, Secretary Louis J. Elliott
Eugene G. Miller John Ahow Nat Y. Faransso
Douglas C. Miskell Michael W. Allgaier James H. Fauth
David G. Moore Philip E. Fish
Bill L. Baker
William E. Mooz Jerry Fulin
Robert C. Barnett
Ronald D. Mosburg Parrish A. Furr
Thomas A. Mullen Karen L. Bruer Michael Gardner
Ciji L. Nelson Eugene J. Chemma Matthew J. Golis
Kaylie Page L. Terry Clausing Donald E. Harvey
Jonathan Pasqua David L. Culbertson Amos E. Holt
Luis A. Payano Claude D. Davis Morteza K. Jafari
William C. Plumstead, Jr. David R. Dechene Danny L. Keck
Robert F. Plumstead Nat Y. Faransso John J. Kinsey
Ward D. Rummel Jerry Fulin Brian D. Laite
Richard I. Seals Darrell W. Harris Glenn M. Light
Robert Siegel Eric A. Lindgren
Paul E. Hartbower
Tamie R. Simmons
Lorie Walter
Michael L. White
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Morteza K. Jafari
Walter R. Jeter, Jr.
John A. Long
Joseph L. Mackin
David A. Mandina
Kevin D. Woloszyk Jim F. Kelly Thomas E. McConomy
Doron Kishoni Michael A. McKinley
Penetrating Radiation Committee Joseph L. Mackin Scott D. Miller
Trey Gordon, Chair James A. MacMillan Billy G. Musgraves
Scott McClain, Vice Chair Ronald R. Mika Ronald T. Nisbet
Karen L. Bruer, Secretary Raymond G. Morasse Luis A. Payano
Lance K. Armistead Ricky L. Morgan Robert F. Plumstead
Luke K. Banks William C. Plumstead, Jr. Mark R. Pompe
John P. Barton Jay C. Richardson
William C. Plumstead, Sr.
Hassina Bilheux Scott D. Ritzheimer
Mark R. Pompe
Edward J. Briggs Robert L. Saunders
Scott D. Ritzheimer Simon D. Senibi
Scott P. Cargill
David L. Culbertson Rick L. Ruhge Andrew D. Smith
Harold P. Egbert David T. Sanders Graham H. Thomas
Gary R. Elder Lawrence H. Strouse Rolando J. Valdes, Sr.
John P. Ellegood Marvin W. Trimm Brad S. Whiteleather
Nat Y. Faransso Ray R. Tsukimura Andrew J. Woodrow
Robert A. Feole David H. Vaughn
George K. Hodges David J. Vigne
Jim F. Kelly
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Vibration Analysis Committee Visual Testing Committee Richard C. Hooper

Kenneth Starry, Chair Robert E. Cameron, Chair Gregory A. Hudkins
Edward F. Nolte, III, Vice Chair Michael W. Allgaier, Vice Chair Steven C. Johnson, Sr.
James Berry James H. Amy Gary D. Larson
James Bricco Terence M. Browne Joseph L. Mackin
Keith A. Evans John W. Cale Walter R. Matulewicz
Frederick M. Gallardo Rich Crandall Timothy W. McAnally
Brian Graney Bruce G. Crouse William C. Plumstead, Sr.
Gregory Lee Claude D. Davis Lawrence H. Strouse
Robert D. Miller Roger W. Engelbart David J. Vigne
Albert A. Ohliger Nat Y. Faransso Paul D. Vona, Jr.
Carey Repasz Jack K. Harper
Michael Sigley Dietmar F. Henning
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CONTENTS
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ......................................................................................................................iv
FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................v
SCOPE.....................................................................................................................................................................1
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel ............................................1
Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) Topical Outlines................................................................................................3

Acoustic Emission Testing Level I Topical Outlines ...........................................................................................................3
Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course ....................................................................................................................3
Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course ..............................................................................................................3
Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical Outline............................................................................................................4
Acoustic Emission Physics Course...............................................................................................................................4
Acoustic Emission Technique Course.........................................................................................................................5
Acoustic Emission Testing Level III Topical Outline...........................................................................................................6
Acoustic Emission Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References...................................................................................9
Electromagnetic Testing (ET) Topical Outlines .................................................................................................11

Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing Level I Topical Outline.....................................................................11
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................11
Technique Course ......................................................................................................................................................11
Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing Level II Topical Outline ....................................................................12
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Principles Course ........................................................................................................................................................12
Techniques and Applications Course......................................................................................................................12
Eddy Current Testing Level I Topical Outline ..................................................................................................................12
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................12
Basic Technique Course ............................................................................................................................................12
Eddy Current Testing Level II Topical Outline .................................................................................................................13
Remote Field Testing Level I Topical Outline ..................................................................................................................14
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................14
Basic Technique Course ............................................................................................................................................14
Remote Field Testing Level II Topical Outline .................................................................................................................15
Electromagnetic Testing Level III Topical Outline ..........................................................................................................16
Eddy Current Testing ..................................................................................................................................................16
Remote Field Testing ..................................................................................................................................................16
Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing.....................................................................................................17
Electromagnetic Testing Method, Level I, II, and III Training References ...................................................................17
Additional Papers.......................................................................................................................................................18
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Topical Outlines .........................................................................................19

Ground Penetrating Radar Level I Topical Outline .......................................................................................................19
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................19
Basic Techniques Course...........................................................................................................................................19
Ground Penetrating Radar Level lI Topical Outline ......................................................................................................20
Principles and Applications Course .........................................................................................................................20
Ground Penetrating Radar Level III Topical Outline .....................................................................................................20
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................20
Applications Course...................................................................................................................................................21
Ground Penetrating Radar Method, Level I, II, and III Training References ..............................................................22
Guided Wave (GW) Topical Outlines................................................................................................................23

Guided Wave Level I Topical Outline .............................................................................................................................23
Guided Wave Level II Topical Outline ............................................................................................................................23
Guided Wave Level III Topical Outline ...........................................................................................................................24
Guided Wave Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References.......................................................................................25
Laser Methods (LM) Topical Outlines ................................................................................................................27

Laser Methods – Holography/Shearography Level I Topical Outline .........................................................................27
Basic Holography/Shearography Physics Course ..................................................................................................27
Basic Operating Course ............................................................................................................................................28
Basic Applications Course ........................................................................................................................................29
Holography/Shearography Testing Level II Topical Outline .........................................................................................30
Intermediate Physics Course ....................................................................................................................................30
Intermediate Operating Course .............................................................................................................................31
Intermediate Applications Course...........................................................................................................................31
Holography/Shearography Testing Level III Topical Outline ........................................................................................32
Holography/Shearography Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ................................................................34
Laser Testing – Profilometry Level I Topical Outline .......................................................................................................35
Laser Testing – Profilometry Level II Topical Outline.......................................................................................................35
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Laser Testing – Profilometry Level III Topical Outline......................................................................................................36
Laser-based Profilometry Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ....................................................................36
Leak Testing (LT) Topical Outlines .....................................................................................................................37

Leak Testing Level I Topical Outline.................................................................................................................................37
Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course .....................................................................................................................37
Safety in Leak Testing Course ...................................................................................................................................38
Leak Testing Methods Course...................................................................................................................................38
Leak Testing Level II Topical Outline................................................................................................................................39
Principles of Leak Testing Course .............................................................................................................................39
Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course.............................................................................................................40
Leak Test Selection Course .......................................................................................................................................41
Leak Testing Level III Topical Outline ...............................................................................................................................41
Leak Testing Method, Level I, II, and III Training References ........................................................................................43
Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) Topical Outlines..................................................................................................45

Liquid Penetrant Testing Level I Topical Outline ............................................................................................................45
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level II Topical Outline ...........................................................................................................45
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level III Topical Outline...........................................................................................................46
Liquid Penetrant Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References...................................................................................46
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Contents
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Topical Outlines..............................................................................................47

Magnetic Particle Testing Level I Topical Outline..........................................................................................................47
Magnetic Particle Testing Level II Topical Outline.........................................................................................................48
Magnetic Particle Testing Level III Topical Outline ........................................................................................................49
Magnetic Particle Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ................................................................................49
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing (MFL) Topical Outlines..................................................................................51

Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level I Topical Outline................................................................................................51
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level II Topical Outline...............................................................................................51
Magnetic Flux Leakage Evaluation Course............................................................................................................51
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level III Topical Outline ..............................................................................................52
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Method, Level I, II, and III Training References .......................................................52
Microwave Testing (MW) Topical Outlines .......................................................................................................53

Microwave Technology Level I Topical Outline.............................................................................................................53
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................53
Microwave Technology Level II Topical Outline............................................................................................................53
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................53
Microwave Technology Level III Topical Outline ...........................................................................................................54
Theory Course.............................................................................................................................................................54
Microwave Technology Level I, II, and III Training References ....................................................................................55
Neutron Radiographic Testing (NR) Topical Outlines ......................................................................................57

Neutron Radiographic Testing Level I Topical Outline..................................................................................................57
Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course..........................................................................................................57
Basic Neutron Radiographic Technique Course....................................................................................................57
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level II Topical Outline .................................................................................................58
Neutron Radiographic Physics Course ....................................................................................................................58
Neutron Radiographic Technique Course ..............................................................................................................59
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level III Topical Outline ................................................................................................60
Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ........................................................................61
Radiographic Testing (RT) Topical Outlines......................................................................................................63

Radiographic Testing Level I Topical Outline .................................................................................................................63
Basic Radiographic Physics Course .........................................................................................................................63
Radiographic Technique Course .............................................................................................................................64
Radiographic Testing Level II Topical Outline ................................................................................................................64
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course ...............................................................................................64
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course............................................................................................65
Computed Radiography Testing Level I Topical Outline..............................................................................................66
Computed Radiography Technique Course..........................................................................................................66
Computed Radiography Testing Level II Topical Outline.............................................................................................67
Advanced Computed Radiography Course .........................................................................................................67
Computed Tomography Testing Level I Topical Outline ..............................................................................................67
Basic Computed Tomography Technique Course ................................................................................................68
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Computed Tomography Testing Level II Topical Outline .............................................................................................68

Computed Tomography Technique Course ..........................................................................................................68
Digital Radiography Testing Level I Topical Outline ......................................................................................................69
Basic Digital Radiography Technique Course ........................................................................................................70
Digital Radiography Testing Level II Topical Outline .....................................................................................................70
Digital Radiography Technique Course ..................................................................................................................70
Evaluation and Interpretation Course .....................................................................................................................71
Radiographic Testing Level III Topical Outline ...............................................................................................................72
Basic Radiographic Topics ........................................................................................................................................72
Radiographic Testing .................................................................................................................................................72
Common Digital System Elements and Digital Image Properties ........................................................................73
Computed Radiography Testing..............................................................................................................................73
Computed Tomography Testing ..............................................................................................................................74
Digital Radiography Testing ......................................................................................................................................74
Radiographic Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References .......................................................................................74
Limited Certification for Radiographic Film Interpretation Topical Outlines ..............................................................75
Radiographic Technique Course .............................................................................................................................75
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course ...............................................................................................76
Thermal/Infrared Testing (IR) Topical Outlines .................................................................................................77

Thermal/Infrared Testing Level I Topical Outline............................................................................................................77
Basic Thermal/Infrared Physics Course ....................................................................................................................77
Basic Thermal/Infrared Operating Course ..............................................................................................................77
Basic Thermal/Infrared Applications Course ..........................................................................................................78
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level II Topical Outline ...........................................................................................................78
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course ......................................................................................................78
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Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course ................................................................................................78
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications Course.............................................................................................79
Thermal/Infrared Level II Building Diagnostics Physics Course .............................................................................79
Thermal/Infrared Level II Building Diagnostics Operating Course .......................................................................79
Thermal/Infrared Level II Building Diagnostics Applications Course....................................................................80
Electrical and Mechanical Equipment Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course...................................80
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course ................................................................................................80
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications Course.............................................................................................81
Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials Physics Course....................................................................................81
Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials Operating Course..............................................................................81
Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials Applications Course ..........................................................................82
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level III Topical Outline ..........................................................................................................82
Thermal/Infrared Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ..................................................................................84
Primary Body of Knowledge References ................................................................................................................84
Building Diagnostics References Level II .................................................................................................................84
Secondary References ..............................................................................................................................................84
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Contents
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Topical Outlines ............................................................................................................87

Ultrasonic Level I Topical Outline.....................................................................................................................................87
Basic Ultrasonic Course .............................................................................................................................................87
Ultrasonic Technique Course ....................................................................................................................................87
Ultrasonic Testing Level II Topical Outline .......................................................................................................................88
Ultrasonic Evaluation Course ....................................................................................................................................88
Phased Array Level II Topical Outline ............................................................................................................................89
Phased Array Evaluation Course ............................................................................................................................89
Time of Flight Diffraction Level II Topical Outline...........................................................................................................90
Time of Flight Diffraction Evaluation Course ..........................................................................................................90
Ultrasonic Testing Level III Topical Outline ......................................................................................................................91
Phased Array ..............................................................................................................................................................93
Time of Flight Diffraction............................................................................................................................................94
Ultrasonic Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ..............................................................................................95
Limited Certification for Ultrasonic Digital Thickness Measurement Topical Outline ................................................95
Limited Certification for Ultrasonic A-scan Thickness Measurement Topical Outline ...............................................96
Vibration Analysis (VA) Topical Outlines..........................................................................................................97

Vibration Analysis Testing Level I Topical Outline ..........................................................................................................97
Basic Vibration Analysis Physics Course...................................................................................................................97
Basic Vibration Analysis Operating Course.............................................................................................................97
Vibration Analysis Testing Level II Topical Outline..........................................................................................................97
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Physics Course.....................................................................................................97
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Techniques Course .............................................................................................97
Vibration Analysis Testing Level III Topical Outline.........................................................................................................98
Vibration Analysis Testing Method, Level I, II, and III Training References ..................................................................99
Visual Testing (VT) Topical Outlines.................................................................................................................101

Visual Testing Level I Topical Outline.............................................................................................................................101
Visual Testing Level II Topical Outline ............................................................................................................................101
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Testing Level III Topical Outline ...........................................................................................................................103
Visual Testing, Level I, II, and III Training References ...................................................................................................104
Basic Topical Outlines ......................................................................................................................................105

Basic Examination Level III Topical Outline ..................................................................................................................105
Basic Examination Training References ........................................................................................................................108
Personnel Qualification and Certification Programs ...........................................................................................108
Common NDT Methods...........................................................................................................................................108
Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology.................................................................................................108
Predictive Maintenance (PdM) Topical Outlines...........................................................................................109

PdM Basic Examination Level III Topical Outline .........................................................................................................109
Basics of Common PdM Methods Training References..............................................................................................110
Machinery Technology, Problems and Corrective Actions Training References ....................................................111
APPENDIX A: Radiographic Safety ..................................................................................................................113

Appendix A: Radiographic Safety Operations and Emergency Instructions Course ............................................113
Radiographic Safety Operations Training References ...............................................................................................114
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2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page xiv
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2822_CP105_2016.qxp_ASNT Level III Study Guide Ultrasonic Testing Method 3/30/16 9:11 AM Page 1
SCOPE
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

1.0 Scope
1.1 This standard establishes the minimum topical outline requirements for the qualification of nondestructive testing (NDT)
personnel.
1.2 This standard details the minimum training course content for NDT personnel.
1.3 The amount of time spent on each topic in each method should be determined by the NDT Level III and the applicable
certification document.
1.4 These topical outlines are progressive; i.e., consideration as Level I is based on satisfactory completion of the Level I training
course; consideration as Level II is based on satisfactory completion of both Level I and Level II training courses.
1.5 Topics in the outlines may be deleted or expanded to meet the employer’s specific applications or for limited certification,
unless stated otherwise by the applicable certification procedure or written practice.
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AE
Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines
Acoustic Emission Testing Level I Topical

Outline
1.3 Signal detection
1.3.1 Threshold comparator
1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement
Basic Acoustic Emission Physics Course
1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or threshold
1.4 Signal processing
1.4.1 Waveform characteristics
1.0 Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing 1.4.2 Discrimination techniques
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission 1.4.3 Distribution techniques
1.1.1 Continuous emission 1.5 Source location techniques
1.1.2 Burst emission 1.5.1 Single channel location
1.1.3 Emission/signal levels and frequencies 1.5.2 Linear location
1.2 Sources of acoustic emission 1.5.3 Planar location
1.2.1 Sources in crystalline materials – introduction 1.5.4 Other location techniques
1.2.2 Sources in nonmetals – introduction 1.6 Acoustic emission test systems
1.2.3 Sources in composites – introduction 1.6.1 Single channel systems
1.2.4 Other sources 1.6.2 Multi-channel systems
1.3 Wave propagation – introduction 1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems
1.3.1 Wave velocity in materials 1.7 Accessory techniques
1.3.2 Attenuation 1.7.1 Audio indicators
1.3.3 Reflections, multiple paths 1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording
1.3.4 Source input versus signal output 1.7.3 Oscilloscopes
1.4 Repeated loadings: kaiser and felicity effects and felicity 1.7.4 Others
ratio
1.4.1 In metals
1.4.2 In composites Copy Right Material
1.5 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, ASTM E 1316)
2.0 Acoustic Emission Test Techniques
2.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test
2.1.1 Calibration signal generation techniques
2.1.2 Calibration procedures
2.0 Sensing the AE Wave 2.1.3 Sensor placement
2.1 Sensors 2.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls
2.1.1 Principles of operation 2.1.5 Discrimination technique adjustments
2.1.2 Construction 2.2 Loading procedures
2.1.3 Frequency 2.2.1 Type of loading
2.2 Sensor attachment 2.2.2 Maximum test load
2.2.1 Coupling materials 2.2.3 Load holds
2.2.2 Attachment devices 2.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings
Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course

2.2.5 Rate of loading
2.3 Data display
2.3.1 Selection of display mode
1.0 Instrumentation and Signal Processing 2.3.2 Use and reading of different kinds of display
1.1 Cables 2.4 Noise sources and pre-test identification techniques
1.1.1 Coaxial cable 2.4.1 Electromagnetic noise
1.1.2 Twisted pair cable 2.4.2 Mechanical noise
1.1.3 Noise problems in cables 2.5 Precautions against noise
1.1.4 Connectors 2.5.1 Electrical shielding
1.2 Signal conditioning 2.5.2 Electronic techniques
1.2.1 Preamplifiers 2.5.3 Prevention of movement
1.2.2 Amplifiers 2.5.4 Attenuating materials and applications
1.2.3 Filters
1.2.4 Units of gain measurement
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l AE
2.6 Data interpretation and evaluation: introduction 1.1.3 Significance of applied load in acoustic emission
2.6.1 Separating relevant acoustic emission indications testing
from noise 1.1.4 Basic math review (exponents, graphing, metric
2.6.2 Accept/reject techniques and evaluation criteria units)
2.7 Reports 1.2 Materials and deformation
2.7.1 Purpose 1.2.1 Constitution of crystalline and noncrystalline
2.7.2 Content and structure materials
1.2.2 Stress and strain
3.0 Codes, Standards, and Procedures 1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack growth
3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.) 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
3.2 Standardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures 1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous emission
3.3 User-developed test procedures 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude
measurement
4.0 Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing (course should 1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
include at least 3 categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.3.3.1 Dislocations – plastic deformation
categories from 4.2) 1.3.3.2 Phase transformations
4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 1.3.3.3 Deformation twinning
4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 1.3.3.4 Nonmetallic inclusions
4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 1.3.3.5 Subcritical crack growth
4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) 1.3.3.5.1 Subcritical crack growth under
4.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) increasing load
4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase stability 1.3.3.5.2 Ductile tearing under increasing
4.1.6 Creep load
4.1.7 Residual stress 1.3.3.5.3 Fatigue crack initiation and
4.1.8 Corrosion growth
4.1.9 Fatigue 1.3.3.5.4 Hydrogen embrittlement
4.1.10 Rupture cracking
4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition 1.3.3.5.5 Stress corrosion cracking
4.1.12 Other material characterization applications 1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals
4.2 Structural applications 1.3.4.1 Microcracking
4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal) 1.3.4.2 Gross cracking
4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal) 1.3.4.3 Crazing
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4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) 1.3.4.4 Other sources in nonmetals
4.2.4 Piping and pipelines 1.3.5 Sources in composites
4.2.5 Bucket trucks 1.3.5.1 Fiber breakage
4.2.6 Aircraft 1.3.5.2 Matrix cracking
4.2.7 Bridges 1.3.5.3 Fiber-matrix debonding
4.2.8 Mines 1.3.5.4 Delamination
4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes 1.3.5.5 Fiber pull-out, relaxation
4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc. 1.3.5.6 Friction
4.2.11 Rotating plant 1.3.6 Other sources
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 1.3.6.1 Pressure leaks
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring 1.3.6.2 Oxide and scale cracking
4.2.14 Other structural applications 1.3.6.3 Slag cracking
1.3.6.4 Frictional sources
Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical

1.3.6.5 Liquefaction and solidification
Outline
1.3.6.6 Loose parts, intermittent contact
1.3.6.7 Fluids and nonsolids
1.3.6.8 Crack closure
Acoustic Emission Physics Course
1.4 Wave propagation
1.4.1 Near-field impulse response
1.4.2 Modes of propagation
1.0 Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing 1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing 1.4.4 Wave velocity in material
1.1.1 Introductory concepts of source, propagation, 1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in composites
measurement, display, evaluation 1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects
1.1.2 Relationships between acoustic emission and 1.5 Attenuation
other NDT methods 1.5.1 Geometric attenuation
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1.5.2 Dispersion 1.5.3 Planar location

1.5.3 Scattering, diffraction 1.5.4 Other location techniques
1.5.4 Attenuation due to energy loss mechanisms 1.6 Acoustic emission test systems
1.5.5 Attenuation versus frequency 1.6.1 Single channel systems
1.6 Kaiser and felicity effects, and felicity ratio 1.6.2 Multi-channel systems
1.6.1 In metals 1.6.3 Dedicated industrial systems
1.6.2 In composites 1.7 Accessory techniques
1.6.3 In other materials 1.7.1 Audio indicators
1.7 Terminology (refer to AE Glossary, ASTM E 1316) 1.7.2 X-Y and strip chart recording
1.7.3 Oscilloscopes
2.0 Sensing the AE Wave 1.7.4 Magnetic recorders
2.1 Transducing processes (piezoelectricity, etc.) 1.7.5 Others
2.2 Sensors 1.8 Advanced signal processing techniques
2.2.1 Construction 1.8.1 Signal definition
2.2.2 Conversion efficiencies 1.8.2 Signal capture
2.2.3 Calibration (sensitivity curve) 1.8.3 Frequency analysis
2.3 Sensor attachment 1.8.4 Pattern recognition
2.3.1 Coupling materials
2.3.2 Attachment devices 2.0 Acoustic Emission Test Techniques
2.3.3 Waveguides 2.1 Factors affecting test equipment selection
2.4 Sensor utilization 2.1.1 Material being monitored
2.4.1 Flat response sensors 2.1.2 Location and nature of emission
2.4.2 Resonant response sensors 2.1.3 Type of information desired
2.4.3 Integral-electronics sensors 2.1.4 Size and shape of test part
2.4.4 Special sensors (directional, mode responsive) 2.2 Equipment calibration and setup for test
2.4.5 Sensor selection 2.2.1 Calibration signal generation techniques
2.2.2 Calibration procedures
Acoustic Emission Technique Course 2.2.3 Sensor selection and placement
2.2.4 Adjustment of equipment controls
2.2.5 Discrimination technique adjustments
1.0 Instrumentation and Signal Processing
2.3 Loading procedures
1.1 Cables
2.3.1 Type of loading
1.1.1 Coaxial cable
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2.3.2 Maximum test load
1.1.2 Twisted pair cable
2.3.3 Load holds
1.1.3 Optical fiber cable
2.3.4 Repeated and programmed loadings
1.1.4 Noise problems in cables
2.3.5 Rate of loading
1.1.5 Impedance matching
2.4 Special test procedures
1.1.6 Connectors
2.4.1 High temperature/low temperature tests
1.2 Signal conditioning
2.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic fatigue)
1.2.1 Preamplifiers
2.4.3 Long-term tests
1.2.2 Amplifiers
2.4.4 Tests in high noise environments
1.2.3 Filters
2.5 Data display
1.2.4 Units of gain measurement
2.5.1 Selection of display mode
1.3 Signal detection
2.5.2 Use and reading of different kinds of display
1.3.1 Threshold comparator
2.6 Noise sources and pre-test identification techniques
1.3.2 Units of threshold measurement
2.6.1 Electromagnetic noise
1.3.3 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or threshold
2.6.2 Mechanical noise
1.4 Signal processing
2.7 Precautions against noise
1.4.1 Waveform characteristics
2.7.1 Electrical shielding
1.4.1.1 Amplitude analysis
2.7.2 Electronic techniques
1.4.1.2 Pulse duration analysis
2.7.3 Prevention of movement
1.4.1.3 Rise time analysis
2.7.4 Attenuating materials and applications
1.4.1.4 Event and event rate processing
2.8 Data interpretation
1.4.1.5 MARSE
2.8.1 Recognizing noise in the recorded data
1.4.2 Discrimination techniques
2.8.2 Noise elimination by data filtering techniques
1.4.3 Distribution techniques
2.8.3 Relevant and nonrelevant acoustic emission
1.5 Source location techniques
response
1.5.1 Single channel location
1.5.2 Linear location
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2.9 Data evaluation 1.1.2.2 Complementary roles of acoustic

2.9.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting emission and other methods
2.9.2 Comparison with calibration signals 1.1.2.3 Potential or conflicting results between
2.9.3 Source evaluation by complementary NDT methods methods
2.10 Reports 1.1.2.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of
2.10.1 Purpose acoustic emission testing
2.10.2 Content and structure 1.1.3 Math review (exponents, logarithms, metric units,
and conversions)
3.0 Codes, Standards, Procedures, and Societies 1.2 Materials and deformation
3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.) 1.2.1 Materials constitution
3.2 Standardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures 1.2.1.1 Crystalline/noncrystalline
3.3 User-developed test procedures 1.2.1.2 Metals/composites/other
3.4 Societies active in acoustic emission 1.2.2 Stress and strain (including triaxial, residual,
thermal)
4.0 Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing (course should 1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack growth
include at least 3 categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.2.4 Materials properties (strength, toughness, etc.)
categories from 4.2) 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
4.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 1.3.1 Broadband nature of source spectra
4.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude
4.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking measurement
4.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) 1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
4.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) 1.3.3.1 Dislocations – plastic deformation
4.1.5 Phase transformation and phase stability 1.3.3.2 Phase transformations
4.1.6 Creep 1.3.3.3 Deformation twinning
4.1.7 Residual stress 1.3.3.4 Nonmetallic inclusions
4.1.8 Corrosion 1.3.3.5 Subcritical crack growth
4.1.9 Fatigue 1.3.3.5.1 Subcritical crack growth under
4.1.10 Rupture increasing load
4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition 1.3.3.5.2 Ductile tearing under increasing
4.1.12 Other material characterization applications load
4.2 Structural applications 1.3.3.5.3 Fatigue crack initiation and
4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal) growth
1.3.3.5.4 Hydrogen embrittlement
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4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)
4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) cracking
4.2.4 Piping and pipelines 1.3.3.5.5 Stress corrosion cracking
4.2.5 Bucket trucks 1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals
4.2.6 Aircraft 1.3.4.1 Microcracking
4.2.7 Bridges 1.3.4.2 Gross cracking
4.2.8 Mines 1.3.4.3 Crazing
4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes 1.3.4.4 Other sources in nonmetals
4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc. 1.3.5 Sources in composites
4.2.11 Rotating plant 1.3.5.1 Fiber breakage
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 1.3.5.2 Matrix cracking
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring 1.3.5.3 Fiber-matrix debonding
4.2.14 Other structural applications 1.3.5.4 Delamination
1.3.5.5 Fiber pull-out, relaxation
Acoustic Emission Testing Level III Topical

1.3.5.6 Friction
Outline
1.3.6 Other sources
1.3.6.1 Pressure leaks; cavitation
1.3.6.2 Oxide and scale cracking
1.0 Principles and Theory 1.3.6.3 Slag cracking
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing 1.3.6.4 Frictional sources
1.1.1 Concepts of source, propagation, loading, 1.3.6.5 Liquefaction and solidification
measurement, display, evaluation 1.3.6.6 Loose parts, intermittent contact
1.1.2 Proper selection of acoustic emission as technique 1.3.6.7 Fluids and nonsolids
of choice 1.3.6.8 Crack closure
1.1.2.1 Differences between acoustic emission 1.3.6.9 Corrosion
testing and other techniques
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Acoustic Emission
Acoustic Emission Testing
Testing Topical Outlines
Topical Outlines
1.4 Wave propagation 2.6.1.4 Optical

1.4.1 Near-field impulse response 2.6.1.5 Others
1.4.2 Modes of propagation (including lamb waves) 2.6.2 Shielding and other factors governing cable
1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction selection
1.4.4 Wave velocity in material (including velocity 2.6.3 Cable length effects
dispersion) 2.6.4 Noise problems in cables
1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in composites 2.6.5 Cables as transmission lines
1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects 2.6.6 Impedance matching
1.5 Attenuation 2.6.7 Connectors
1.5.1 Geometric attenuation 2.7 Signal conditioning
1.5.2 Dispersion 2.7.1 Preamplifiers (dynamic range, cable drive
1.5.3 Scattering, diffraction capability, etc.)
1.5.4 Effects of contained fluids 2.7.2 Amplifiers
1.5.5 Attenuation due to energy loss mechanisms 2.7.3 Filters: selection, roll-off rates
1.5.6 Attenuation versus frequency 2.7.4 Units of gain measurement
1.6 Kaiser and felicity effects, and felicity ratio 2.7.5 Electronic noise
1.6.1 In metals 2.8 Signal detection
1.6.2 In composites 2.8.1 Threshold comparator
1.6.3 Emission during load holds 2.8.2 Units of threshold measurement
1.7 Terminology (refer to acoustic emission glossary, ASTM 2.8.3 Sensitivity determined by gain and/or threshold
E 1316) 2.8.4 Use of floating threshold
2.8.5 Dead time
2.0 Equipment and Materials 2.9 Signal processing
2.1 Transducing processes (piezoelectricity, etc.) 2.9.1 Waveform characteristics
2.2 Sensors 2.9.1.1 Amplitude
2.2.1 Construction 2.9.1.2 Pulse duration
2.2.1.1 Single ended 2.9.1.3 Rise time
2.2.1.2 Differential 2.9.1.4 Signal strength (MARSE)
2.2.1.3 Test environment considerations 2.9.1.5 Threshold crossing counts
2.2.1.4 Wave mode sensitivity 2.9.1.6 Hit versus event processing
2.2.2 Conversion efficiencies; temperature effects 2.10 Source location
2.2.3 Calibration 2.10.1 Single channel location
2.2.3.1 Methods and significance 2.10.2 Linear location
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2.2.3.2 Calculations from absolute sensitivity
curve
2.10.4 Hit-sequence zonal location
2.10.5 Other location methods
2.2.4 Reciprocity 2.10.6 Guard channels and spatial filtering
2.3 Sensor attachment 2.11 Advanced signal processing
2.3.1 Coupling materials: selection and effective use 2.11.1 Data filtering
2.3.2 Attachment devices 2.11.2 Signal definition
2.3.3 Waveguides: design considerations, effect on 2.11.3 Signal capture
signal 2.11.4 Frequency analysis (fourier theorem, theory of
2.4 Sensor utilization spectrum)
2.4.1 Flat response sensors 2.11.5 Pattern recognition
2.4.2 Resonant response sensors 2.11.6 Source function determination by
2.4.3 Integral-electronics sensors deconvolution/Green’s function
2.4.4 Special sensors (directional, mode responsive, 2.12 Acoustic emission test systems
accelerometers) 2.12.1 Single channel systems
2.4.5 Sensor selection 2.12.2 Multi-channel systems
2.5 Simulated AE sources 2.12.3 Dedicated industrial systems
2.5.1 Hsu-Nielsen source (lead break) 2.12.4 Interpreting and writing system specifications
2.5.2 Piezoelectric transducers and associated 2.13 Accessory materials
electronics 2.13.1 Audio indicators
2.5.3 Gas jet 2.13.2 X-Y and strip chart recording
2.5.4 Other devices 2.13.3 Oscilloscopes
2.6 Cables 2.13.4 Magnetic recorders
2.6.1 Cable types 2.13.5 Computers and their use
2.6.1.1 Coaxial 2.13.5.1 Operating systems
2.6.1.2 Twisted pair 2.13.5.2 Data storage and transfer
2.6.1.3 Multiscreened 2.13.5.3 Data output
2.13.6 Others
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2.14 Factors affecting test equipment selection 4.1.5 Noise elimination – data filtering techniques
2.14.1 Material being monitored 4.1.5.1 Spatial filtering
2.14.2 Location and nature of emission 4.1.5.2 Filtering on waveform characteristics
2.14.3 Type of information desired 4.1.5.3 Time-based and parametric-based
2.14.4 Size and shape of test part filtering
4.2 Data evaluation
3.0 Techniques 4.2.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting
3.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test 4.2.2 Comparison with calibration signals
3.1.1 Calibration signal generation techniques 4.2.3 Source evaluation by complementary NDT
3.1.2 Calibration procedures methods
3.1.3 Sensor selection and placement 4.3 Reports
3.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls 4.3.1 Purpose
3.1.5 Discrimination technique adjustments 4.3.2 Content and structure
3.2 Establishing loading procedures 4.3.3 Developing a standard report format
3.2.1 Type of loading
3.2.2 Maximum test load 5.0 Procedures
3.2.3 Load holds 5.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.)
3.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings 5.2 Standardized/codified AE test procedures
3.2.5 Rate of loading 5.3 User-developed test procedures
3.3 Precautions against noise 5.4 Societies active in AE
3.3.1 Noise identification 5.5 Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures
3.3.1.1 Electromagnetic noise 5.6 Developing and writing AE test procedures
3.3.1.2 Mechanical noise 5.7 Training and examining Level I and II NDT personnel
3.3.2 Noise elimination/discrimination before test
3.3.2.1 Electrical shielding 6.0 Safety and Health
3.3.2.2 Grounding 6.1 Hazards associated with structural failure during test
3.3.2.3 Frequency filtering 6.2 Other hazards associated with AE testing
3.3.2.4 Gain and/or threshold adjustment 6.3 Importance of local regulations
3.3.2.5 Floating threshold
3.3.2.6 Attenuating materials and applications 7.0 Applications
3.3.2.7 Prevention of movement, friction 7.1 Laboratory studies (material characterization)
3.3.2.8 Guard channels, spatial filtering 7.1.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics
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3.3.2.9 Time-based and load-based gating 7.1.2 Environmentally assisted cracking
3.3.2.10 Discrimination based on waveform 7.1.3 Dislocation movement (metals) (strain rate and
characteristics volume effects)
3.4 Special test procedures 7.1.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites)
3.4.1 High temperature/low temperature tests 7.1.5 Phase transformation and phase stability
3.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic fatigue) 7.1.6 Creep
3.4.3 Long-term tests, permanent/continuous 7.1.7 Residual stress
monitoring 7.1.8 Corrosion
3.4.4 Tests in high noise environments 7.1.9 Fatigue
3.5 Data displays 7.1.10 Rupture
3.5.1 Purpose and value of different displays 7.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition
3.5.1.1 Time-based and load-based plots 7.1.12 Other material characterization applications
3.5.1.2 Location displays 7.2 Structural applications
3.5.1.3 Distribution functions 7.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal)
3.5.1.4 Crossplots 7.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)
3.5.1.5 Other displays 7.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite)
3.5.2 Selection of displays 7.2.4 Piping and pipelines
7.2.5 Bucket trucks
4.0 Interpretation and Evaluation 7.2.6 Aircraft
4.1 Data interpretation 7.2.7 Bridges
4.1.1 Relevant and nonrelevant AE response 7.2.8 Mines
4.1.2 Recognizing noise versus true AE in the recorded 7.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes
data 7.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc.
4.1.3 Distribution function analysis 7.2.11 Rotating plant
4.1.4 Crossplot analysis 7.2.12 In-process weld monitoring
7.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
7.2.14 Other structural applications
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Acoustic Emission Testing, Level I, II,

and III Training References
Miller, R.K. and E.v.K. Hill, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 6,
Acoustic Emission Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.* Monitoring Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission STP 571.
Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Acoustic Emission Testing, 1975.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. Latest Edition.* Nicoll, A.R. Acoustic Emission. Germany: DGM Metallurgy
Informationsgesellschaft. 1980.
Bingham, A.H., C.W. Ek and J.R. Tanner, eds. Acoustic Emission
Testing of Aerial Devices and Associated Equipment Used in the Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: Metals Handbook,
Utility Industries – STP 1139. Philadelphia, PA: American Society ninth edition: Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International.
for Testing and Materials. 1992. 1989.*
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, Articles 11 and 12. New Sachse, W., K. Yamaguchi, and J. Roget, eds. Acoustic Emission;
York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Latest edi- Current Practice and Future Directions, STP 1077. Philadelphia,
tion. PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. 1991.*
Drouillard, T. Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography with Abstracts. Spanner, J.C. Acoustic Emissions: Techniques and Applications.
New York: Plenum Press. 1979. Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1974.
Journal of Acoustic Emission. Volume 8, Number 1-2. Los Angeles,

CA: Acoustic Emission Group. 1989.
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Matthews, J.R. Acoustic Emission (Nondestructive Testing Columbus, OH.
Monographs and Tracts, Vol. 2). New York: Gordon and Breach,
Science Publishers, Inc. 1983.
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ET
Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines
Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique Course

Testing Level I Topical Outline
1.0 Alternating Current Field Measurement Theory
Theory Course
1.1 Production of uniform fields
1.2 Current flow, Bx, Bz, and By relationships
1.3 Relationship of the Bx, Bz, and butterfly plots
1.0 Introduction to Electromagnetic Testing 1.4 Other sources that influence the signals
1.1 Brief history of testing
1.2 Basic principles of NDT testing 2.0 Types of Probes
2.1 Coil arrangements
2.0 Electromagnetic Theory 2.1.1 Primary induction coil
2.1 Eddy current theory 2.1.2 Bx and By sensor coils
2.1.1 Generation of eddy currents by means of an AC 2.2 Coil factors (lift off)
field 2.3 Theory of operation
2.1.2 Effects of fields created by eddy currents 2.4 Applications
2.1.3 Properties of eddy currents 2.5 Limitations
2.1.3.1 Travel in circular direction 2.6 Probe markings
2.1.3.2 Eddy current distribution
2.1.3.3 Effects of lift off and geometry 3.0 Probe Software
2.1.3.4 Relationship of magnetic field in relation 3.1 Probe software versions and compatibility
to a current in a coil 3.2 Manufacturers’ sensitivity settings
2.1.3.5 Effects of permeability variations in 3.2.1 Gain
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magnetic materials
2.1.3.6 Effect of discontinuities
2.1.3.7 Relationship between frequency and depth
3.2.2 Scalings
3.2.3 Relationship between gain and current settings
3.3 Sensitivity checks
of penetration
2.1.3.8 Standard depths of penetration
4.0 Factors Affecting the Choice of Probes
2.2 Flux leakage theory
4.1 Type of part to be inspected
2.2.1 Terminology and units
4.2 Type of discontinuity to be inspected
2.2.2 Principles of magnetization
4.3 Speed of testing required
2.2.2.1 B-H curve
4.4 Probable location of discontinuity
2.2.2.2 Magnetic properties
2.2.2.3 Magnetic fields
5.0 Types of Hardware and Operating Software Applications
2.2.2.4 Magnetic permeability
5.1 Choice of systems for specific applications
2.2.2.5 Factors affecting magnetic permeability
5.2 Choice of software for specific applications
2.3 Basic electrical theory
5.2.1 Depth and length sizing capabilities
2.3.1 Basic units of electrical measurement
5.2.2 Probe resolution
2.3.2 Direct current circuits
5.2.3 Coating thickness
2.3.3 Ohm’s law
2.3.4 Faraday’s law
2.3.5 Resistance 6.0 Scanning for Detection
2.3.6 Inductance 6.1 Initial set up
2.3.7 Magnetic effect of electrical currents 6.2 Setting position indicators
6.3 Probe orientation
6.4 Scanning speed
6.5 Scanning pattern for tubulars and pipes
6.6 Scanning pattern for linear sections
6.7 Scanning for transverse cracks
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l ET
Eddy Current Testing Level I Topical

Outline
7.0 Signal Interpretation
7.1 Review of display format
7.2 Detection and examination procedure
Theory Course
7.3 Crack signals – linear cracks, angled cracks, line contacts
and multiple cracks, transverse cracks
7.4 Other signal sources – lift-off, geometry, materials,
magnetism, edges, and corners 1.0 Introduction to Eddy Current Testing
1.1 Historical and developmental process
Alternating Current Field Measurement

1.1.1 Founding fathers: Arago, Lenz, Faraday, Maxwell
Testing Level II Topical Outline

1.1.2 Advances in electronics
1.2 Basic physics and controlling principles
1.2.1 Varying magnetic fields
Principles Course 1.2.2 Electromagnetic induction
1.2.3 Primary and secondary force relationships
1.0 Review of Electromagnetic Theory
1.1 Eddy current theory 2.0 Electromagnetic Theory
1.2 Alternating current field measurement theory 2.1 Eddy current theory
1.3 Types of alternating current field measurement sensing 2.1.1 Generation of eddy currents by means of an AC
probes field
2.1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents
(impedance changes)
2.0 Factors that Affect Depth of Penetration
2.1.3 Effect of change of impedance on instrumentation
2.1 Conductivity
2.1.4 Properties of eddy current
2.2 Permeability
2.1.4.1 Travel in circular direction
2.3 Frequency
2.1.4.2 Strongest on surface of test material
2.4 Coil size
2.1.4.3 Zero value at center of solid conductor
placed in an alternating magnetic field
3.0 Factors that Affect Alternating Current Field Measurement
2.1.4.4 Strength, time relationship, and
Testing
orientation as functions of test-system
3.1 Residual fields
parameters and test-part characteristics
3.2 Defect geometry
2.1.4.5 Small magnitude of current flow
3.3 Defect location: scanning pattern for attachments,
2.1.4.6 Relationships of frequency and phase
corners, and ratholes
2.1.4.7 Electrical effects, conductivity of
3.4 Defect orientation
Copy Right Material
3.5 Distance between adjacent defects
materials
2.1.4.8 Magnetic effects, permeability of
Techniques and Applications Course

materials
2.1.4.9 Geometrical effects
1.0 Software Commands 3.0 Lab Demonstration

1.1 Probe file production 3.1 Generation of Z-curves with conductivity samples
1.1.1 Selection of gain and frequency settings for 3.2 Generation of lift-off curves
specific applications
1.1.2 Selection of current for specific applications Basic Technique Course
1.1.3 Selections of sensitivity settings and scalings for
specific applications
1.0 Types of Eddy Current Sensing Elements
1.2 Standardization settings
1.1 Probes
1.2.1 Alarm settings
1.1.1 Types of arrangements
1.2.2 Butterfly plot scalings
1.1.1.1 Probe coils
1.3 Adjustment of communication rates
1.1.1.2 Encircling coils
1.1.1.3 Inside coils
2.0 User Standards and Operating Procedures
1.1.2 Modes of operation
2.1 Explanation of standards applicable to alternating
1.1.2.1 Absolute
current field measurement testing
1.1.2.2 Differential
2.2 Explanation of operating procedures applicable to
1.1.2.3 Hybrids
alternating current field measurement testing
1.1.3 Theory of operation
1.1.4 Hall effect sensors
1.1.4.1 Theory of operation
1.1.4.2 Differences between coil and hall-element
systems
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1.1.5 Applications 2.2 Test system

1.1.5.1 Measurement of material properties 2.2.1 Frequency
1.1.5.2 Flaw detection 2.2.2 Coupling
1.1.5.3 Geometrical features 2.2.3 Field strength
1.1.6 Advantages 2.2.4 Test coil and shape
1.1.7 Limitations 2.2.5 Hall elements
1.2 Factors affecting choice of sensing elements
1.2.1 Type of part to be inspected 3.0 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
1.2.2 Type of discontinuity to be detected 3.1 Definition
1.2.3 Speed of testing required 3.2 Relationship to eddy current testing
1.2.4 Amount of testing (percentage) required 3.3 Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio
1.2.5 Probable location of discontinuity
4.0 Selection of Test Frequency
2.0 Selection of Inspection Parameters 4.1 Relationship of frequency to type of test
2.1 Frequency 4.2 Considerations affecting choice of test
2.2 Coil drive: current/voltage 4.2.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
2.3 Hall element drive: current/voltage 4.2.2 Causes of noise
2.4 Channel gain 4.2.3 Methods to reduce noise
2.5 Display sensitivity selections 4.2.3.1 DC saturation
2.6 Standardization 4.2.3.2 Shielding
2.7 Filtering 4.2.3.3 Grounding
2.8 Thresholds 4.2.4 Phase discrimination
4.2.5 Response speed
3.0 Readout Mechanisms 4.2.6 Skin effect
3.1 Calibrated or uncalibrated meters
3.2 Impedance plane displays 5.0 Coupling
3.2.1 Analog 5.1 Fill factor
3.2.2 Digital 5.2 Lift-off
3.3 Data recording systems
3.4 Alarms, lights, etc. 6.0 Field Strength and its Selection
3.5 Numerical readouts 6.1 Permeability changes
3.6 Marking systems 6.2 Saturation
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3.7 Sorting gates and tables 6.3 Effect of AC field strength on eddy current testing
3.8 Cutoff saw or shears
3.9 Automation and feedback 7.0 Instrument Design Considerations
7.1 Amplification
4.0 Lab Demonstration 7.2 Phase detection
4.1 Demo filter effects on rotating reference standards 7.3 Differentiation of filtering
4.2 Demo lift-off effects
4.3 Demo frequency effects
4.4 Demo rotational and forward speed effects
4.5 Generate a Z-curve with conductivity standards
1.0 User Standards and Operating Procedures
Eddy Current Testing Level II Topical

1.1 Explanation of standards and specifications used in eddy
Outline
current testing
Principles Course
2.0 Inspection System Output
2.1 Accept/reject criteria
2.1.1 Sorting, go/no-go
1.0 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 2.2 Signal classification processes
1.1 Eddy current theory 2.2.1 Discontinuity
1.2 Types of eddy current sensing probes 2.2.2 Flaw
2.3 Detection of signals of interest
2.3.1 Near surface
2.0 Factors that Affect Coil Impedance
2.3.2 Far surface
2.1 Test part
2.4 Flaw sizing techniques
2.1.1 Conductivity
2.4.1 Phase to depth
2.1.2 Permeability
2.4.2 Volts to depth
2.1.3 Mass
2.1.4 Homogeneity
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2.5 Calculation of flaw frequency 1.1.4.2 Pipes and pipelines

2.6 Sorting for properties related to conductivity 1.1.4.3 External and through-transmission
2.7 Thickness evaluation probes
2.8 Measurement of ferromagnetic properties 1.1.5 Advantages
2.8.1 Comparative circuits 1.1.5.1 Equal sensitivity to internal and external
Remote Field Testing Level I Topical

flaws
1.1.5.2 Easy to understand: increasing depth of
Outline
flaw signals rotate CCW
1.1.6 Limitations
Theory Course
1.1.6.1 Speed
1.1.6.2 Difficult to differentiate internal versus
external flaws
1.0 Introduction to Remote Field Testing 1.1.6.3 Small signals from small volume flaws
1.1 Historical and developmental process 1.1.6.4 Finned tubes
1.1.1 Founding fathers: McLean, Schmidt, Atherton, 1.2 Factors affecting choice of probe type
and Lord 1.2.1 Differential for small volume flaws (e.g., pits)
1.1.2 The computer age and its effect on the 1.2.2 Absolute for large area defects (e.g., steam
advancement of remote field testing (RFT) erosion, fretting)
1.2 Basic physics and controlling principles 1.2.3 Test (probe travel) speed
1.2.1 Varying magnetic fields 1.2.4 Single versus dual exciters and areas of reduced
1.2.2 Electromagnetic induction sensitivity
1.2.3 Primary and secondary field relationships 1.2.5 Bobbin coils and solid-state sensors
1.2.6 Finned tubes
2.0 Electromagnetic Theory
2.1 Generation of eddy currents in conductors 2.0 Selection of Inspection Parameters
2.2 Eddy current propagation and decay, standard depth of 2.1 Frequency
penetration 2.2 Coil drive: current/voltage
2.3 Near field, transition, and remote field zones 2.3 Pre-amp gain
2.4 Properties of remote field eddy currents 2.4 Display gain
2.4.1 Through-transmission nature 2.5 Standardization
2.4.2 Magnetic flux is predominant energy
2.4.3 The ferrous tube as a wave guide 3.0 Readout Mechanisms
Copy Right Material

2.4.4 Strength of field in three zones 3.1 Display types:
2.4.5 External field is source of energy in remote field 3.1.1 RFT voltage plane displays
2.4.6 Factors affecting phase lag and amplitude 3.1.2 Voltage vector displays
2.4.7 Geometric factors: fill factor, external support 3.2 RFT reference curve
plates, tube sheets 3.3 Chart recordings
2.4.8 Speed of test, relationship to thickness, frequency, 3.4 Odometers
conductivity, and permeability 3.5 Storing and recalling data on computers
Principles Course
2.4.9 Effect of deposits, magnetite, copper, calcium
2.4.10 Remote field testing (RFT) in nonferrous tubes
Basic Technique Course 1.0 Review of Electromagnetic Theory

1.1 RFT theory
1.0 Types of Remote Field Sensing Elements 1.2 Types of RFT sensing probes
1.1 Probes
1.1.1 Types of arrangements 2.0 Factors that Affect Coil Impedance
1.1.1.1 Absolute bobbin coils 2.1 Test part
1.1.1.2 Differential bobbin coils 2.1.1 Conductivity
1.1.1.3 Arrays 2.1.2 Permeability
1.1.2 Modes of operation 2.1.3 Mass
1.1.2.1 RFT voltage plane and reference curve 2.1.4 Homogeneity
1.1.2.2 X-Y voltage plane 2.2 Test system
1.1.2.3 Chart recordings 2.2.1 Frequency
1.1.3 Theory of operation 2.2.2 Coupling (fill factor)
1.1.4 Applications 2.2.3 Field strength (drive volts, frequency)
1.1.4.1 Heat exchanger and boiler tubes 2.2.4 Coil shapes
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3.0 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 1.2.3 Chart recordings

3.1 Definition 1.2.4 Storing, retrieving, archiving data
3.2 Relationship to RFT testing 1.2.5 Standardization frequency
3.3 Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio: 1.3 Reference standards
3.3.1 Speed 1.3.1 Material
3.3.2 Fill factor 1.3.2 Thickness
3.3.3 Frequency 1.3.3 Size
3.3.4 Filters 1.3.4 Heat treatment
3.3.5 Drive 1.3.5 Simulated defects
3.3.6 Shielding 1.3.6 ASTM E 2096
3.3.7 Grounding [(6) and (7) also apply to other 1.3.7 How often to standardize
methods]
2.0 Techniques
4.0 Selection of Test Frequency 2.1 Factors affecting signals
4.1 Relationship of frequency to depth of penetration 2.1.1 Probe speed/smoothness of travel
4.2 Relationship of frequency to resolution 2.1.2 Depth, width, and length of flaw versus probe
4.3 Dual frequency operation footprint
4.4 Beat frequencies 2.1.3 Probe drive, pre-amp gain, view gain, filters
4.5 Optimum frequency 2.1.4 Position of flaw versus other objects (e.g., support
plates)
5.0 Coupling 2.1.5 Fill factor
5.1 Fill factor 2.1.6 Signal-to-noise ratio
5.2 Importance of centralizing the probe 2.1.7 Thickness, conductivity, and permeability of the
tube
6.0 Field Strength 2.1.8 Correct display of the signal
6.1 Probe drive and penetration 2.2 Selection of test frequencies
6.2 Effect of increasing thickness, conductivity or 2.2.1 Single or dual or multi-frequency
permeability 2.2.2 Sharing the time slice
6.3 Position of receive coils versus field strength 2.2.3 Number of readings per cycle
2.2.4 Beat frequencies, harmonics, and base frequencies
7.0 Instrument Design Considerations 2.2.5 Optimum frequency
7.1 Amplification 2.2.6 Saturating the input amplifier (large volume
Copy Right Material

7.2 Phase and amplitude detection (lock-in amplifier) defects)
7.3 Differentiation and filtering 2.2.7 Small volume defects: optimizing the settings to
detect
Remote Field Testing Level II Topical

Outline
3.0 Applications
3.1 Tubulars using internal probes

3.1.1 Heat exchanger tubes
3.1.2 Boiler tubes
3.1.3 Pipes
3.1.4 Pipelines
1.0 Equipment
3.1.5 Furnace tubes
1.1 Probes
3.2 Tubulars using external probes
1.1.1 Absolute bobbin coils
3.2.1 Boiler tubes
1.1.2 Differential bobbin coils
3.2.2 Process pipes
1.1.3 Arrays
3.2.3 Pipelines
1.1.4 Dual exciter or dual detector probes
3.2.4 Structural pipes
1.1.5 Solid-state sensors
3.3 Other applications
1.1.6 External probes
3.3.1 Flat plate
1.1.7 Effect of fill factor
3.3.2 Finned tubes
1.1.8 Centralizing the probe
3.3.3 Hydrogen furnace tubes
1.1.9 Quality of the “ride”
3.3.4 Nonferrous tubes and pipes
1.1.10 Cable length considerations
3.3.5 Cast-iron water mains
1.1.11 Pre-amps internal and external
3.3.6 Oil well casings
1.2 Instruments
1.2.1 Measuring phase and amplitude
1.2.2 Displays: remote field testing (RFT), voltage
plane, impedance plane differences
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4.0 Inspection System Output 2.5 Instrument design considerations

4.1 Accept/reject criteria 2.5.1 Amplification
4.1.1 Customer specified or code specified 2.5.2 Phase detection
4.2 Signal classification processes 2.5.3 Differentiation or filtering
4.2.1 Discontinuity 2.5.4 Thresholds, box gates, etc.
4.2.2 Flaw
4.3 Detection of signals of interest 3.0 Techniques/Calibrations
4.3.1 Near/under support plates and tubesheets 3.1 Factors which affect coil impedance
4.3.2 Flaws in the free span 3.1.1 Test part
4.3.3 Internal and external flaws 3.1.2 Test system
4.3.4 Recognition of signals from non-flaws 3.2 Selection of test frequency
4.4 Signal recognition, data analysis, and flaw-sizing 3.2.1 Relation of frequency to type of test
techniques 3.2.2 Consideration affecting choice of test
4.4.1 Understanding the RFT reference curve and using 3.2.2.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
it for flaw sizing 3.2.2.2 Phase discrimination
4.4.2 Using phase angle to calculate flaw depth on the 3.2.2.3 Response speed
X-Y display 3.2.2.4 Skin effect
4.4.3 Coil footprint considerations 3.3 Coupling
Electromagnetic Testing Level III Topical

3.3.1 Fill factor
Outline
3.3.2 Lift-off
3.4 Field strength
3.4.1 Permeability changes
Eddy Current Testing

3.4.2 Saturation
3.4.3 Effect of AC field strength on eddy current testing
3.5 Comparison of techniques
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.6 Standardization
1.1 Eddy current theory 3.6.1 Techniques
1.1.1 Generation of eddy currents 3.6.2 Reference standards
1.1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents 3.7 Techniques – general
(impedance changes) 3.7.1 Thickness
1.1.3 Properties of eddy currents 3.7.2 Sorting
1.1.3.1 Travel mode 3.7.3 Conductivity
Copy Right Material

1.1.3.2 Depth of penetration 3.7.4 Surface or subsurface flaw detection
1.1.3.3 Effects of test part characteristics – 3.7.5 Tubing
conductivity and permeability
1.1.3.4 Current flow 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
1.1.3.5 Frequency and phase 4.1 Flaw detection
1.1.3.6 Effects of permeability variations – noise 4.2 Sorting for properties
1.1.3.7 Effects of discontinuity orientation 4.3 Thickness gaging
4.4 Process control
2.0 Equipment/Materials 4.5 General interpretations
2.1 Probes – general
2.1.1 Advantages/limitations 5.0 Procedures
2.2 Through, encircling or annular coils and hall elements
2.2.1 Advantages/limitations/differences Remote Field Testing
2.3.1 Type of part to be inspected
1.0 Remote Field Testing (RFT) Principles and Theories
2.3.2 Type of discontinuity to be detected
1.1 Three zones in RFT
2.3.3 Speed of testing required
1.1.1 Near field (direct field)
2.3.4 Amount of testing required
1.1.2 Transition zone
1.1.3 Remote field zone
2.3.6 Applications other than discontinuity detection
1.2 Through-transmission nature of RFT
2.4 Read out selection
1.3 Standard depth of penetration factors
2.4.1 Meter
1.3.1 Thickness
2.4.2 Oscilloscope, X-Y, and other displays
1.3.2 Permeability
2.4.3 Alarm, lights, etc.
1.3.3 Conductivity
2.4.4 Strip chart recorder
1.3.4 Frequency
1.3.5 Geometry
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Electromagnetic Testing Method, Level I,

II, and III Training References
1.4 Signal analysis
1.5 Display options
1.5.1 Voltage plane (polar coordinates)
1.5.2 X-Y display (rectilinear coordinates) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03 Nondestructive
1.5.3 Chart recordings: phase, log-amplitude, Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
magnitude, X-Y Materials. Latest edition.*
1.6 Advanced applications
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Electromagnetic Testing. Columbus,
1.6.1 Array probes
OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest
1.6.2 Large pipes
edition.*
1.6.3 Flat plates
1.6.4 Nonferrous applications ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Electromagnetic Testing.
1.6.5 Effects of tilt and shields Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.6.6 Effects of cores and magnets Inc. Latest edition.*
2.0 Codes and Practices ASTM E690 - 10 Standard Practice for In Situ Electromagnetic
2.1 Writing procedures (Eddy-Current) Examination of Nonmagnetic Heat Exchanger
2.2 ASTM E 2096 Tubes. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. 2010.**
2.3 SNT-TC-1A
Beissner, R.E., G.A. Matzkanin, and C.M. Teller. NTIAC-80-1,
2.3.1 Responsibility of Level III
NDE Applications of Magnetic Leakage Field Methods, January
2.4 Supervision and training
1980.
2.5 Administering exams
2.6 Ethics Bray, D.E. and D. McBride. Nondestructive Testing Techniques.
2.7 Reports: essential elements, legal responsibility New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 1992.
Alternating Current Field Measurement Testing

Cecco, V.S., G. Van Drunen, and F.L. Sharp. Eddy Current Testing,
US Edition, Columbia, MD: Nichols Publishing, Inc. 1987 (AECL-
7523).*
1.0 Principles and Theory
1.1 Generation of eddy currents Kilgore, R.J. and S. Ramchandran. “Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents Testing of Small-Diameter Carbon Steel Tubes,” Materials
1.3 Properties of eddy currents Evaluation. Vol. 47, No.1. 1989. pp 32-36.*
1.3.1 Depth of penetration
Libby, H.L. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test
1.3.2 Effects of test part characteristics
Copy Right Material

Methods. Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. 1979.
1.3.3 Current flow
1.3.4 Frequency Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, and P.A. Puhach. “Through-
1.3.5 Effects of permeability variations Transmission Equations for Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.3.6 Effects of discontinuity orientation Inspection of Small-Bore Ferromagnetic Tubes,” Materials
Evaluation. Vol. 51, No. 6. 1993. pp 744-748.*
2.0 Equipment and Materials
2.1 Alternating current measurement probes general Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, T.R. Schmidt, and D.E. Russell.
2.1.1 Advantages and limitations “Remote Field Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic
2.2 Factors affecting choice of probes Tubes,” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 54, No. 6. 1996. pp 652-657.*
2.2.1 Type of part to be inspected Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
2.2.2 Type of discontinuity to be inspected Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.3 Speed of testing required Inc. 2016.*
2.2.4 Amount of testing required
2.2.5 Probable location of discontinuity Mordfin, L. Handbook of Reference Data for Nondestructive
2.2.6 Applications other that discontinuity detection Testing. second edition, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM
2.3 Techniques/equipment sensitivity International. 2002.**
2.3.1 Selection of test frequency
2.3.2 Selection of correct probe scalings in relation to Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
the test Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
2.3.3 Selection of correct communication rates Testing, Inc. 2006.*
Schmidt, T.R. “History of the Remote Field Eddy Current

3.0 Interpretation and Evaluation of Signals Inspection Technique,” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 1. 1989.
3.1 Flaw detection pp 14-22.*
4.0 Procedures
17
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Schmidt, T.R. “The Remote Field Eddy Current Technique,” Lugg, M. An Introduction to Alternating Current Field
Materials Evaluation. Vol. 42, No. 2. 1984. pp 223-230.* Measurement.
Schmidt, T.R., D.L. Atherton, and S. Sullivan. “The Remote-Field PCN Classroom Training Handbook – Product Technology (PCN
Transition Zone,” Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No. 9. 1989. pp Certification Services, British Institute of NDT).
969-979.*
Raine, A. “An Alternative Method for Offshore Inspection,”
Smith, H. and D.D. Mackintosh. Remote Field Eddy Current CSNDT Annual Conference. 1995. (Insight. Vol. 36, No. 9.
Examination of Boiler Tubes. Proceedings of EPRI Topical September 1994).
Workshop on Electromagnetic NDE Application in the Electric
Power Industry, Charlotte, NC, August 21-23, 1995. pp 1-17. Raine, A. and C. Laenen. “Additional Applications with the
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique,”
Sollish, D.B. Field Experience in Boiler Examinations Using Remote Proceedings of the ASNT Spring Conference and 7th Annual
Field Eddy Current. Corrosion 91: NACE Annual Conference and Research Symposium, March 1998.
Corrosion Show, Cincinnati, OH, March 11-15, 1991. pp 224/1 to
224/8. Topp, D. “The Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique
and its Application to the Inspection of Oil and Gas Installations,”
Sullivan, S. and D.L. Atherton. “Analysis of the Remote Field Eddy 32nd Annual British Institute of NDT Conference (Insight. Vol.
Current Effect in Non-magnetic Tubes,” Materials Evaluation. 36, No.6. June 1994).
Vol. 47, No. 1. 1989. pp 80-86.*
Topp, D. and B. Jones. Operational Experience with the ACFM
Taylor, J.L., ed. Basic Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, Inspection Technique for Sub-Sea Weld Inspection. British Gas
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British Environmental Engineering, March 1994.
Institute of Nondestructive Testing) 1988.*
Topp, O. The Use of Manual and Automated Alternating Current
Udpa, S., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Field Measurement Techniques for Sub-sea and Topside Crack
Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Detection and Sizing. Offshore S E Asia, December 1994, OSEA
Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 94.137.
Inc., 2004.*
Additional Papers
Columbus OH.
** Available from The American Society for Testing of Materials.
The following selected papers are available from PCN Certification
Services, British Institute of NDT, 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton
Copy Right Material

NN1 5AA. The list of available papers may be extended by the
addition of later publications. This document will not be revised to
show the extended list in every case.
B53683 Part 5: Terms Used in Eddy Current.
Collins, R. and M.C. Lugg. “Use of AC Field Measurements for

Non-Destructive Testing,” Fatigue Crack Measurement:
Techniques and Applications. Engineering Materials Advisory
Services, Ltd. 1991.
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GPR
Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines
Ground Penetrating Radar Level I Topical

Outline
3.1.3 Snell angle
3.1.4 Near field/far field
3.1.5 Frequencies
Theory Course
3.2 Coupling
3.2.1 Impedance matching
3.2.2 Unloading
1.0 Introduction to Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 3.2.3 Ringing
1.1 Radar 3.3 Waveguides
1.1.1 Reflection
Basic Techniques Course

1.1.2 Radar equation
1.1.3 Polarization
1.1.4 Interference
1.2 The history of GPR 1.0 Surveys
1.1 Defining the objectives
2.0 Electromagnetic Theory 1.2 Antenna selection and orientation
2.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation 1.2.1 Speed
2.2 Velocity 1.2.2 Frequency
2.3 Wavelength 1.2.3 Application
2.4 Interference 1.2.4 Materials
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2.4.1 Attenuation 1.2.5 Targets
2.4.2 Dispersion 1.3 Depth of penetration
2.4.3 Noise 1.3.1 Gain controls
2.4.4 Clutter 1.3.2 Sensitivity controls
2.5 Electrical properties 1.3.3 Calibration
2.5.1 Relative dielectric permittivity 1.4 Range settings
2.5.2 Electrical conductivity 1.5 Filter settings
2.5.3 Dielectric materials 1.6 Scanning parameters
2.5.3.1 Conductors 1.6.1 Mapping
2.5.3.2 Insulators 1.6.2 Grid layout
2.5.3.3 Semiconductors 1.6.3 Spacing
2.5.4 Types of materials
2.5.4.1 Soil 2.0 Applications
2.5.4.2 Concrete 2.1 Test methods
2.5.4.3 Rocks 2.2 Advantages
2.5.4.4 Water – salt/fresh 2.3 Limitations
2.5.4.5 Ice
2.5.4.6 Others 3.0 Data Display and Interpretation
2.6 Magnetic properties in materials 3.1 Material properties
2.6.1 Ferromagnetic 3.2 Layer reflection
2.6.2 Paramagnetic 3.2.1 Trench effect
2.6.3 Super paramagnetic 3.3 Target reflection
3.3.1 Point targets
3.0 GPR Equipment 3.4 Detection accuracy
3.1 Antennas 3.5 Horizontal accuracy and resolution
3.1.1 Polarization 3.6 Depth accuracy and resolution
3.1.2 Fresnel reflection 3.7 Measurement techniques
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l GPR
Ground Penetrating Radar Level lI Topical

Outline
2.1.2 Transmission loss
2.1.3 Coupling loss
2.1.4 Mismatch
Principles and Applications Course
2.1.5 Target scatter
2.1.6 Material attenuation
2.2 Velocity propagation
1.0 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 2.3 Clutter
1.1 Radar equation 2.4 Resolution
1.2 Stokes vector 2.4.1 Depth
1.3 Mueller matrix 2.4.2 Plan
1.4 Poincaré sphere
3.0 Modeling
2.0 Types of Tests 3.1 Time domain models
3.2 Antenna radiation
3.0 Factors Affecting Tests 3.3 Numerical modeling
3.1 Depth of investigation 3.3.1 Schemes
3.2 Orientation 3.3.2 Applications
3.3 Noise 3.3.3 Absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) properties
3.3.1 Signal-to-noise ratios 3.4 Target shape effects
3.3.2 Causes
3.3.3 Filters 4.0 Material Properties
3.4 Interferences 4.1 Dielectric materials
3.5 Noninvasive surfaces 4.2 Ice, water
4.3 Soils, rocks
4.0 Field Strength 4.4 Suitability
4.1 Antenna drive 4.5 Man-made materials
4.2 Effects of conductivity 4.6 Techniques
4.3 Permeability effects 4.7 Measurement techniques
4.4 Ground truth
4.5 Hyperbolic shape analysis 5.0 Antennas
5.1 Types
5.0 Instrument Design Considerations 5.1.1 Element
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5.1 Waveguides 5.1.2 Traveling wave
5.2 Multipathing 5.1.3 Impulse radiating
5.3 Near field and far field factors 5.1.4 Frequency dependent
5.4 Resonance 5.1.5 Horn
5.5 Resolution 5.1.6 Dielectric antennas
5.2 Arrays
6.0 Data 5.3 Polarization
6.1 Data acquisition
6.2 Data processing 6.0 Signal Modulation
6.2.1 Displays 6.1 Ultra-wideband signal resolution
6.3 Modeling 6.1.1 Waveform characteristics
6.4 Interpretation 6.1.2 Signals
6.4.1 Uncertainty 6.1.2.1 Time domain
Ground Penetrating Radar Level III

6.1.2.2 Noise
Topical Outline
6.1.2.3 Comparisons
6.1.2.4 Spectra comparisons
6.2 Amplitude modulation
Theory Course
6.3 Continuous wave frequency modulation
6.4 Polarization modulation
1.0 Introduction 7.0 Signal processing

1.1 History 7.1 A-scan processing
1.2 Applications 7.1.1 Zero offset
7.1.2 Noise
2.0 Systems Design 7.1.3 Clutter
2.1 Range 7.1.4 Gain
2.1.1 Antenna loss 7.1.5 Filtering
7.1.6 Target resonances
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Ground Penetrating Radar Topical Outlines
7.2 B-scan processing 4.7 Coal and salt

7.3 C-scan processing 4.8 Rocks
7.4 Migration
7.5 Image processing 5.0 Bore Hole Radar (Long Distance)
7.6 De-convolution 5.1 Radar design
7.7 Data acquisition 5.2 Data
7.8 Data processing 5.3 Subsurface fracture characterization
7.9 Microwave 5.4 Radar polarimetry
7.10 Clutter 5.5 Specifications
7.11 Anomalies 5.6 Data acquisition
5.7 Problems
Applications Course 5.8 Signal/image processing
5.9 EM modeling
1.0 Archeology
1.1 Application 6.0 Mine Detection
1.2 Identification 6.1 Humanitarian and military programs
6.1.1 United States
6.1.2 Europe
2.0 Civil Engineering
6.1.3 Others
2.1 Roads and pavement
6.2 Performance assessment
2.2 Conduits
6.3 Mine detection
2.3 Techniques
6.3.1 Handheld
2.4 Concrete
6.3.2 Vehicle mounted
2.4.1 Walls
6.3.3 Airborne
2.4.2 Reinforcement
6.3.4 Data processing
2.4.3 Dowels and anchors
6.3.5 Clutter characteristics and removal
2.5 Buildings
2.5.1 Masonry
2.5.2 Floors 7.0 Utilities
2.5.3 Walls 7.1 Technology
2.5.4 Joints 7.2 Pipes and cables
2.6 Tunnels 7.3 Pipe hawk
7.4 Mapping
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7.5 Drainage
3.0 Forensic Applications
7.6 Inspection of pipe
3.1 Principles of search
3.2 Methods
3.3 Graves 8.0 Remote Sensing
3.4 Remains 8.1 Airborne systems
3.5 Excavation 8.2 Satellite systems
3.6 Examples 8.3 Planetary exploration
8.3.1 Interplanetary body measurement
8.3.2 Scientific objectives
4.0 Geophysical Applications
8.3.3 Models
4.1 Radar systems
8.3.4 Performance
4.2 Frozen materials
4.2.1 Short pulse and FMCW radar
4.2.2 Firm layering and isochrones 9.0 Equipment
4.2.3 Crevasses detection 9.1 Survey methods
4.2.4 Hydraulic pathways 9.2 Site characteristics
4.2.5 Topography 9.3 Surface characteristics
4.2.6 Lake ice 9.4 Material characteristics
4.3 Polythermal glaciers 9.5 Target characteristics
4.3.1 Radar system
4.3.2 Bottom topography 10.0 Regulations, Radiological Aspects, and EMC
4.3.3 Internal structure 10.1 U.S. regulations
4.3.4 Snow cover 10.2 European regulations
4.4 Oil spills 10.3 Radiological aspects
4.5 Contaminations 10.4 EMC
4.6 Soil erosion
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Ground Penetrating Radar Method,

Level I, II, and III Training References
Daniels, D., ed., Ground Penetrating Radar, second ed. London,
UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. 2004.
GPR Compendium: Articles on Ground Penetrating Radar –

Collected from ASNT Publications. Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Jol, H.M. ed. Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications.

Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science. 2009.
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GW
Guided Wave Topical Outlines
Guided Wave Level I Topical Outline 3.6 Computer interface

3.7 Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs)
Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive instruction
in this course prior to performing work in guided wave 4.0 Testing Techniques
testing. 4.1 Pulse-echo
4.2 Through-transmission
Guided wave (GW) or long-range ultrasonic testing is uniquely
different and specialized such that it should be considered a sepa- 5.0 Calibrations
rate technique for Level I and II personnel. The intent of this doc- 5.1 Distance calibration
ument is to provide basic body of knowledge requirements for 5.2 Amplitude calibration (DAC and TCG)
guided wave testing of piping that is consistent with other meth-
ods and not intended to replace specific training or schemes iden- 6.0 Procedures
6.1 Specific applications
tified by the various equipment manufacturers.
6.1.1 Weld/feature location
6.1.2 Corrosion and wall loss evaluation
1.0 Introduction
6.1.2.1 Aboveground piping – uninsulated
1.1 Basic understanding of nondestructive testing
6.1.2.2 Aboveground piping – insulated
1.2 Responsibilities of levels of certification
6.2 Basic data collection
1.3 Terminology of guided wave testing (GW)
6.2.1 Choosing a test location
1.4 History of GW
6.2.2 Selection of wave modes
1.5 Product technology
6.2.3 Selection of frequency
1.5.1 Pipe designs and manufacturing processes
6.3 Basic data evaluation
1.5.2 Process versus service-induced defects
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6.3.1 Data quality
6.3.2 Influence of geometry and structure
2.0 Basic Principles of Guided Wave Testing (GW) 6.3.3 Recognition of symmetrical features
2.1 Utility of GW 6.3.4 Distance amplitude correction
2.2 Characteristics of guided wave propagation 6.3.5 Recognition of non-symmetrical features
2.3 Basic concepts of GW of piping 6.3.6 Influence of coatings, linings, and pipe condition
2.4 Various types of guided waves of pulse-echo analysis
6.3.7 Recognizing false indications
3.0 Equipment 6.4 Basic reporting
3.1 Transmission and reception of guided waves 6.4.1 A-scan presentations
3.2 Piezoelectric effect 6.4.2 Feature list
3.3 Magnetostriction effect
Guided Wave Level II Topical Outline

3.4 Transduction
3.4.1 Pulser-receiver unit(s)
3.4.2 Sensor rings
3.4.3 Types of sensors 1.0 Introduction
3.4.4 Array arrangement 1.1 Review of Level I knowledge
3.4.5 Directionality 1.2 Terminology of GW
3.4.6 Frequency limits 1.3 Level II responsibilities
3.4.7 Dead zone and near field 1.4 Product technology
3.4.8 Influence of transduction and frequency on 1.4.1 Various types of pipeline supports
inspection 1.4.2 Advanced information on girth welds and other
3.4.9 Guided wave focusing accessories welded to pipe (including typical
3.4.10 Factors influencing selection of test conditions defects)
3.4.11 Influence of pipe geometry and pipe 1.4.3 Structural integrity of pipelines – codes and
configuration standards for the specific sector
3.5 Cables
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l GW
2.0 Principles of Guided Wave Testing (GW) 2.1.1Advanced GW propagation theory

2.1 Various types of guided wave modes (deeper knowledge) 2.1.2Dispersion effect and compensation factors
2.2 Factors influencing selection of test parameters 2.1.3Effect of material properties
2.3 Sensitivity to cross-sectional changes 2.1.4Bi-layer systems
2.4 Effect of feature geometry 2.1.5Attenuation due to viscoelastic coatings and
2.5 Transducer configuration embedded medium (parameters affecting and
mathematical prediction)
3.0 Equipment 2.1.6 Sensitivity to stiffness changes
3.1 Advanced transduction configuration 2.1.7 Properties of guided waves in pipes and plates
3.2 Hardware and software requirements for optimization of 2.2 Various types of GW modes
test parameters 2.2.1 Torsional, longitudinal, and flexural
3.3 Data presentation (deeper knowledge) 2.2.2 Modes in bends
4.0 Procedures 3.0 Non-conventional Applications

4.1 Contents and requirements of instructions, procedures 3.1 Advanced array configuration
and standards 3.2 Transduction selection parameters
4.2 Preparation of written instructions 3.3 Advanced calibration systems
4.3 Cased piping (road crossings) 3.4 Underwater inspection
4.4 Buried piping 3.5 Guided wave monitoring (GWM)
4.5 Coated piping 3.6 Guided wave focusing
3.7 Advanced transduction systems
5.0 Advanced GW Data Analysis
4.0 Interpretations/Evaluations
6.0 Evaluation 4.1 Identification of discontinuities in various industrial
6.1 Comparison procedures environments
6.1.1 Standards and references 4.2 Variables affecting test results
6.1.2 Application of results of other NDT methods 4.2.1 Transducer performance
6.2 Object appraisal 4.2.2 Instrument performance
6.2.1 History of pipe 4.2.3 Effect of testing environment
6.2.2 Intended use of pipe 4.2.4 Pipe specifications (diameter, thickness,
6.2.3 Existing and applicable code interpretation manufacturing method, tolerances) and condition
6.2.4 Type of discontinuity and location (temperature, roughness, stress)
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6.3 Follow-up 4.3 Range and sensitivity
4.4 Signal-to-noise ratio
7.0 Reporting 4.5 Detailed knowledge on how to classify and assess
7.1 Influence of frequency observations and identification of best NDT method for
7.2 Influence of focusing sizing (UT, RT, etc.) or monitoring defect growth (GW,
7.3 Estimation of indication severity UT, etc.)
Guided Wave Level III Topical Outline

5.0 Writing Procedures for Specific Applications
5.1 General and bare or painted piping
5.2 Insulated piping
1.0 Introduction 5.3 Inspection under supports (simple, welded, clamped)
1.1 Terminology of GW 5.4 Road crossings
1.2 Level III responsibilities 5.5 Buried piping
1.2.1 Preparation of inspection procedures 5.6 Plate
1.2.2 Preparation of training materials for Level I and 5.7 Steel cable or wire rope
Level II 5.8 Rods or rail stock
1.2.3 Developing material for Level I and Level II tests 5.9 Tubes
including written and practical tests
6.0 Understanding of Codes, Standards, and
2.0 Principles of Guided Wave Testing (GW) Specifications
2.1 Review of mathematical basics
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Guided Wave Topical Outlines
Guided Wave Testing, Level I, II, and III BS 9690-2:2011 “Non-Destructive Testing – Guided Wave
Training References Testing, Part 2: Basic Requirements for Guided Wave Testing of
Pipes, Pipelines and Structural Tubulars,” London: British
Achenbach, J.D. 1987. Wave Propagation in Elastic Solids. North Standards Institution, 2011.
Catton, P, P. Mudge, and W. Balachandran. “Advances in Defect

Holland, New York.
Alers, G.A. (2004). “Electromagnetic Induction of Ultrasonic Characterization using Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing of Pipes,”
Waves: EMAT, EMUS, EMAR,” 16th World Conference on NDT. Insight, (50), No. 9, (2008).
Montreal, Canada, NDT net.
Crompton, A., R.L. Royer, M. Tallon, and S. Biagiotti. “Guided
Alleyne, D.N., B. Pavlakovic, M.J.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley. “Rapid Wave Testing: Maximizing Buried Pipe Corrosion Knowledge
Long-Range Inspection of Chemical Plant Pipework using Guided from Each Excavation,” Proceedings of the ASME 2012 PVP
Waves,” Key Engineering Materials, (270-273), (Aug.2004): 434- Conference - PVP2012-78561, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, July 17,
441. 2012.
Alleyne, D.N., M.J.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley. “The Reflection of Demma, A., P. Cawley, M. Lowe, and A Roosenbrand. “The
Guided Waves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes,” Journal Reflection of the Fundamental Torsional Mode From Cracks and
of Applied Mechanics, (65), No. 3, (1998): 635-641. Notches in Pipes,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America, (114) No. 2, (2003): 611 – 625.
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing, second edition.
Ditri, J. “Utilization of Guided Elastic Waves for the
Characterization of Circumferential Cracks in Hollow Cylinders,”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (96), No. 6,

Inc. 2016.*
ASTM E2775-11 “Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of (1994): 3769-3775.
Above Ground Steel Pipework using Piezoelectric Effect
Transduction,” 2011.West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM Ditri, J. and J. Rose. “Excitation of Guided Elastic Wave Modes in
International. Hollow Cylinders by Applied Surface Tractions,” Journal of
Applied Physics, (72), No. 7, (1992): 2589-2597.
ASTM E2929-13 “Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of
Above Ground Steel Pipework with Magnetostrictive Ditri, J., J. Rose, and A. Pilarski. “Generation of Guided Waves in
Transduction,” 2013. West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers,”
International. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Evaluation, (1993): 211-218.
Auld, B.A. 1973. Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, Vol. I and
II. New York: Wiley Interscience. Gazis, D.C., “Three-Dimensional Investigation of the Propagation
of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. I. Analytical Foundation,”
Copy Right Material
Barshinger, J. N. and J. L. Rose. “Guided Wave Propagation in an
Elastic Hollow Cylinder Coated with a Viscoelastic Material,”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (31) No. 5,
(1959a): 568-573.
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency
Control, (51) No. 11, (2004): 1547-1556. Graff, K., 1991. Wave Motion in Elastic Solids, revised edition.
New York: Dover Publications.
Barshinger, J.N., J.L. Rose, and M.J. Avioli, Jr. “Guided Wave
Resonance Tuning for Pipe Inspection,” Journal of Pressure Vessel GW Compendium: Articles on Guided Wave – Collected from
Technology, (124), (2002): 303-310. ASNT Publications. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Beard, M., M. Lowe, and P. Cawley. 2003. “Inspection of Steel

Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Tendons in Concrete Using Guided Waves,”AIP Conference Hayashi, T., K. Kawashima, Z. Sun, and J. L. Rose. “Analysis of
Proceedings, (657): 1139-1147. New York: American Institute of Flexural Mode Focusing by a Semi-Analytical Finite Element
Physics. Method,” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (113)
No. 3, (2002): 1241-1248.
Biagiotti, S., A. Crompton, and, R.L. Royer. “Integrated
Inspection and Analytical Technologies for Buried Pipe Hirao, M. and H. Ogi. 2003. EMATs for Science and Industry -
Assessments,” Proceedings of the Electric Power Research Noncontacting Ultrasonic Measurements, ninth ed., Boston:
Institute 9th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Kluwer.
Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components,
Hirao, M. and H. Ogi.“An SH-wave EMAT Technique for Gas
May 22, 2012, Seattle, WA.
Pipeline Inspection,” NDT&E International, (32), No. 3, (1999):
BS 9690-1:2011 “Non-Destructive Testing – Guided Wave 127-132.
Testing, Part 1: General Guidance and Principles,” London:
Krautkramer, J. and H. Krautkramer. 1990. Ultrasonic Testing of
British Standards Institution, 2011.
Materials, fourth edition, New York: Springer-Verlag.
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Li, J. and J.L. Rose. “Angular-Profile Tuning of Guided Waves in Royer, R.L., J.K. Van Velsor, and J.L. Rose. “An Ultrasonic
Hollow Cylinders using a Circumferential Phased Array,” IEEE Guided Wave Approach for Pipeline Health Monitoring,”
Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in
Control, (49) No. 12, (2002,): 1720-1729. Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components (2009): 496-500.
Liu, G. and J. Qu. “Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular
Annulus.” Journal of Applied Mechanics, (65), No. 2, (1998a): Royer, R.L., K. Rach, A. Crompton, and D. Keene. “Safety
424-430. Related Service Water Piping Assessment for Nuclear Power
Stations,” Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on
Luo, W. and J.L. Rose. “Phased Array Focusing with Guided NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and
Waves in a Viscoelastic Coated Hollow Cylinder,” The Journal of Pressurized Components, (2013).
the Acoustical Society of America, (121), No. 4, (2007): 1945-
1955. Silk, M. and K. Bainton. 1979. “The Propagation in Metal Tubing
of Ultrasonic Wave Modes Equivalent to Lamb Waves,”
Mu, J. and J.L. Rose. “Guided Wave Propagation and Mode Ultrasonics, (17) No. 1, (1979): 1–19.
Differentiation in Hollow Cylinders with Viscoelastic Coatings,”
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (124) No. 2, Sun, Z., L. Zhang, and Joseph L. Rose. “Flexural Torsional
(2008): 866-874. Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe,” Transactions of
the ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, (127) 4 (2005):
Mudge, P A, and Alleyne, D. 1996. “A Long Range Method Of 471-478.
Detection Of Corrosion Under Insulation In Process Pipework,”
The Strategic Importance of Oil and Gas Technology: 5th Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. “Disperse: A General
European Union Hydrocarbons Symposium. Purpose Program For Creating Dispersion Curves,” Twenty-Third
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Myoung-Seon Choi, Sang-Young Kim, Hegeon Kwun, and Glenn Evaluation, (16A), (1997): 185-192.
M. Light, “Transmission Line Model for Simulation of Guided-
Wave Defect Signals in Piping,” IEEE Transactions on Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. “Phased-Array Focusing
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, (51), No. 5, Potential in Pipe with Viscoelastic Coating,” Thirty-Third Review
(May 2004). of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, American
Institute of Physics. (26A), (2006): 188-123.
NACE SP0313-2013 “Standard Practice Guided Wave Technology
for Piping Applications,” 2013. Houston, TX: NACE Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds.“Circumferential Guided
International. Waves for Defect Detection in Coated Pipes,” Thirty-Second
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive
Redwood, M. 1960. Mechanical Wave-Guides, The Propagation of Evaluation, (25A), (2006): 165-172.
Copy Right Material Thompson, R. B. “Physical Principles of Measurements with

Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves in Fluids and Solids with
EMAT Transducers,” Physical Acoustics. New York: Academic

Boundaries. New York: Pergamon.
Rose, J. “A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave Press. (19), (1990): 157-200.
Inspection Potential,” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology,
(124), No.3, (2002): 273–282. 2014. Van Velsor, J.K., H. Goo, and J.L. Rose. “Guided-Wave
Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Pipe Using a Probabilistic
Rose, J.L. Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media, revised edi- Reconstruction Algorithm,” Insight, (49) 9, (2007): 532-537.
tion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Viktorov, I.A. 1967. Rayleigh and Lamb Waves, Physical Theory
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick. “Guided and Applications. New York: Plenum Press.
Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 1 – Theory,” Proceedings of
the Electric Power Research Institute Seventh International Zemanek, J., Jr. “An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear of Elastic Wave Propagation in a Cylinder,” The Journal of the
and Pressurized Components, (2009): 490-495. Acoustical Society of America, (51) 18, (1972): 265-283.
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick. “Guided Zhao, X. and J. L. Rose. “Guided Circumferential Shear
Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 2 – Experiments,” Horizontal Waves in an Isotropic Hollow Cylinder,” The Journal
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in of the Acoustical Society of America, (115) 5, (2004): 1912-1916.
Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components, (2009): 490-495.
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Laser Methods Topical Outlines
Laser Methods – Holography/Shearography

Level I Topical Outline
3.4.1 Solid-state lasers
3.4.2 Gas lasers
3.4.3 Ion lasers
Basic Holography/Shearography Physics Course

3.4.4 Diode lasers
3.4.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
3.5 Use of multiple laser sources
1.0 Introduction 3.5.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam splitting)
1.1 Nondestructive testing 3.5.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser diodes)
1.2 Overview of shearography and holography NDT (basic 3.5.2.1 Coherence and phase limitations
premise) 3.6 Use of fiber optic delivery systems
1.2.1 Relationship between stress and strain for a
material or structure 4.0 Laser Safety
1.2.2 Inherent material or structural stiffness 4.1 Introduction
(e.g., Young’s modulus) 4.2 Potential dangers
1.2.3 Looking for sub-surface defects by observing the 4.2.1 Eye exposure
surface of the test article as it is acted upon by an 4.2.1.1 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing
applied stress. 4.2.1.2 Dangers of concentrated (magnified)
1.3 History of holography/shearography testing viewing
1.4 Definition of speckle interferometry 4.2.2 Skin exposure
1.5 Application of shearography (SNDT) holography NDT 4.2.3 Potential ignitions source
(HNDT) 4.2.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums
1.6 Overview of international NDT certification 4.2.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production)
1.7 Responsibilities of levels of certification 4.3 Levels of laser classification 1 – 4 based on increasing
2.0 Basic Principles of Light and SNDT Copy Right Material level of potential danger
4.3.1 Classification limits and safety requirements.
2.1 Wave nature of light 4.4 Expanded beams – inverse square law
2.2 Wave particle duality 4.5 Laser system classification
2.3 White light versus monochromatic light 4.5.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and
2.4 Definition of coherence maintenance versus service
2.5 Interference 4.5.2 Safety during service operations
2.6 Interferometry 4.5.3 Measurement locations
2.6.1 What is an interferometer 4.5.4 Aversion response time (blink response)
2.6.1.1 Michelson interferometer example 4.5.5 Enclosures and interlocks
2.6.2 Wavelength of light used as a measuring stick 4.6 Rules for the safe use of lasers
2.6.3 Shearography and holography cameras are 4.7 Keeping laser systems safe
interferometers 4.8 Safety requirements for the production and field
applications
3.0 Lasers 4.9 Laser safety officers
3.1 Introduction to lasers 4.10 Laser safety references.
3.2 Properties of laser light
3.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-coherent light 5.0 Basic Holography/Shearography Systems
3.2.2 High power densities 5.1 Laser illumination (use of monochromatic coherent light)
3.2.3 Polarized outputs 5.2 Differences between holography camera and
3.3 Interference and the formation of laser speckle shearography camera
3.3.1 Laser speckle and interferometry provide the basis 5.2.1 Independent reference beam versus sheared images
for holography and shearography NDT. 5.2.2 Shear vector (definition)
3.4 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic 5.2.2.1 Magnitude and sensitivity
properties) 5.2.2.2 Direction (orientation) and sensitivity
5.2.3 Beam ratio (definition) – holography
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5.2.4 Holography sensitive to absolute displacement 1.3 Test article imaging considerations
5.2.4.1 Single-lobed indication similar to a 1.3.1 Specular versus diffuse reflectors
topographical map 1.3.2 Overall reflectivity
5.2.4.2 Increased stability requirements 1.3.3 Transparent or translucent surface
5.2.5 Shearography sensitive to relative displacements. 1.3.4 Orienting test article to minimize glare
5.2.5.1 Double-lobed indications showing first 1.3.5 Possible surface preparations
derivative of displacement 1.4 Measurement calibration
5.3 Basic holography/shearography NDT 1.4.1 Mapping screen resolution to part resolution
5.3.1 Basic premise 1.4.1.1 Defining pixels/unit distance
5.3.2 Image capture 1.4.2 Accounting for shear vector
5.3.3 Application of stress 1.4.3 Manual calibration
5.3.4 Observation of surface deformation 1.4.4 Spot projection calibration
5.4 Basic image formation process (general overview) 1.4.5 Recalibration requirements
5.4.1 Subtraction 1.5 Measuring indications
5.4.2 Phase stepping 1.5.1 Overall indication sizing (single lobe versus
5.4.2.1 Wrapped versus unwrapped images double lobe)
5.4.3 Continuous phase stepping with variable reference 1.5.2 Marking defect location on test articles.
5.4.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal, additive 1.6 Image processor settings (defined within Level I
subtractive phase modulation…) technique description)
1.6.1 Video signal optimization
Basic Operating Course 1.6.2 System specific settings
1.6.3 Processing modes (review)
1.6.3.1 Subtraction
1.0 Holography/Shearography System Setup
1.6.3.2 Phase stepping
1.1 Camera and test article stability
1.6.3.2.1 Wrapped versus unwrapped
1.1.1 Three-point mounting
images
1.1.2 Additional requirements for holography
1.6.3.3 Continuous phase stepping with variable
1.1.3 Benefits of common camera/test article platform
reference
1.2 Camera settings
1.6.3.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal,
1.2.1 Focus/clarity
additive subtractive phase reversal…)
1.2.1.1 Relationship between iris and focus
1.6.4 File saving
setting
1.6.4.1 File types
1.2.1.2 Proper procedure for setting focus at
1.6.4.2 Linking images to test data
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minimum depth of field
1.2.2 Iris/aperture
2.0 Primary Stressing Methods (Introduction)
1.2.2.1 Selecting the proper iris setting
2.1 Mechanical loading
1.2.2.2 Saturation
2.2 Thermal stressing
1.2.2.3 Relationship between iris and speckle size
2.3 Vacuum (pressure reduction) stressing
1.2.3 Shear vector
2.3.1 Chamber; whole body pressure reduction
1.2.3.1 Relationship between shear distance and
2.3.2 Vacuum hood or window; single sided vacuum
camera shear angle
stressing
1.2.3.2 Shear distance and system sensitivity
2.4 Pressurization stressing
1.2.3.3 Common shearing convention and its
2.5 Vibration stressing
importance
2.5.1 Acoustic versus mechanical
1.2.3.4 Nominal shear magnitudes
2.5.2 Contact versus non-contact
1.2.3.5 Shear orientation and direction of
2.5.3 Frequency limitations acoustic versus mechanical
maximum sensitivity
2.6 Combined stressing systems
1.2.3.5.1 Minimizing effect of part or
2.6.1 Sequential application
camera motion
2.6.2 Combined application
1.2.3.6 Effect of shear vector orientation on
indication appearance
1.2.4 Beam ratio (holography only) 3.0 Test Standards:
1.2.4.1 Optimum 1:1 ratio for digital holography 3.1 Importance of test standards
1.2.5 Test article illumination 3.2 Representative/relevant standards
1.2.5.1 Ensuring full coverage of test area 3.2.1 Representative defects for test article
1.2.5.2 Multiple illumination sources (e.g., 3.2.2 Representative defects for chosen stressing
aligning multiple laser diodes) method
1.2.5.3 Parallax correction for camera to part 3.3 Operational validation
distance
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4.0 Documentation 3.0 Vacuum (pressure reduction) Stressing

4.1 Introduction to documentation 3.1 Types of stressing
4.2 Digital Image files 3.1.1 Vacuum chamber (whole body pressure
4.2.1 Generic image formats (jpg, tiff, bmp, avi, mpg) reduction)
4.2.2 System specific file types 3.1.1.1 Basic premise
4.2.3 Incorporation of images into reports 3.1.1.2 Basic requirements for effective stressing
4.2.4 File naming and storage (linking images to test 3.1.1.3 Potential problems with laminates
part) 3.1.1.4 Reference image capture at reduced
4.3 Report writing pressure versus ambient pressure
3.1.2 Portable single-sided vacuum stressing (vacuum
Basic Applications Course hood/vacuum windows)
3.1.2.1 Combined single-sided pressure
reduction with mechanical stress
1.0 Basic Image Interpretation
3.2 Applications
1.1 Fringe generation (subtraction and phase stepped)
3.3 Interpretation of example results
1.2 Basic quantitative interpretation of fringes
1.2.1 Holography versus shearography (single-lobed
4.0 Pressurization Stress
versus double-lobed indications)
4.1 Types of stressing
1.3 Wrapped versus unwrapped images
4.1.1 Increase of decrease in internal pressure of test
1.4 Common defect types and test results
article
1.4.1 Disbonds
4.2 Biaxial strain implications
1.4.2 Crushed core
4.2.1 Directional sensitivity of shearography (hoop
1.4.3 Impact damage in solid laminates
versus axial stress)
1.5 Depth, indication size, and stressing relationships
4.3 Applications
1.5.1 Fringe growth versus stressing level
1.5.2 Number of fringes versus depth for constant size
defect and fixed stress
1.5.3 Number of fringes versus defect size for constant 5.0 Vibration Excitation: Acoustic and Mechanical
depth and fixed stress 5.1 Basic premise
1.5.4 Relative rate of growth for varying size defects a 5.2 Physical contact requirements
constant depth 5.2.1 Acoustic (non-contact)
5.2.2 Mechanical (contact required)
5.3 Frequency range limitation
2.0 Basic Stressing Methods
5.4 Types of excitation
2.1 Mechanical loading
2.1.1 Point loading Copy Right Material
2.1.2 Load cells or fatigue fixture
5.4.1 White noise
5.4.2 Single frequency
5.4.3 Frequency sweep
2.1.3 Single-sided vacuum stressing*
5.5 Image processing modes
2.1.4 Applications
5.5.1 Phase reversal
5.6 General relationships
5.6.1 Frequency response versus material stiffness
2.3.1 Basic premise
5.6.2 Frequency response versus depth
2.3.1.1 Thermal expansion effects
5.6.3 Frequency response versus defect size
2.3.1.2 Effects of internal structures or anomalies
5.7 Amplitude
2.3.1.3 Simple disbond or delamination example
5.8 Safety when using high intensity sound
2.3.2 Thermal stressing sources
5.9 Applications
2.3.2.1 Infrared (IR) flash lamps
2.3.2.2 Conventional heat lamps
2.3.2.3 Heat gun
2.3.2.4 Cold air generators 6.0 Complex Structures
2.3.3 Uniform application of heat 6.1 Types of constructions
2.3.3.1 Thermal gradient versus equilibrium 6.2 Interpretation of example results
temperature
2.3.4 Basic thermal stressing techniques
2.3.4.1 Refresh before heat
2.3.4.2 Refresh after heat
2.3.5 Time versus temperature effects
2.3.6 Time versus depth effects
2.4 Applications
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Holography/Shearography Testing
Level II Topical Outline
4.4 Laser classification based on:
4.4.1 Pulsed or continuous wave emission
4.4.2 Wavelength
Intermediate Physics Course

4.4.3 Power
4.4.4 Expanded or collimated beam
4.4.4.1 Power density reduction via inverse
1.0 Introduction to Holography and Shearography NDT square law
1.1 Basic premise – looking for sub-surface defects and 4.4.5 Extended source or point source
anomalies by observing changes in the surface of a test 4.4.6 Expanding beams – inverse square law
article while it is acted on by an applied stress. 4.5 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing
1.2 Stress/strain relationship of a specific material or 4.6 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing
structure (Young’s modulus) 4.7 Laser system classification
1.3 Difference between holography and shearography 4.7.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and
systems maintenance versus service
4.7.2 Safety during service operations
2.0 Physics of Light 4.7.3 Measurement locations
2.1 Basic wave theory 4.7.4 Aversion response time (blink response)
2.2 White light versus monochromatic light 4.7.5 Enclosures and interlocks
2.3 Coherence and interference 4.8 Rules for the safe use of lasers
2.4 Interferometry 4.9 Keeping laser systems safe
2.4.1 Michelson interferometer example 4.10 Safety requirements for the laboratory
2.4.2 Wavelength of light used as a measuring stick 4.11 Safety requirements for production
4.12 Safety requirements for the workshop or field
3.0 Lasers 4.13 Laser safety officers
3.1 Introduction to lasers 4.14 Additional laser safety references
3.2 Properties of laser light
3.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-coherent 5.0 Holography NDT and Speckle Interferometry (Historical
light Development)
3.2.1.1 Coherence length 5.1 Holographic recording process (wavefront recording
3.2.2 High power densities and reconstruction)
3.2.3 Polarized outputs 5.1.1 Stability requirements
3.3 Interference and the formation of laser speckle 5.2 Holography NDT
3.4 Laser speckle and interferometry 5.3 Practical limitations of digital wavefront recording
3.5 Speckle interferometry
Copy Right Material
3.6 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic
5.4 Speckle photography and speckle correlation
5.5 Speckle interferometry
properties) 5.5.1 Reference beam makes speckle image phase
3.6.1 Solid-state lasers sensitive
3.6.2 Gas lasers 5.6 Digital holography – basic image formation
3.6.3 Ion lasers (correlation/subtraction)
3.6.4 Diode lasers 5.6.1 Stability requirements
3.6.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
3.7 Logistics and the choice of lasers 6.0 Digital Holography and Shearography Optics
3.8 Use of multiple laser sources 6.1 Holography camera optics
3.8.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam splitting) 6.1.1 Independent reference beam
3.8.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser diodes) 6.1.1.1 Beam ratio
3.8.3 Coherence and phase limitations 6.1.2 Sensitive to absolute displacement changes
3.9 Use of fiber optic delivery systems 6.1.3 Single-lobed indications for a simple displacement
6.2 Shearography camera optics
4.0 Laser Safety 6.2.1 Laterally sheared object and reference beams
4.1 Introduction (shearing interferometer)
4.2 Potential dangers 6.2.2 Sensitive to relative displacements between
4.2.1 Eye exposure sheared points on test article.
4.2.2 Skin exposure 6.2.3 Double-lobed indications showing first derivative
4.2.3 Potential ignitions source of the displacement
4.2.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 6.2.3.1 Strain gradient (lines of isostrain)
4.2.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production) 6.3 Shear Vector
4.3 Levels of laser classification 1 – 4 based on increasing 6.3.1 Relationship between shear distance and camera
level of potential danger shear angle
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6.3.2 Shear distance and system sensitivity 5.0 Speckle Interferometry – Image Processor
6.3.3 Common shearing convention and its importance 5.1 Advanced processor adjustment
6.3.4 Nominal shear magnitudes 5.2 Advanced post-processing techniques
6.3.5 Shear orientation and direction of maximum 5.3 Interface options
sensitivity 5.4 Documentation options
6.3.6 Minimizing effect of part or camera motion
6.3.7 Effect of shear vector orientation on indication 6.0 Stressing Systems, Setup, and Operation
appearance 6.1 Thermal stressing systems
6.4 Types of shearography cameras 6.2 Vacuum inspection systems
6.4.1 Fixed shear 6.3 Pressurization systems
6.4.2 Adjustable shear 6.4 Vibration excitation
6.4.3 Phase stepped
6.5 Phase stepping 7.0 Method Development
6.5.1 Correlation shearography review (subtraction) 7.1 Test standards
6.5.2 Phase stepping defined 7.2 Effective research for optimum defect detection
6.5.3 Image capture 7.3 Representative defect sample/confidence pieces
6.5.4 Phase map creation 7.4 Method format/procedure/technique writing
6.5.5 Phase map advantages
6.5.6 Unwrapped phase maps 8.0 Documentation
6.5.7 Unwrapped phase map advantages 8.1 Digital image file management
8.2 Reporting
7.0 Physics of Materials 8.3 Archiving data
7.1 Stress strain and strain relationship (Young’s modulus)
Intermediate Applications Course
7.2 Deformation versus strain
7.3 Flat plate deformation equation
7.4 Thermal expansion
7.5 Vacuum stressing loads 1.0 Materials and Applications
7.6 Pressurization loads (biaxial strain/axial and hoop) 1.1 Laminates
7.7 Vibrations stressing and resonance 1.2 Honeycombs
1.3 Foam core materials
Intermediate Operating Course

1.4 Advanced materials
1.5 Pressure vessel, piping, and tubing
1.6 Plasma spray and ceramics
1.1 Automated inspection systems

1.2 Tripod-based systems
Copy Right Material
1.0 Holography and Shearography Systems 1.7 Bonded metal
2.0 Fringe Interpretation

1.3 On vehicle inspections 2.1 Quantitative fringe measurement
2.2 Defect measurement and characterization
2.0 Sources of Noise and Solutions 2.3 Strain measurement
2.1 Stability
2.2 Vibration 3.0 Mechanical Loading
2.3 Thermal currents 3.1 Review of mechanical loading methods
2.4 Air currents 3.2 Applications
3.2.1 Cracks
3.0 Fixturing for Test Parts and Camera Systems 3.2.2 Material weaknesses
3.1 Simple forms 3.2.3 Detection of ply wrinkling
3.1.1 3 point mounting 3.2.4 Interpretation of results
3.1.2 Use of pre-loads 3.2.5 Strain gradient versus loading
3.2 Automated system requirements
4.0 Speckle Interferometry Camera 4.1 Review of thermal stressing methods
4.1 Field of view 4.1.1 Time versus temperature thermal gradient
4.2 Resolution versus field of view 4.1.2 Time versus depth
4.3 Focus and iris settings 4.1.3 Multiple image analysis
4.4 Sensitivity versus angles 4.2 Applications
4.5 In-plane and out-of-plane considerations 4.2.1 Delaminations
4.6 Effects of shear orientation 4.2.2 Impact damage
4.7 Specular reflections 4.2.3 Composite repair evaluation
4.2.4 Foreign material
4.3 Interpretation of results – phase change
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5.0 Vacuum Stressing 1.2 Lasers

5.1 Review of stressing methods 1.2.1 Introduction to lasers
5.1.1 The general purpose method 1.2.2 Properties of laser light
5.1.2 Depth versus fringes 1.2.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-
5.2 Applications coherent light
5.2.1 Near side disbonds 1.2.2.1.1 Coherence length
5.2.2 Far side disbonds 1.2.2.2 High power densities
5.2.3 Composite repair evaluation 1.2.2.3 Polarized outputs
5.2.4 Delaminations 1.2.3 Interference and the formation of laser speckle
5.3 Interpretations of results 1.2.4 Laser speckle and interferometry
5.3.1 Effects of windows 1.2.5 Speckle interferometry
1.2.6 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic
6.0 Pressurization Stressing properties)
6.1 Review of pressure stressing methods 1.2.6.1 Solid-state lasers
6.2 Applications 1.2.6.2 Gas lasers
6.2.1 Piping and tubing 1.2.6.3 Ion lasers
6.2.2 Pressure vessels 1.2.6.4 Diode lasers
6.2.3 Aircraft fuselage 1.2.6.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
6.3 Interpretation of results 1.2.7 Logistics and the choice of lasers
1.2.8 Use of multiple laser sources
7.0 Vibration Excitation, Mechanical 1.2.8.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam
7.1 Review of mechanical vibration excitation methods splitting)
7.1.1 Frequency versus material stiffness 1.2.8.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser
7.1.2 Frequency versus material thickness/depth diodes)
7.1.3 Frequency versus defect size 1.2.8.3 Coherence and phase limitations
7.1.4 Amplitude 1.2.9 Use of fiber optic delivery systems
7.1.5 Sweep rate 1.3 Optics
7.1.6 White noise 1.3.1 Holographic optics
7.2 Applications 1.3.2 Shearography optics
7.3 Interpretation of results 1.3.3 Polarization
1.3.4 Filters
8.0 Vibration Excitation, Acoustic 1.4 Material properties
1.4.1 Stress/strain Young’s modulus of elasticity
Copy Right Material

8.1 Review of acoustic vibration excitation methods
8.1.1 Frequency versus material stiffness 1.4.2 Plate deformation equation
8.1.2 Frequency versus material thickness/depth 1.4.3 Deformation versus strain
8.1.3 Frequency versus defect size 1.4.4 Specular versus diffuse reflections
8.1.4 Amplitude 1.4.5 Transparent coating and translucent materials
8.1.5 Sweep rate 1.4.6 Thermal expansion of materials
8.1.6 White noise 1.4.7 Vacuum stress and out-of-plane strain
8.2 Applications 1.4.8 Pressurization, axial, hoop, and out-of-plane
8.3 Interpretation of results strain
8.4 Safe use of acoustic exciters 1.4.9 Vibration and resonance
1.4.10 Stress relaxation
9.0 Other Stressing Methods
9.1 Review of stress relaxation methods 2.0 Equipment/Materials
9.2 Applications 2.1 Holographic systems
9.3 Interpretations 2.1.1 Fundamentals of holography
2.1.2 Holographic instruments
Holography/Shearography Testing
2.1.3 Interpreting results
Level III Topical Outline

2.2 Types of shearography systems
2.2.1 Image subtraction correlation systems
2.2.2 Phase stepped systems
1.0 Principles/Theory 2.2.3 Phase stepped systems with variable reference
1.1 Light 2.2.4 Hybrid systems (e.g., phase reversal, additive
1.1.1 Light and basic wave theory subtractive phase modulation…)
1.1.2 Coherence and inference 2.2.5 Production system examples
1.1.3 Electronic speckle 2.2.6 Automated system examples
1.1.4 Speckle interferometry 2.2.7 Field inspection system examples
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2.3 Basic setup 3.2 Thermal stressing

2.3.1 Illumination 3.2.1 Thermal stressing methods
2.3.1.1 Illumination and view of view 3.2.2 Types of thermal energy application
2.3.1.2 Laser speckle considerations 3.2.2.1 Time versus temperature
2.3.1.3 In-plane and out-of-plane 3.2.2.2 Time versus depth
2.3.2 Fixturing 3.2.3 Substructure
2.3.2.1 Simple forms 3.2.4 Impact damage
2.3.2.2 Automated system requirements 3.2.5 Composite repair evaluation
2.3.3 Sensitivity shear vector (in portable systems as 3.2.6 Foreign material detection
system rotational relationships) 3.2.7 Near side defects
2.3.3.1 Sensitivity relating to shear magnitude 3.2.8 Far side defects
2.3.3.2 Sensitivity relating to shear direction 3.3 Vacuum Stressing
2.3.3.3 Sensitivity relation to in-plane/out-of- 3.3.1 Ambient pressure reduction (chamber)
plane strain 3.3.2 Contact vacuum stressing (vacuum hood/window)
2.3.4 Sensitivity shear vector (in manual systems and 3.3.3 Depth versus fringe density
automated systems) 3.4 Pressurization stressing
2.3.4.1 Sensitivity relating to shear magnitude 3.4.1 Types of stressing
2.3.4.2 Sensitivity relating to shear direction 3.4.2 Applications
2.3.4.3 Sensitivity relation to in-plane/out-of- 3.4.2.1 Piping
plane strain 3.4.2.2 Composite pressure vessels
2.3.5 Sources of noise and solutions 3.4.2.3 Biaxial strain implications
2.3.5.1 Stability 3.4.2.4 Fuselage (barrel) inspections
2.3.5.2 Vibration 3.4.2.5 Control surfaces
2.3.5.3 Thermal gradients 3.5 Vibration stressing
2.3.5.4 Air currents 3.5.1 Mechanical vibration (MECAD)
2.3.5.5 Shear vector settings 3.5.1.1 Applications
2.4 Instrument settings 3.5.1.2 Interpretation of results
2.4.1 Focus 3.5.2 Acoustic vibrations (ACAD)
2.4.2 Iris settings 3.5.2.1 Applications
2.4.3 Shear optics and vector 3.5.2.2 Interpretations
2.4.4 Sensitivity versus shear vector 3.5.3 Common excitation considerations
2.4.5 Effects of shear orientation 3.5.3.1 Frequency versus material stiffness
2.4.6 Aligning illumination and camera axis 3.5.3.2 Frequency versus material thickness/depth
2.4.7 Field of view (FOV)
Copy Right Material
2.4.8 Resolution versus field of view
3.5.3.3 Frequency versus defect size
3.5.3.4 Amplitude
2.4.9 Phase stepping 3.5.3.5 Sweep rate
2.4.9.1 Single reference systems 3.5.3.6 White noise
2.4.9.2 Multiple reference systems 3.5.3.7 Phase reversal
2.4.10 Reflections 3.6 Other stressing methods
2.5 Measurement calibration 3.6.1 Stress relaxation
2.5.1 Mapping screen resolution to part resolution 3.6.2 Tensile stressing how is this applicable
2.5.1.1 Defining pixels/unit distance
2.5.2 Accounting for shear vector 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
2.5.3 Manual calibration 4.1 Fringe interpretation
2.5.4 Spot projection calibration 4.2 Double-lobed fringe set
2.5.5 Recalibration requirements 4.3 Shear orientation effects
2.6 Phase stepping calibration 4.4 Strain concentrations
2.7 Advanced settings 4.5 Defect sizing
2.8 Image processing 4.6 Strain measurement
2.8.1 Image formation techniques 4.7 In-plane, out-of-plane considerations
2.8.2 Advanced post-processing
2.8.3 Effects of processing 5.0 Procedures
5.1 Documentation
3.0 Stressing Methods and Example Applications 5.1.1 Digital file management
3.1 Mechanical loading 5.1.2 Reporting
3.1.1 Cracks 5.1.3 Post-processing
3.1.2 Revealing substructure 5.1.4 Data extraction
3.1.3 Material weakness 5.1.5 Archiving data
3.1.4 Ply wrinkling detection 5.1.6 Developing procedures
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5.2 Guideline standards 7.2.1.4 Advanced materials

5.3 Standardized procedures 7.2.1.5 Bonded metal
5.4 User developed standards 7.2.2 Marine applications
5.5 Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures 7.2.2.1 Solid laminates
5.6 Responsibilities of a Level III 7.2.2.2 Sandwich structures
5.7 Responsibilities as an external Level III 7.2.2.3 Ply drop off
5.8 Training and examining Level I and Level II NDT 7.2.2.4 Bulkhead detection
personnel 7.2.2.5 Repair evaluation
7.2.3 Tire inspection
6.0 Laser Safety 7.2.3.1 Equipment
6.1 Introduction 7.2.3.2 Fault detection
6.2 Potential dangers 7.2.4 Encapsulated microcircuit leak detection
6.2.1 Eye exposure 7.2.4.1 Leak rate
6.2.2 Skin exposure 7.2.4.2 Volume
6.2.3 Potential ignitions source 7.2.5 Civil engineering applications
6.2.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 7.2.5.1 Composite reinforcement
6.2.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production) 7.2.5.2 Insulation panel inspection
6.3 Levels of laser classification 1 – 4 based on increasing 7.2.6 Complex structures
level of potential danger 7.2.6.1 Types of construction
6.4 Laser classification based on: 7.2.6.2 Interpretation of results
Holography/Shearography Testing,
6.4.1 Pulsed or continuous wave emission

6.4.2 Wavelength
6.4.3 Power
6.4.4 Expanded or collimated beam
6.4.4.1 Power density reduction via inverse ASTM E2581-15 Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer
square law Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace
6.4.5 Extended source or point source Applications, 2014, West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM
6.4.6 Expanding beams – inverse square law International.
6.5 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing
6.6 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing ASTM E2981-15 Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing of the
6.7 Laser system classification Composite Overwrap in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in
6.7.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and Aerospace Applications. 2015, West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM
maintenance versus service International.
6.7.3 Measurement locations Copy Right Material

6.7.2 Safety during service operations Bossi, R.H., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2014. ASNT Industry
Handbook: Aerospace NDT. Columbus, OH: The American Society
6.7.4 Aversion response time (blink response) of Nondestructive Testing.
6.7.5 Enclosures and interlocks
6.8 Rules for the Safe use of lasers Gabor, D. “Microscopy by Reconstructed Wavefronts,”
6.9 Keeping laser systems safe Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), A197 (1949): 454.
6.10 Safety requirements for the laboratory
Hung, Y.Y. “Applications of Digital Shearography for Composite
6.11 Safety requirements for production
Materials,” Composites Part B: Engineering, (30), No.7 (1999): 765-
6.12 Safety requirements for the workshop or field
773.
6.13 Laser safety officers
6.14 Additional laser safety references Hung, Y.Y. “Shearography: A New Optical Method for Strain
Measurement and Nondestructive Testing,” Optical Engineering,
7.0 Applications (21) (1982): 391-395.
7.1 Holography NDT applications (HNDT)
7.1.1 Felt metal Johnston, S. Holographic Visions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7.1.2 Plasma bonding 2006.
7.1.3 Other inspections
Leith, E. N. and J. Upatnieks. “Wavefront Reconstruction with
7.2 Shearography NDT applications (SNDT)
Diffused Illumination and Three Dimensional Objects,” Journal of
7.2.1 Aerospace applications
the Optical Society of America (54), No. 11, (Nov 1964): 1295-
7.2.1.1 Composite materials
1301.
7.2.1.2 Laminates
7.2.1.3 Sandwich constructions Lui, Zhanwei, et al. “NDT Capability of Digital Shearography for
7.2.1.3.1 Honeycomb Different Materials,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, (49) No. 12
7.2.1.3.2 Foam cores (December 2011): 1462–1469.
7.2.1.3.3 Other core material
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Laser Testing – Profilometry Level II

Topical Outline
Nakadata, S. “Phase Detection of Equidistant Fringes for Highly
Sensitive Optical Sensing,” Journal of the Optical Society of
America, (A 5) 8 (1988) : 1265-1269.
Newman, J. and J. Lindberg “Laser Shearography of Wind Turbine 1.0 Introduction

Blades,” Materials Evaluation, (68), No. 7 (July 2010): 828-837. 1.1 Purpose for laser methods and laser profilometry testing
1.2 Review of basic principles of laser profilometry testing
Prescott, J. Applied Elasticity, New York: Dover. 1961. 1.3 Benefits and limitations of laser profilometry testing
1.4 Responsibilities of Level II laser profilometry examiner
Stanley, R.K., tech. ed., P. McIntire, and P.O. Moore, eds, 2003.
1.5 Limitations of Level II laser profilometry examiner
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 9,
Special Nondestructive Testing Methods. Columbus, OH: The
American Society for Nondestructive Testing. 2.0 Laser Safety
2.1 Types laser types
Workman, G.L., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2012. 2.2 Laser classifications
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 10, 2.3 Laser safety equipment
Nondestructive Testing Overview. Columbus, OH: The American 2.4 Precautions for safe laser operation
Society of Nondestructive Testing. 2.5 Regulations and governing organizations
Laser Testing – Profilometry Level I

3.0 Intermediate Theory of Profilometry Testing
Topical Outline
3.1 Optical triangulation
3.2 Lasers
3.2.1 Gas lasers
1.0 Introduction 3.2.2 Diode lasers
1.1 Brief history of NDT and laser methods testing 3.3 Lenses and optical filters
1.2 Purpose for laser profilometry testing 3.4 Photodetectors
1.3 Benefits and limitations of laser profilometry testing 3.4.1 Charge couple devices
3.4.2 Lateral effect photodetectors
3.5 Basic signal processing
2.0 Lasers and Laser Safety
3.6 Calibration
2.1 Introduction to lasers
2.2 Laser classifications
2.3 Basic laser safety 4.0 Conducting Laser Profilometry Inspection
2.4 Precautions for safe laser operation 4.1 Equipment selection and setup
2.5 Definitions 4.2 Environmental considerations
Copy Right Material

3.0 Theory of Laser Profilometry Testing
4.2.1 Test material
4.2.2 Dust and other contamination
4.2.3 Humidity and moisture
3.1 Introduction to basic optical triangulation
4.2.4 Power considerations
3.2 Photodetectors
4.3 Calibration
3.3 Calibration
4.3.1 When to calibrate
4.3.2 Factors that affect calibration
4.0 Laser Profilometry Testing
4.4 Acquiring and saving inspection results
4.1 Preparation of test parts
4.2 Environmental considerations and limitations
5.0 Evaluation of Indications
4.3 System setup
5.1 General
4.4 Instrument calibration
5.1.1 Flaws in various materials
5.1.2 Overview of typical causes of flaws in materials
4.6 Data storage
5.1.3 Appearance of flaws
5.1.4 Non-flaw-related indication
5.0 Introduction to Data Processing and Analysis
5.2 Factors affecting quality of inspection results
5.1 Confirming quality of inspection results
5.2.1 Condition/cleanliness of test component surface
5.2 Basic interpretation of test results
5.2.2 Reflectivity of test component surface
5.3 Data storage and archival
5.2.3 Sharp corners/glints
5.2.4 Signal too high/too low
6.0 Inspection Procedures and Standards

6.1 Inspection procedures and specifications
6.2 Standards
6.3 Codes
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Laser Testing – Profilometry Level III

Topical Outline
6.0 Evaluation of Indications
6.1 General
6.1.1 Flaws in various materials
1.0 Introduction 6.1.2 Overview of typical causes of flaws in materials
1.1 Purpose for laser methods and laser profilometry testing 6.1.3 Appearance of flaws
1.2 Responsibilities of Level III laser profilometry examiner 6.1.4 Non-flaw-related indication
1.3 Limitations of Level III laser profilometry examiner 6.2 Factors affecting quality of inspection results
6.3 Indications
2.0 Knowledge of Other Basic NDT methods 6.3.1 Internal pitting and corrosion
2.1 Advantages and limitations of each method 6.3.2 Cracks
2.2 Applications well suited to laser profilometry testing 6.3.3 Erosion
2.3 Test methods that complement laser profilometry testing 6.3.4 Other
6.4 False indications
6.5 Interpreting and sizing indications
3.0 Laser Safety
6.6 Confirming inspection results
3.1 Laser classifications
3.1.1 Laser power calculation
3.1.2 Calculating laser classification 7.0 Reporting Inspection Results
3.2 Precautions and equipment for safe laser operation
3.3 Regulations and governing organizations 8.0 Training Level I and II Personnel for Certification
Laser-based Profilometry Testing, Level I,

3.3.1 Laser product user
II, and III Training References

3.3.2 Laser product manufacturer
4.0 Codes, Standards, Specifications, and Procedures

4.1 Interpreting codes, standards, specifications American National Standards Institute, American National
4.2 Establishing techniques, procedures, and acceptance Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers: ANSI Z-136.1, Orlando, FL:
criteria Laser Institute of America. Latest edition.
5.0 Advanced Theory of Profilometry Testing Bickel, G., G. Hausler, and M. Maul. “Triangulation with
5.1 Basic laser physics Expanded Range of Depth,” Optical Engineering. Vol. 24, No. 6.
5.2 Diode lasers Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optical Engineering
5.2.1 CW/pulsed operation (Society of Photo-Optical Engineers). 1985. pp. 975-977.
5.2.2 Laser beam “footprint” Owen, R.B. and M.L. Awscock. “One and Two Dimensional
Copy Right Material
5.2.3 Matching lasers and detectors
5.3 Basic optics and optical triangulation
Position Sensitive Photodetectors,” IEEE Transactions on Electron
Devices. Vol. ED-21, No. 3. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical
5.3.1 Snell’s law and Electronic Engineers. 1968.
5.3.2 Scheimpflug condition pp. 290-297.
5.3.3 Optical design considerations
5.4 Photodetectors Stanley, R.K., tech. ed., P. McIntire and P.O. Moore, eds.
5.4.1 Charge-coupled devices (CCD) Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 9,
5.4.2 Lateral effect photodetectors Special Nondestructive Testing Methods. Section 3, Part 4, “Laser-
5.4.3 Benefits and limitations of photodetectors based Profilometry Using Point Triangulation.” Columbus, OH:
5.5 Signal processing The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1995. pp
5.6 Equipment selection and calibration 141-157.*
5.6.1 Equipment
5.6.2 Calibration equipment
5.6.2.1 When to calibrate Columbus OH.
5.6.2.2 Factors that effect calibration quality
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LT
Leak Testing Topical Outlines
Leak Testing Level I Topical Outline 2.6 Vacuum fundamentals

2.6.1 Introduction to vacuum
Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course 2.6.1.1 Terminology
2.6.1.2 Principles
2.6.1.3 Units of pressure
1.0 Introduction
2.6.2 Characteristics of gases
1.1 History of leak testing
2.6.2.1 Kinetic theory
1.2 Reasons for leak testing
2.6.2.2 Mean free path
1.2.1 Material loss prevention
2.6.3 Gas laws
1.2.2 Contamination
2.6.4 Quantity, throughput, and conductance of gas
1.2.3 Component/system reliability
2.6.4.1 Quantity
1.2.4 Pressure-differential maintenance
2.6.4.1.1 Comparison with an electric
1.2.5 Personnel/public safety
circuit
1.3 Functions of leak testing
2.6.4.1.2 Comparison with water flow
1.3.1 Categories
2.6.4.2 Conductance analogy with electrical
1.3.2 Applications
resistance
1.4 Training and certification
2.6.4.2.1 Resistance connected in series
2.6.4.2.2 Resistance connected in parallel
2.0 Leak Testing Fundamentals 2.7 Vacuum system operation
2.1 Terminology 2.7.1 Effects of evacuating a vessel
2.1.1 Leakage terms 2.7.2 Pump-down time
2.1.2 Leakage tightness 2.8 Vacuum system characteristics
2.1.3 Quantitative/semi-quantitative 2.8.1 General
2.2 Leak testing units Copy Right Material

2.1.4 Sensitivity/calibration terms
2.2.1 Mathematics in leak testing

2.8.1.1 Operating limits
2.8.1.2 Rate of pressure rise – measurement
2.8.2 Vacuum pumps
2.2.2 Exponential notation 2.8.2.1 Mechanical pumps (positive displacement)
2.2.3 Basic and fundamental units 2.8.2.1.1 Oil-sealed rotary pumps
2.2.4 The International System of Units (SI) 2.8.2.1.1.1 Construction
2.3 Physical units in leak testing 2.8.2.1.1.2 Operation
2.3.1 Volume and pressure 2.8.2.1.1.3 Pump fluids
2.3.2 Time and temperature 2.8.2.1.1.4 Difficulties with
2.3.3 Absolute values rotary pumps
2.3.4 Standard or atmospheric conditions 2.8.2.1.1.5 Care of rotary
2.3.5 Leakage measurement pumps
2.4 Leak testing standards 2.8.2.1.2 Mechanical booster pumps
2.4.1 Capillary or permeation 2.8.2.2 Vapor (diffusion) pumps
2.4.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 2.8.2.2.1 Construction
(NIST) standards 2.8.2.2.2 Operation
2.4.3 System versus instrument calibration 2.8.2.2.3 Pump fluids
2.4.4 Inaccuracy of calibration 2.8.2.2.4 Difficulties with diffusion pumps
2.5 Flow characteristics 2.8.2.2.5 Diagnosis of diffusion pump
2.5.1 Gas flow trouble
2.5.2 Liquid flow 2.8.2.3 Sublimation pumps (getter pumps)
2.5.3 Correlation of leakage rates 2.8.2.4 Ion pumps
2.5.4 Anomalous leaks 2.8.2.5 Turbomolecular pumps
2.5.5 Leak clogging 2.8.2.6 Absorption pumps
2.8.2.7 Cryopumps
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l LT
Safety in Leak Testing Course 1.1.2 Ultrasonic testing

1.1.2.1 Sonic/mechanical flow
Note: It is recommended that the trainee, as well as all other leak 1.1.2.2 Sound generator
testing personnel, receive instruction in this course prior to per- 1.1.3 Voltage discharge testing
forming work in leak testing. 1.1.3.1 Voltage spark
1.1.3.2 Color change
1.0 Safety Considerations 1.1.4 Pressure leak testing
1.1 Personnel and the public 1.1.4.1 Hydrostatic
1.2 Product serviceability 1.1.4.2 Pneumatic
1.3 Test validity 1.1.5 Ionization
1.4 Safe work practices 1.1.5.1 Photoionization
1.1.5.2 Flame ionization
2.0 Safety Precautions 1.1.6 Conductivity
2.1 Explosive/implosive hazards 1.1.6.1 Thermal conductivity
2.2 Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazards 1.1.6.2 Solid-state
2.3 Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards 1.1.7 Radiation absorption
2.4 Cleaning and electrical hazards 1.1.7.1 Infrared
1.1.7.2 Ultraviolet
3.0 Pressure Precautions 1.1.7.3 Laser
3.1 Pressure test versus proof test 1.1.8 Chemical-based
3.2 Preliminary leak testing 1.1.8.1 Chemical penetrants
3.3 Pressurization check 1.1.8.2 Chemical gas tracer (colorimetric)
3.4 Design limitations 1.1.9 Halogen detector
3.5 Equipment and setup 1.1.9.1 Halide torch
1.1.9.2 Electron capture
4.0 Safety Devices 1.1.9.3 Halogen diode
4.1 Pressure control valves and regulators 1.1.10 Pressure change measurement
4.2 Pressure relief valves and vents 1.1.10.1 Absolute
4.3 Flow rate of regulator and relief valves 1.1.10.2 Reference
1.1.10.3 Pressure rise
5.0 Hazardous and Tracer Gas Safety 1.1.10.4 Flow
5.1 Combustible gas detection and safety 1.1.10.5 Pressure decay
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5.2 Toxic gas detection and safety 1.1.10.6 Volumetric
5.3 Oxygen-deficiency detectors 1.1.11 Mass spectrometer
5.4 Radioisotope detection 1.1.11.1 Helium or argon leak detector
1.1.11.2 Residual gas analyzer
1.1.12 Radioisotope
6.0 Types of Monitoring Equipment
6.1 Area monitors
6.2 Personnel monitors 2.0 Leak Testing Method Course Outline
6.3 Leak-locating devices 2.1 The following may be applied to any of the listed
methods.
2.2 Terminology
7.0 Safety Regulations
2.3 Basic techniques and/or units
7.1 State and federal regulations
2.3.1 Leak location – measurement/monitoring
7.2 Safety codes/standards
2.3.2 Visual and other sensing devices
7.3 Hazardous gas standards
2.3.3 Various techniques
7.4 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radiation
2.4 Testing materials and equipment
requirements
2.4.1 Materials, gases/fluids used
Leak Testing Methods Course

2.4.2 Control devices and operation
2.4.3 Instrument/gages used
2.4.4 Range and calibration of instrument/gages
1.0 The following leak testing methods may be incorporated as 2.5 Testing principles and practices
applicable. 2.5.1 Pressure/vacuum and control used
1.1 Each of these methods can be further divided into major 2.5.2 Principles of techniques used
techniques as shown in the following examples. 2.5.3 Effects of temperature and other atmospheric
1.1.1 Bubble testing conditions
1.1.1.1 Immersion 2.5.4 Calibration for testing
1.1.1.2 Film solution 2.5.5 Probing/scanning or measurement/monitoring
2.5.6 Leak interpretation evaluation
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2.6 Acceptance and rejection criteria 2.0 Physical Principles in Leak Testing
2.7 Safety concerns 2.1 Physical quantities
2.8 Advantages and limitations 2.1.1 Fundamental units
2.9 Codes/standards 2.1.2 Volume and pressure
Leak Testing Level II Topical Outline

2.1.3 Time and temperature
2.1.4 Absolute values
2.1.5 Standard versus atmospheric conditions
Principles of Leak Testing Course

2.1.6 Leakage rates
2.2 Structure of matter
2.2.1 Atomic theory
1.0 Introduction 2.2.2 Ionization and ion pairs
1.1 Leak testing fundamentals 2.2.3 States of matter
1.1.1 Reasons for leak testing 2.2.4 Molecular structure
1.1.2 Functions of leak testing 2.2.5 Diatomic and monatomic molecules
1.1.3 Terminology 2.2.6 Molecular weight
1.1.4 Leak testing units 2.3 Gas principles and laws
1.1.5 Leak conductance 2.3.1 Brownian movement
1.2 Leak testing standards 2.3.2 Mean free path
1.2.1 Leak standards 2.3.3 Pressure and temperature effects on gases
1.2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology 2.3.4 Pascal’s law of pressure
(NIST) traceability and calibration 2.3.5 Charles’ and Boyle’s gas laws
1.2.3 Instrument calibration versus test qualification 2.3.6 Ideal gas law
1.2.4 System calibration techniques 2.3.7 Dalton’s law of partial pressure
1.2.5 Inaccuracy of calibration 2.3.8 Vapor pressure and effects in vacuum
1.2.6 Tracer-gas leak rate/air-equivalent leak rate 2.4 Gas properties
1.3 Leak testing safety 2.4.1 Kinetic theory of gases
1.3.1 Safety considerations 2.4.2 Graham law of diffusion
1.3.2 Safety precautions 2.4.3 Stratification
1.3.3 Pressure precautions 2.4.4 Avogadro’s principle
1.3.4 Tracer-gas safety and monitoring 2.4.5 Gas law relationship
1.3.5 Safety devices 2.4.6 General ideal gas law
1.3.6 Cleaning and electrical hazards 2.4.7 Gas mixture and concentration
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1.3.7 Safe work practices 2.4.8 Gas velocity, density, and viscosity
1.3.8 Safety regulations
1.4 Leak testing procedure 3.0 Principles of Gas Flow
1.4.1 Basic categories and techniques 3.1 Standard leaks
1.4.2 Leak location versus leakage measurement 3.1.1 Capillary
1.4.3 Pressurization or evacuation 3.1.2 Permeation
1.4.4 Sealed units with or without tracer gas 3.2 Modes of gas flow
1.4.5 Units inaccessible from one or both sides 3.2.1 Molecular and viscous
1.4.6 System at, above, or below atmospheric pressure 3.2.2 Transitional
1.5 Leak testing specifications 3.2.3 Laminar, turbulent, sonic
1.5.1 Design versus working conditions 3.3 Factors affecting gas flow
1.5.2 Pressure and temperature control 3.4 Geometry of leakage path
1.5.3 Types of leak testing methods 3.4.1 Mean free flow of fluid
1.5.4 Sensitivity of leak testing methods 3.4.2 Clogging and check valve effects
1.5.5 Test method and sensitivity needed 3.4.3 Irregular aperture size
1.5.6 Preparation of a leak testing specification 3.4.4 Leak rate versus cross section of flow
1.6 Detector/instrument performance factors 3.4.5 Temperature and atmospheric conditions
1.6.1 Design and use 3.4.6 Velocity gradient versus viscosity
1.6.2 Accuracy and precision 3.4.7 Reynolds number versus knudsen number
1.6.3 Linearity (straight/logarithmic scale)
1.6.4 Calibration and frequency
1.6.5 Response and recovery time
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Pressure and Vacuum Technology Course 2.0 Vacuum Technology

2.1 Nature of vacuum
1.0 Pressure Technology 2.1.1 What is a vacuum?
1.1 Properties of a fluid 2.1.2 Vacuum terminology
1.1.1 What is a fluid? 2.1.3 Degrees of vacuum
1.1.2 Liquid versus gas 2.1.4 Mean free path in a vacuum
1.1.3 Compressibility 2.1.5 Gas flow in a vacuum
1.1.4 Partial and vapor pressure 2.2 Vacuum measurement
1.1.5 Critical pressure and temperature 2.2.1 Pressure units in a vacuum
1.1.6 Viscosity of a liquid 2.2.2 Absolute versus gage pressure
1.1.7 Surface tension and capillarity of a liquid 2.2.3 Mechanical gages
1.2 Gas properties 2.2.3.1 Bourdon or diaphragm
1.2.1 Review of gas properties 2.2.3.2 Manometer (U-tube or McLeod)
1.2.2 What is a perfect/ideal gas? 2.2.3.3 Capacitance manometer
1.2.3 Pressure and temperature effects on gases 2.2.4 Electrical gages
1.2.4 Viscosity of a gas 2.2.4.1 Thermal conductivity
1.2.5 Gas flow modes 2.2.4.2 Ionization
1.2.6 Gas flow conductance 2.2.5 Gage calibration – full range
1.2.7 Dynamic flow measurements 2.3 Vacuum pumps
1.2.8 Factors affecting gas flow 2.3.1 Types of vacuum pumps
1.3 Pressurization 2.3.2 Mechanical pumps
1.3.1 Pressure measurements 2.3.2.1 Reciprocating versus rotary
1.3.2 Types of pressure gages 2.3.2.2 Roots, turbomolecular, drag pumps
1.3.2.1 Bourdon or diaphragm 2.3.3 Nonmechanical pumps
1.3.2.2 Manometers 2.3.3.1 Fluid entrainment or diffusion
1.3.3 Pressure control and procedure 2.3.3.2 Condensation or sorption
1.3.4 Mixing of gases 2.3.4 Pump oils
1.3.5 Tracer gases and concentration 2.3.5 Pumping speed and pump-down time
1.3.6 Pressure hold time 2.4 Vacuum materials
1.3.7 Pressure versus sensitivity 2.4.1 Outgassing – vapor pressure
1.3.8 Gage calibration 2.4.2 Elastomers, gaskets, O-rings
1.3.8.1 Working range 2.4.3 Metals, metal alloys and nonmetals
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1.3.8.2 Frequency 2.4.3.1 Carbon steel versus stainless steel
1.3.8.3 Master gage versus dead-weight tester 2.4.3.2 Aluminum, copper, nickel, and alloys
1.4 Leak testing background/noise variables 2.4.4 Nonmetals
1.4.1 Atmospheric changes 2.4.4.1 Glass, ceramics
1.4.2 Liquid/air temperature correction 2.4.4.2 Plastics, TygonJ, etc.
1.4.3 Vapor pressure (evaporation/condensation) 2.4.5 Joint design
1.4.4 Vapor/moisture pockets 2.4.5.1 Sealed joint
1.4.5 Geometry/volume changes 2.4.5.2 Welded/brazed joint
1.4.6 Surface/internal vibration waves 2.4.5.3 Mechanical joint
1.5 Detector/instrument performance variables 2.4.6 Vacuum greases and sealing materials
1.5.1 Instrument calibration variables 2.4.7 Tracer gas permeation through materials
1.5.2 Limits of accuracy 2.5 Design of a vacuum system
1.5.3 Intrinsic and inherent safety performance 2.5.1 Production of a vacuum
1.5.4 Protection for electromagnetic interference, radio 2.5.1.1 Removal of gas molecules
frequency interference, shock, etc. 2.5.1.2 Gas quantity or throughput
1.5.5 Flooding, poisoning, contamination 2.5.1.3 Conductance
1.6 Measurement and data documentation 2.5.2 Stages of vacuum pumping
1.6.1 Experimental, simulation and/or preliminary 2.5.2.1 Various vacuum pumps
testing 2.5.2.2 Various traps and baffles
1.6.2 Analysis of background/noise variables 2.5.2.3 Pumping stages or sequences
1.6.3 Analysis of leakage indications/signals 2.5.3 Vacuum valve location
1.6.4 Validation and error analysis 2.5.3.1 Vacuum valve design and seat leakage
1.6.5 Interpretation and evaluation of results 2.5.3.2 Isolation and protection
1.6.6 Documentation of data and test results 2.5.3.3 Automatic versus manual
2.5.3.4 Venting
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2.6 Maintenance and cleanliness 1.1.3.4 Pascal’s law of pressure

2.6.1 Maintenance of vacuum equipment 1.1.3.5 Charles’ and Boyles’ laws
2.6.1.1 Under constant vacuum 1.1.3.6 Ideal gas law
2.6.1.2 Dry gas (nitrogen) 1.1.3.7 Dalton’s law of partial pressure
2.6.2 Routing oil changes 1.1.3.8 Vapor pressure and effects in vacuum
2.6.3 System cleanliness 1.1.4 Gas properties
2.6.3.1 Initial cleanliness 1.1.4.1 Kinetic theory of gases
2.6.3.2 Cleaning procedures and effects on leak 1.1.4.2 Graham law of diffusion
location and measurement 1.1.4.3 Stratification
2.6.3.3 Continued cleanliness 1.1.4.4 Avogadro’s principle
2.7 Analysis and documentation 1.1.4.5 Gas law relationship
2.7.1 Analysis of outgassing and background 1.1.4.6 General ideal gas law
contamination 1.1.4.7 Gas mixture and concentration
2.7.2 Instrument/system calibration 1.1.4.8 Gas velocity, density, and viscosity
2.7.3 Analysis of leakage indications/signals 1.2 Principles of gas flow
2.7.4 Interpretation and evaluation 1.2.1 Standard leaks
2.7.5 Documentation of calibration and test results 1.2.1.1 Capillary
1.2.1.2 Permeation
Leak Test Selection Course 1.2.2 Modes of gas flow
1.2.2.1 Molecular and viscous
1.2.2.2 Transitional
1.0 Choice of Leak Testing Procedure
1.2.2.3 Laminar, turbulent, sonic
1.1. Basic categories of leak testing
1.2.3 Factors affecting gas flow
1.1.1 Leak location
1.2.4 Geometry of leakage path
1.1.2 Leakage measurement
1.2.4.1 Mean free flow of fluid
1.1.3 Leakage monitoring
1.2.4.2 Clogging and check valve effects
1.2 Types of leak testing methods
1.2.4.3 Irregular aperture size
1.2.1 Specifications
1.2.4.4 Leak rate versus viscosity
1.2.2 Sensitivity
1.2.4.5 Temperature and atmospheric conditions
1.3 Basic techniques
1.2.4.6 Velocity gradient versus viscosity
1.3.1 Pressurization or evacuation
1.2.4.7 Reynolds number versus knudsen
1.3.2 Sealed unit with or without tracer gases
number
1.3.3 Probing or visual leak location
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1.2.5 Principles of mass spectrometer testing
1.3.4 Tracer or detector probing
1.2.5.1 Vacuum and pressure technology
1.3.5 Accumulation techniques
1.2.5.2 Outgassing of materials versus pressure
Leak Testing Level III Topical Outline

1.2.5.3 Vacuum pumping technology
1.3 Proper selection of leak testing as method of choice
1.3.1 Differences between leak testing and other methods
1.0 Principles/Theory 1.3.2 Complementary roles of leak testing and other
1.1 Physical principles in leak testing methods
1.1.1 Physical quantities 1.3.3 Potential for conflicting results between methods
1.1.1.1 Fundamental units 1.3.4 Factors that quality/disqualify the use of leak testing
1.1.1.2 Volume and pressure
1.1.1.3 Time and temperature 2.0 Equipment/Material
1.1.1.4 Absolute values 2.1 Leak testing standards
1.1.1.5 Standard versus atmospheric conditions 2.1.1 Capillary or permeation
1.1.1.6 Leakage rates 2.1.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology
1.1.2 Structure of matter (NIST) standards
1.1.2.1 Atomic theory 2.1.3 System versus instrument calibration
1.1.2.2 Ionization and ion pairs 2.1.4 Inaccuracy of calibration
1.1.2.3 States of matter 2.2 Detector/instrument performance factors
1.1.2.4 Molecular structure 2.2.1 Design and use
1.1.2.5 Diatomic and monatomic molecules 2.2.2 Accuracy and precision
1.1.2.6 Molecular weight 2.2.3 Linearity (straight/logarithmic scale)
1.1.3 Gas principles and law 2.2.4 Calibration and frequency
1.1.3.1 Brownian movement 2.2.5 Response and recovery time
1.1.3.2 Mean free path
1.1.3.3 Pressure and temperature effects on gases
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2.3 Vacuum pumps 3.0 Techniques/Calibration

2.3.1 Mechanical pumps (positive displacement) 3.1 Bubble test
2.3.1.1 Oil-sealed rotary pumps 3.1.1 Bubble testing practices and techniques
2.3.1.1.1 Construction 3.1.1.1 Vacuum box testing
2.3.1.1.2 Operation 3.1.1.2 Pipe, nozzle, and pad plate testing
2.3.1.1.3 Pump fluid 3.1.1.3 Vessel testing
2.3.1.1.4 Difficulties with rotary pumps 3.1.1.4 Weather effects and lighting
2.3.1.1.5 Care of rotary pumps 3.2 Pressure change/measurement test
2.3.1.2 Vapor (diffusion) pumps 3.2.1 Absolute pressure leak test and reference system test
2.3.1.2.1 Construction 3.2.1.1 Principles of absolute pressure testing
2.3.1.2.2 Operation 3.2.1.1.1 General gas law equation
2.3.1.2.3 Pump fluid 3.2.1.1.2 Effects of temperature change
2.3.1.2.4 Diagnosis of diffusion pump 3.2.1.1.3 Effects of water vapor pressure
troubles change
2.3.1.3 Sublimation pumps (getter pumps) 3.2.1.1.4 Effects of barometric pressure
2.3.1.4 Ion pumps change
2.3.1.5 Turbomolecular pumps 3.2.1.2 Terminology related to absolute pressure
2.3.1.6 Absorption pumps testing
2.3.1.7 Cryopumps 3.3 Halogen diode detector leak test
2.4 Bubble testing practices and techniques 3.3.1 Principles of halogen diode detector test
2.4.1 Solutions 3.3.2 Terminology related to halogen diode test
2.4.2 Solution applicators 3.3.3 Calibration of detectors for testing
2.4.3 Vacuum boxes 3.3.3.1 Standard leak settings
2.5 Absolute pressure testing equipment 3.3.3.2 Halogen mixture percentages
2.5.1 Pressure measuring instruments 3.3.3.3 Detection sensitivity versus test sensitivity
2.5.2 Temperature measuring instruments 3.3.4 Halogen detector probe “sniffer” testing
2.5.3 Dew point measuring instruments techniques and practices
2.5.4 Accuracy of equipment 3.3.4.1 Detector probe “sniffer” speed
2.5.5 Calibration of equipment 3.3.4.2 Halogen background
2.5.6 Reference panel instruments 3.3.4.3 Effects of heat on refrigerant R-12
2.5.7 Reference system installation and testing 3.3.5 Halogen leak detector operation and servicing
2.6 Absolute pressure hold testing of containers 3.3.5.1 Operation of the probe
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2.6.1 Equation for determining pressure change 3.3.5.2 Replacing the sensing element
2.6.2 Temperature measuring 3.3.5.3 Cleaning the sensing element
2.7 Absolute pressure leakage rate testing of containers 3.4 Mass spectrometer leak testing
2.7.1 Equation(s) for determining percent loss 3.4.1 Terminology related to mass spectrometer testing
2.7.2 Positioning of temperature and dew point sensors 3.4.2 Helium mass spectrometer
for mean sampling accuracy 3.4.2.1 Operation
2.7.3 Analysis of temperature and dew point data 3.4.2.2 Calibration
2.8 Analysis of data for determination of accurate results 3.4.2.3 Maintenance
2.9 Halogen testing equipment 3.4.3 Helium mass spectrometer pressure testing
2.9.1 Leak detector control unit 3.4.3.1 Detector probe “sniffer” techniques
2.9.2 Gun detectors 3.4.3.2 Mixture percentage
2.9.3 Standard leaks 3.4.3.3 Pressure differential techniques
2.9.4 Refrigerant tracer gases 3.4.3.4 Bagging-accumulation techniques
2.10 Helium mass spectrometer testing equipment 3.4.3.5 Calibration helium mass spectrometer for
2.10.1 Mechanical vacuum pump systems “sniffer” testing
2.10.2 Cryogenic pumps 3.4.4 Helium mass spectrometer vacuum testing by
2.10.3 Diffusion pumps dynamic method
2.10.4 Vacuum gages 3.4.4.1 Tracer probing
2.10.5 Vacuum hose 3.4.4.2 Bagging or hooding
2.10.6 Vacuum valves 3.4.4.3 System calibration
2.10.7 Standard leaks 3.4.4.4 Helium mixture
2.10.8 Vacuum sealing compounds 3.4.4.5 Calculation of leakage rate
2.10.9 Vacuum connectors
2.10.10 Detector “sniffer” probes
2.10.11 Tracer probes
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3.4.5 Helium mass spectrometer vacuum testing by 6.5 Hazardous and tracer gas safety
static method 6.5.1 Combustible gas detection and safety
3.4.5.1 Static equation 6.5.2 Toxic gas detection and safety
3.4.5.2 System calibration 6.5.3 Oxygen-deficiency detectors
3.4.5.3 Helium mixture 6.5.4 Radioisotope detection
3.4.5.4 System pressure 6.6 Types of monitoring equipment
3.4.5.5 Calculation of leakage rate 6.6.1 Area monitors
6.6.2 Personnel monitors
4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
6.6.3 Leak-locating devices
4.1 Basic techniques and/or units
6.7 Safety
4.1.1 Leak location-measurement/monitoring
6.7.1 State and federal regulations
4.1.2 Visual and other sensing devices
6.7.2 Safety codes/standards
4.1.3 Various techniques
6.7.3 Hazardous gas standards
4.2 Test materials and equipment effects
6.7.4 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radiation
4.2.1 Materials, gases/fluids used
requirements
4.2.2 Control devices and responses
Leak Testing Method, Level I, II, and III

4.2.3 Instrumentation/gages used
Training References
4.2.4 Range and calibration
4.3 Effects of temperature and other atmospheric conditions
4.4 Calibration for testing
4.5 Probing/scanning or measurement/monitoring ASNT Level III Study Guide: Leak Testing Method, Columbus, OH:
4.6 Leak interpretation evaluation The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
4.7 Acceptance and rejection criteria
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Bubble Leak Testing. Columbus,
OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.0 Procedures
5.1 Leak testing procedures ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Halogen Diode Detector.
5.1.1 Basic categories and techniques Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
5.1.2 Leak location versus leakage measurement Latest edition.*
5.1.3 Pressurization or evacuation
5.1.4 Sealed units with or without tracer gas ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Mass Spectrometer Testing
5.1.5 Units accessible from one or both sides Method. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
5.1.6 Systems at, above, or below atmospheric pressure Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2 Leak testing specifications ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Pressure Change Measurement
Copy Right Material

5.2.1 Design versus working conditions
5.2.2 Pressures and temperature control
5.2.3 Types of leak testing methods
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2.4 Sensitivity of leak testing methods Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03. Philadelphia, PA:
5.2.5 Test method and sensitivity needed American Society for Testing and Materials. Latest edition.*
5.2.6 Preparation of a leak testing specification
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Code B, Section V,
Article 10, Leak Testing. New York: American Society of
6.0 Safety and Health
Mechanical Engineers. Latest edition.
6.1 Safety considerations
6.1.1 Personnel and the public Containment System Leakage Testing Requirements (ANSI/ANS
6.1.2 Product serviceability 56.8). LaGrange Park, IL: American Nuclear Society. 1981.
6.1.3 Test validity
6.1.4 Safe work practices Jackson, C.N. and C.N. Sherlock, technical eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
6.2 Safety precautions Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 1, Leak
6.2.1 Explosive/implosive hazards Testing. Columbus OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
6.2.2 Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazards Testing, Inc. 1998.*
6.2.3 Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
6.2.4 Cleaning and electrical hazards
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005.
6.3 Pressure precautions
6.3.1 Pressure test versus proof test Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
6.3.2 Preliminary leak test Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
6.3.3 Pressurization check
6.3.4 Design limitations Wilson, N. and L. Beavis. Handbook of Vacuum Leak Detection.
6.3.5 Equipment and setup New York: American Vacuum Society. 1988.
6.4 Safety devices
6.4.1 Pressure control valves and regulators * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.4.2 Pressure relief valves and vents Columbus OH.
6.4.3 Flow rate of regulator and relief valves
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Liquid Penetrant Testing Topical Outlines
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level I Topical

Outline
3.0 Inspection and Evaluation of Indications
3.1 General
3.1.1 Discontinuities inherent in various materials
1.0 Introduction 3.1.2 Reason for indications
1.1 Brief history of nondestructive testing and liquid 3.1.3 Appearance of indications
penetrant testing 3.1.4 Time for indications to appear
1.2 Purpose of liquid penetrant testing 3.1.5 Persistence of indications
1.3 Basic principles of liquid penetrant testing 3.1.6 Effects of temperature and lighting (white to UV)
1.4 Types of liquid penetrants commercially available 3.1.7 Effects of metal smearing operations (shot
1.5 Method of personnel qualification peening, machining, etc.)
3.1.8 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection
2.0 Liquid Penetrant Processing 3.1.9 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.)
2.1 Preparation of parts 3.2 Factors affecting indications
2.2 Adequate lighting 3.2.1 Pre-cleaning
2.3 Application of penetrant to parts 3.2.2 Penetrant used
2.4 Removal of surface penetrant 3.2.3 Prior processing
2.5 Developer application and drying 3.2.4 Technique used
2.6 Inspection and evaluation 3.3 Indications from cracks
2.7 Post-cleaning 3.3.1 Cracks occurring during solidification
3.3.2 Cracks occurring during processing
3.3.3 Cracks occurring during service
3.0 Various Penetrant Testing Methods
3.4 Indications from porosity
3.1 Current ASTM and ASME standard methods –
3.5 Indications from specific material forms
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ASTM E 165, E 1208, E 1209, E 1210, and E 1417
3.5.1 Forgings
3.2 Characteristics of each method
3.5.2 Castings
3.3 General applications of each method
3.5.3 Plate
3.5.4 Welds
4.0 Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipment
3.5.5 Extrusions
4.1 Liquid penetrant testing units
3.6 Evaluation of indications
4.2 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing equipment and light
3.6.1 True indications
meters
3.6.2 False indications
4.3 Materials for liquid penetrant testing
3.6.3 Relevant indications
4.4 Precautions in liquid penetrant inspection
3.6.4 Nonrelevant indications
3.6.5 Process control
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level II Topical

3.6.5.1 Controlling process variables
Outline
3.6.5.2 Testing and maintenance materials
4.0 Inspection Procedures and Standards

1.0 Review 4.1 Inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
1.1 Basic principles 4.2 Standards/codes
1.2 Process of various methods 4.2.1 Applicable methods/processes
1.3 Equipment 4.2.2 Acceptance criteria
2.0 Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant Testing Method 5.0 Basic Methods of Instruction
2.1 Advantages of various methods
2.2 Disadvantages of various methods
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Liquid Penetrant Testing Level III Topical

Outline
3.2.3 Environment (lighting, temperature, etc.)
3.2.4 Effect of metal smearing operations (shot peening,
machining, etc.)
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.3 Indications from discontinuities
1.1 Principles of liquid penetrant process 3.3.1 Metallic materials
1.1.1 Process variables 3.3.2 Nonmetallic materials
1.1.2 Effects of test object factors on process 3.4 Relevant and nonrelevant indications
1.2 Theory 3.4.1 True indications
1.2.1 Physics of how penetrants work 3.4.2 False indications
1.2.2 Control and measurement of penetrant process
variables 4.0 Procedures
1.2.2.1 Surface tension, viscosity, and capillary
entrapment 5.0 Safety and Health
1.2.2.2 Measurement of penetrability, 5.1 Toxicity
washability, and emulsification 5.2 Flammability
1.2.2.3 Contrast, brightness, and fluorescence 5.3 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.2.2.4 Contamination of materials 5.4 Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
Liquid Penetrant Testing, Level I, II, and III

1.2.2.5 Proper selection of penetrant levels for
Training References
different testing (sensitivity)
1.3 Proper selection of PT as method of choice
1.3.1 Difference between liquid penetrant testing and
other methods Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
1.3.2 Complementary roles of liquid penetrant testing Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
and other methods Materials. Latest edition.*
1.3.3 Potential for conflicting results between methods
1.3.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of liquid ASNT Level II Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
penetrant testing Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.3.5 Selection of liquid penetrant testing technique Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4 Liquid penetrant processing ASNT Level III Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
1.4.1 Preparation of parts Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.4.2 Applications of penetrants and emulsifiers to parts Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4.3 Removal of surface penetrants
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Liquid Penetrant Testing.
Copy Right Material
1.4.4 Developer application and drying
1.4.5 Evaluation Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1.4.6 Post-cleaning Latest edition.*
1.4.7 Precautions Badger, D. Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
2.0 Equipment/Materials Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
2.1 Methods of measurement Boisvert, B. Principles and Applications of Liquid Penetrant
2.2 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing Testing: A Classroom Training Text. Columbus, OH: The
2.2.1 White light intensity American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.*
2.2.2 Ultraviolet radiation intensity, warm-up time, etc.
Lovejoy, D. Penetrant Testing: A Practical Guide. New York:
2.2.3 Physics and physiological differences
Chapman & Hall. 1991.
2.3 Materials for liquid penetrant testing
2.3.1 Solvent removable Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
2.3.2 Water-washable Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
2.3.3 Post-emulsifiable Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.3.3.1 Water base (hydrophilic) Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.3.3.2 Oil base (lipophilic)
Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection:
2.3.4 Dual sensitivity
Adjunct to ASTM E 433. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM. 1985.*
2.4 Testing and maintenance of materials
Tracy, N., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
3.0 Interpretation/Evaluation third edition: Volume 2, Liquid Penetrant Testing. Columbus, OH:
3.1 General The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1999*
3.1.1 Appearance of penetrant indications Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
3.1.2 Persistence of indications Society. Latest edition.
3.2 Factors affecting indications
3.2.1 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
3.2.2 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.) Columbus, OH.
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Magnetic Particle Testing Topical Outlines
Magnetic Particle Testing Level I Topical

Outline
5.0 Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization
5.1 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
5.2 Type of magnetizing current
1.0 Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields 5.3 Direction of magnetic field
1.1 Theory of magnetic fields 5.4 Sequence of operations
1.1.1 Earth’s magnetic field 5.5 Value of flux density
1.1.2 Magnetic fields around magnetized materials
1.2 Theory of magnetism 6.0 Inspection Materials
1.2.1 Magnetic poles 6.1 Wet particles
1.2.2 Law of magnetism 6.2 Dry particles
1.2.3 Materials influenced by magnetic fields
1.2.3.1 Ferromagnetic 7.0 Principles of Demagnetization
1.2.3.2 Paramagnetic 7.1 Residual magnetism
1.2.4 Magnetic characteristics of nonferrous materials 7.2 Reasons for requiring demagnetization
1.3 Terminology associated with magnetic particle testing 7.3 Longitudinal and circular residual fields
7.4 Basic principles of demagnetization
2.0 Characteristics of Magnetic Fields 7.5 Retentivity and coercive force
2.1 Bar magnet 7.6 Methods of demagnetization
2.2 Ring magnet
8.0 Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment
3.0 Effect of Discontinuities of Materials 8.1 Equipment selection considerations
3.1 Surface cracks 8.1.1 Type of magnetizing current
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3.2 Scratches 8.1.2 Location and nature of test
3.3 Subsurface defects 8.1.3 Test materials used
8.1.4 Purpose of test
4.0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 8.1.5 Area inspected
4.1 Circular field 8.2 Manual inspection equipment
4.1.1 Field around a straight conductor 8.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment
4.1.2 Right-hand rule 8.4 Stationary equipment
4.1.3 Field in parts through which current flows 8.5 Mechanized inspection equipment
4.1.3.1 Long, solid, cylindrical, regular parts 8.5.1 Semiautomatic inspection equipment
4.1.3.2 Irregularly shaped parts 8.5.2 Single-purpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.3 Tubular parts 8.5.3 Multipurpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.4 Parts containing machined holes, slots, 8.5.4 Fully automatic equipment
etc.
4.1.4 Methods of inducing current flow in parts 9.0 Types of Discontinuities Detected by Magnetic Particle
4.1.4.1 Contact plates Testing
4.1.4.2 Prods 9.1 Inclusions
4.1.5 Discontinuities commonly discovered by circular 9.2 Blowholes
fields 9.3 Porosity
4.2 Longitudinal field 9.4 Flakes
4.2.1 Field produced by current flow in a coil 9.5 Cracks
4.2.2 Field direction in a current-carrying coil 9.6 Pipes
4.2.3 Field strength in a current-carrying coil 9.7 Laminations
4.2.4 Discontinuities commonly discovered by 9.8 Laps
longitudinal fields 9.9 Forging bursts
4.2.5 Advantages of longitudinal magnetization 9.10 Voids
4.2.6 Disadvantages of longitudinal magnetization
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10.0 Magnetic Particle Test Indications and Interpretations 4.2 Longitudinal technique
10.1 Indications of nonmetallic inclusions 4.2.1 Principles of induced flux fields
10.2 Indications of surface seams 4.2.2 Geometry of part to be inspected
10.3 Indications of cracks 4.2.3 Shapes and sizes of coils
10.4 Indications of laminations 4.2.4 Use of coils and cables
10.5 Indications of laps 4.2.4.1 Strength of field
10.6 Indications of bursts and flakes 4.2.4.2 Current directional flow versus flux field
10.7 Indications of porosity 4.2.4.3 Shapes, sizes, and current capacities
10.8 Nonrelevant indications 4.2.5 Current calculations
Magnetic Particle Testing Level II Topical

4.2.5.1 Formulas
4.2.5.2 Types of current required
Outline
4.2.5.3 Current demand
4.2.6 Discontinuities commonly detected
1.0 Principles 5.0 Selecting the Proper Method of Magnetization

1.1 Theory 5.1 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
1.1.1 Flux patterns 5.2 Type of magnetizing current
1.1.2 Frequency and voltage factors 5.3 Direction of magnetic field
1.1.3 Current calculations 5.4 Sequence of operations
1.1.4 Surface flux strength 5.5 Value of flux density
1.1.5 Subsurface effects
1.2 Magnets and magnetism
6.0 Demagnetization Procedures
1.2.1 Distance factors versus strength of flux
6.1 Need for demagnetization of parts
1.2.2 Internal and external flux patterns
6.2 Current, frequency, and field orientation
1.2.3 Phenomenon action at the discontinuity
6.3 Heat factors and precautions
1.2.4 Heat effects on magnetism
6.4 Need for collapsing flux fields
1.2.5 Material hardness versus magnetic retention
7.0 Equipment
2.0 Flux Fields
7.1 Portable type
2.1 Direct current
7.1.1 Reason for portable equipment
2.1.1 Depth of penetration factors
7.1.2 Capabilities of portable equipment
2.1.2 Source of current
7.1.3 Similarity to stationary equipment
2.2 Direct pulsating current
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7.2 Stationary type
2.2.1 Similarity to direct current
7.2.1 Capability of handling large and heavy parts
2.2.2 Advantages
7.2.2 Flexibility in use
2.2.3 Typical fields
7.2.3 Need for stationary equipment
2.3 Alternating current
7.2.4 Use of accessories and attachments
2.3.1 Cyclic effects
7.3 Automatic type
2.3.2 Surface strength characteristics
7.3.1 Requirements for automation
2.3.3 Safety precautions
7.3.2 Sequential operations
2.3.4 Voltage and current factors
7.3.3 Control and operation factors
2.3.5 Source of current
7.3.4 Alarm and rejection mechanisms
7.4 Multidirectional units
3.0 Effects of Discontinuities on Materials 7.4.1 Capability
3.1 Design factors 7.4.2 Control and operation factors
3.1.1 Mechanical properties 7.4.3 Applications
3.1.2 Part use 7.5 Liquids and powders
3.2 Relationship to load-carrying ability 7.5.1 Liquid requirements as a particle vehicle
7.5.2 Safety precautions
4.0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 7.5.3 Temperature needs
4.1 Circular techniques 7.5.4 Powder and paste contents
4.1.1 Current calculations 7.5.5 Mixing procedures
4.1.2 Depth-factor considerations 7.5.6 Need for accurate proportions
4.1.3 Precautions – safety and overheating 7.6 Ultraviolet radiation type
4.1.4 Contact prods and yokes 7.6.1 Ultraviolet radiation and fluorescence
4.1.4.1 Requirements for prods and yokes 7.6.2 Visible light and black light comparisons
4.1.4.2 Current-carrying capabilities 7.6.3 Requirements in the testing cycle
4.1.5 Discontinuities commonly detected 7.6.4 Techniques in use
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Magnetic Particle Testing Topical Outlines
7.7 Light-sensitive instruments 3.0 Technique/Calibrations

7.7.1 Need for instrumentation 3.1 Magnetization by means of electric current
7.7.2 Light characteristics 3.1.1 Circular field
3.1.1.1 Field around a straight conductor
8.0 Types of Discontinuities 3.1.1.2 Right-hand rule
8.1 In castings 3.1.1.3 Field in parts through which current
8.2 In ingots flows
8.3 In wrought sections and parts 3.1.1.4 Methods of inducing current flow in parts
8.4 In welds 3.1.1.5 Discontinuities commonly indicated by
circular field
9.0 Evaluation Techniques 3.1.1.6 Applications of circular magnetization
9.1 Use of standards – e.g., ASTM E 1444, E 709 3.1.2 Longitudinal field
9.1.1 Need for standards and references 3.1.2.1 Field direction
9.1.2 Comparison of known with unknown 3.1.2.2 Discontinuities commonly indicated by
9.1.3 Specifications and certifications longitudinal techniques
9.1.4 Comparison techniques 3.1.2.3 Applications of longitudinal
9.2 Defect appraisal magnetization
9.2.1 History of part 3.2 Selecting the proper method of magnetization
9.2.2 Manufacturing process 3.2.1 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
9.2.3 Possible causes of defect 3.2.2 Type of magnetizing field
9.2.4 Use of part 3.2.3 Direction of magnetic field
9.2.5 Acceptance and rejection criteria 3.2.4 Sequence of operation
9.2.6 Use of tolerances 3.2.5 Value of flux density
3.3 Demagnetization
10.0 Quality Control of Equipment and Processes 3.3.1 Reasons for requiring demagnetization
10.1 Malfunctioning of equipment 3.3.2 Methods of demagnetization
10.2 Proper magnetic particles and bath liquid
10.3 Bath concentration 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
10.3.1 Settling test 4.1 Magnetic particle test indications and interpretations
10.3.2 Other bath-strength tests 4.2 Effects of discontinuities on materials and types of
10.4 Tests for ultraviolet radiation intensity discontinuities indicated by magnetic particle testing
Copy Right Material

Magnetic Particle Testing Level III Topical
5.0 Procedures
5.1 Magnetic particle procedures, codes, standards, and
Outline
specifications

1.0 Principles/Theory 6.1 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.1 Principles of magnets and magnetic fields
1.1.1 Theory of magnetic fields
Magnetic Particle Testing, Level I, II, and

1.1.2 Theory of magnetism
III Training References

1.1.3 Terminology associated with magnetic particle
testing
1.2 Characteristics of magnetic fields
1.2.1 Bar magnet Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
1.2.2 Ring magnet Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.*
2.0 Equipment/Materials ASNT Level II Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.1 Magnetic particle test equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.1.1 Equipment selection considerations Inc. Latest edition.*
2.1.2 Manual inspection equipment
2.1.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment ASNT Level III Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.1.4 Stationary equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.1.5 Mechanized inspection equipment Inc. Latest edition.*
2.2 Inspection materials
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Magnetic Particle Method.
2.2.1 Wet particle technique
2.2.2 Dry particle technique
Inc. Latest edition.*
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Betz, C.E. Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing. Chicago, IL: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
Magnaflux Corp. 2000. Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
Mix, P.E., Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Smith, G. Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2015.*
Moore, D.G., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Handbook, third edition: Volume 8, Magnetic Particle Testing. Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Society. Latest edition.
Inc. 2008.*
* Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Columbus, OH.
Copy Right Material
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Topical Outlines
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level I

Topical Outline
10.0 Readout Mechanism
10.1 Displays
10.2 Strip-chart recorder
1.0 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 10.3 Computerized data acquisition
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level II

1.1 Brief history of testing
Topical Outline
1.2 Basic principles of testing
2.0 Principles of Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Flux Leakage Evaluation Course

2.1 Magnetic fields characteristics
2.2 Flux line characteristics
3.0 Magnetism by Means of Electric Current 1.0 Review of Magnetic Theory

3.1 Field around a conductor 1.1 Flux leakage theory
3.2 Right-hand rule 1.2 Types of flux leakage sensing probes
3.3 Field in ferromagnetic conductors
2.0 Factors that Affect Flux Leakage Fields
4.0 Indirect Magnetization 2.1 Degree of magnetization
4.1 Circular fields 2.2 Defect geometry
4.2 Longitudinal fields 2.3 Defect location
4.3 Transverse fields 2.4 Defect orientation
2.5 Distance between adjacent defects
5.0 Magnetization Variables
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5.1 Type of magnetizing current 3.0 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
5.2 Alloy magnetic properties 3.1 Definition
5.2.1 Hysteresis curve 3.2 Relationship to flux leakage testing
5.2.2 Permeability 3.3 Methods of improving signal-to-noise ratio
5.2.3 Factors affecting permeability
4.0 Selection of Method of Magnetization for Flux Leakage
6.0 Flux Leakage Testing
6.1 Flux leakage theory 4.1 Magnetization characteristics for various magnetic
6.2 Normal component of flux leakage materials
4.2 Magnetization by means of electric fields
7.0 Search Coils 4.2.1 Circular field
7.1 Rate of change in the normal component of flux leakage 4.2.2 Longitudinal field
7.2 Faraday’s law (rate of change versus induced voltage) 4.2.3 Value of flux density
7.3 Factors that affect the voltage induced in a search coil 4.3 Magnetization by means of permanent magnets
4.3.1 Permanent magnet relationship and theory
8.0 Hall Effect Search Units 4.3.2 Permanent magnet materials
8.1 Hall effect principles 4.4 Selection of proper magnetization method
8.2 Factors that affect the output voltage of Hall effect
element 5.0 Coupling
5.1 “Lift-off” in flux leakage testing
9.0 Signal Processing
9.1 Rectification 6.0 Signal Processing Considerations
9.2 Filtering 6.1 Amplification
6.2 Filtering
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7.0 Applications 3.2 Coupling

7.1 General 3.2.1 Fill factor
7.1.1 Flaw detection 3.2.2 Lift-off
7.1.2 Sorting for properties related to permeability 3.3 Field strength
7.1.3 Measurement of magnetic-characteristic values 3.3.1 Permeability changes
7.2 Specific 3.3.2 Saturation
7.2.1 Tank floor and side inspection 3.4 Comparison of techniques
7.2.2 Wire rope inspection 3.5 Standardization
7.2.3 Tube inspection 3.5.1 Techniques
7.2.4 “Intelligent” pigs 3.5.2 Reference standards
7.2.5 Bar inspection 3.6 Techniques – general
3.6.1 Surface or subsurface flaw detection
8.0 User Standards and Operating Procedures 3.6.2 Noise suppression
8.1 Explanation of standards and specifications used in
magnetic flux leakage testing 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
8.2 Explanation of operating procedures used in magnetic 4.1 Flaw detection
flux leakage testing 4.2 Process control
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level III

4.3 General interpretations
4.4 Defect characterization
Topical Outline 5.0 Standards

5.1 ASME Section V Article 16 Magnetic Flux Leakage
1.0 Principles/Theory 5.2 API 653 Appendix G
1.1 Flux leakage theory
1.2 Förster and other theories
6.0 Procedures
1.3 Finite element methods
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Method,

1.4 DC flux leakage/AC flux leakage
2.0 Equipment/Materials Level I, II, and III Training References

2.1 Detectors
2.1.1 Advantages/limitations ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Electromagnetic Testing Method.
2.2 Coils Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.1 Advantages/limitations Inc. Latest edition.*
Copy Right Material

2.3.1 Type of part to be inspected
Beissner, R.E., G.A. Matzkanin, and C.M. Teller. NTIAC-80-1,
NDE Applications of Magnetic Leakage Field Methods. January 1980.
2.3.2 Type of discontinuity to be detected
2.3.3 Speed of testing required Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley. Nondestructive Evaluation, A Tool in
2.3.4 Amount of testing required Design, Manufacturing and Service, revised edition. CRC Press. 1996.
2.3.6 Applications other than discontinuity detection MFL Compendium: Articles on Magnetic Flux Leakage – Collected
2.4 Read out selection from Materials Evaluation Published from 1953 to 2006.
2.4.1 Oscilloscope and other monitor displays Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.4.2 Alarm, lights, etc. Inc. 2010.*
2.4.3 Marking system Moore, D.G., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
2.4.4 Sorting gates and tables Handbook, third edition: Volume 8, Magnetic Particle Testing.
2.4.5 Cutoff saw or shears Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.4.6 Automation and feedback Inc. 2008.*
2.4.7 Strip-chart recorder
2.4.8 Computerized data acquisition Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.5 Instrument design considerations Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.5.1 Amplification
2.5.2 Filtering Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
2.5.3 Sensor configuration Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing.
Inc. 2004.*
3.0 Techniques/Standardization
3.1 Consideration affecting choice of test
3.1.1 Signal-to-noise ratio * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
3.1.2 Response speed Columbus OH.
3.1.3 Skin effect
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Microwave Testing Topical Outlines
Microwave Technology Level I Topical Technique Course

Outline
1.0 Basic Scanning Microwave Instrument
Theory Course
1.1 System hardware
2.0 Instrument Electronics

1.0 Introduction to Microwave Theory 2.1 Transmitter
1.1 Microwave scanning 2.2 Receiver
1.2 Reflection interference pattern 2.3 Antennas
1.3 Differential amplitude measurement 2.4 Probe
1.4 Basic math review 2.5 Position interface
2.6 Sampling
2.0 Basic Electromagnetic Theory 2.7 Data format
2.1 Nature of EM waves
2.2 Wave generation 3.0 Position Control
2.3 Propagation and modes 3.1 Positioning interface
3.2 Position feedback
3.0 Material Properties
3.1 Conductors and dielectrics 4.0 Antenna Design
4.1 Phase relation
4.0 Scanning Microwave Basics 4.2 2 channel receiver
4.1 Scanning microwave interference pattern image 4.3 Stand off
4.1.1 Interference pattern
standing wave Copy Right Material

4.1.2 Compare amplitude of reflected signal with 5.0 Display System
5.1 Hardware
4.1.3 Emitter and receiver in probe fixed physical 5.2 Display software
relationship
4.1.4 Fixed phase relationship
6.0 Control Functions
4.2 Probe design
6.1 Power
4.2.1 Phase relation
6.2 Signal penetration
4.2.2 2 channel receiver
6.3 Response amplification
4.2.3 Stand off
4.3 Antenna and sensor pattern
7.0 Data Collection and Formatting
4.3.1 Reflected signal pattern
Microwave Technology Level II Topical

4.4 Image creation
Outline
4.4.1 Signal voltage – position
4.4.2 Interference map – phase relationship
4.4.3 Channel relationship
Theory Course
4.5 Signal differential and phase relationship
4.6 Interference pattern image
4.6.1 Line and circle patterns
4.6.2 Nodes and depth 1.0 Measure Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Part
4.7 Measurement 1.1 Attenuation
4.7.1 Interference patterns 1.2 Reflection
4.7.2 Wavelength in material
2.0 Maxwell’s Equations
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l MW
3.0 Microwave Propagation 3.0 Calibration

3.1 Wave propagation 3.1 Frequency selection
3.2 Wave interaction with matter 3.2 Standoff
3.3 Power
4.0 Microwave Energy and Excitation Energies 3.4 Gain
3.5 Sample rate
5.0 Microwave Energy Field – Charge Interaction 3.6 Scan separation
5.1 Dipole moment
5.2 Polarity 4.0 Calibration Blocks
5.3 Interference 4.1 Nominal specimen
5.4 Anisotropic material properties 4.2 Fault examples
4.3 Measurement
6.0 Material Properties 4.3.1 Dielectric constant
6.1 Conductors and dielectrics 4.3.2 Wave length in material
6.2 Excitation energies 4.3.3 Loss tangent
7.0 Wave Propagation 5.0 Imaging Surfaces at a Distance

7.1 Attenuation and impedance
7.2 Reflection 6.0 Thickness Measurement
7.3 Refraction
7.4 Beam spread 7.0 Density Measurement
8.0 Microwave Antennas 8.0 Evaluation

8.1 Antenna pattern polarization 8.1 Codes and standards
8.1.1 Energy profile 8.2 Determination of relative condition
8.2.1 Comparison of tested part to prototype
9.0 Phase Relationship 8.2.2 Comparison to nominal
8.3 Evaluation of artifacts
Technique Course
8.4 Validation of results
Microwave Technology Level III Topical

Outline
1.0 Data Format and Collection
Copy RightTheory
Material
1.1 Meta data (heading and reference data)
1.2 Scan pattern
1.3 Sample density
Course
1.4 File management
1.5 Transportability
1.0 Microwave Signal Phase Relationship
2.0 Instrument Characteristics
2.0 Wave Behavior in Complex Structures
2.1 Scanning microwave interference pattern image
2.1.1 Interference pattern
2.1.2 Compare amplitude of reflected signal with 3.0 Lenses and Horns
standing wave
2.1.3 Emitter and receiver in probe fixed physical 4.0 Microwave Interaction with Matter
Technique Course
relationship
2.1.4 Fixed phase relationship
2.2 Probe design
2.2.1 Phase relation 5.0 Basic Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
2.2.2 Multi-channel receiver 5.1 Fundamentals of material technology
2.2.3 Stand off 5.1.1 Properties of materials
2.3 Antenna pattern 5.1.1.1 Strength and elastic properties
2.3.1 Optimizing beam geometry 5.1.1.2 Physical properties
2.4 Image creation 5.1.1.3 Material properties testing
2.4.1 Multiple channels 5.1.2 Origin of discontinuities and failure modes
2.4.2 Variable frequency 5.1.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
2.5 Signal differential and phase relationship 5.1.2.2 Process-induced discontinuities
2.5.1 Phase vector 5.1.2.3 Service-induced discontinuities
2.5.2 Unit circle 5.1.3 Statistical nature of detecting and characterizing
2.5.3 Analysis discontinuities
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Microwave Testing Topical Outlines
5.2 Dielectric materials susceptible to microwave 10.2.1 Adhesives

examination 10.2.2 Thermally welded joints
5.2.1 Plastics 10.2.3 Resin joining
5.2.2 Rubber 10.2.4 Mechanical coupling
5.2.3 Resins 10.3 Coatings
5.2.4 Fiberglass reinforced plastic 10.3.1 Coating inspection
5.2.5 Ceramics 10.3.2 Inspection under coatings
5.2.6 Composites
5.2.7 Advanced materials 11.0 Evaluation
5.2.8 Glass 11.1 Codes and standards
5.2.9 Coatings 11.2 Design and construction specifications
5.3 In-process materials 11.3 Development of reference standards
5.4 Structures of interest 11.4 Determination of relative condition
11.4.1 Comparison of tested part to prototype
6.0 Origin of Discontinuities and Failure Modes 11.4.2 Comparison to nominal
6.1 Process-induced discontinuities 11.5 Evaluation of artifacts
6.1.1 Placement geometry 11.6 Validation
6.1.2 Contaminants
6.1.3 Bonds between layers 12.0 Responsibilities of Levels of Certification
6.1.4 Voids 12.1 Level III
6.1.5 Porosity 12.2 Level II
6.1.6 Incorrect chemistry 12.3 Level I trainee
6.1.7 Incorrect material phase/crystallization
Microwave Technology Level I, II, and III

6.2 Service-induced discontinuities
Training References
6.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
6.2.2 Mechanical disruption
6.2.3 Thermal damage
6.2.3.1 Material phase differences Brooks, C. and A. Choudhury. Failure Analysis of Engineering
6.2.3.2 Crystal structure changes Materials, first edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional.
2001.
7.0 Properties of Materials Carr, J.J. Practical Antenna Handbook, fourth edition, New York:
7.1 Strength and elastic properties McGraw-Hill/Tab Electronics. 2001.
7.2 Physical properties
7.3 Material properties testing
Copy Right Material Henderson, F.M. and A.J. Lewis, eds. Principles & Applications of
Imaging Radar, Volume 2. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8.0 Statistical Nature of Detecting and Characterizing 1998.
Discontinuities
Kalpakjian, S. and S.R. Schmid. Manufacturing Processes for
Engineering Materials, fifth edition. New York: Prentice Hall.
9.0 Thickness Measurements 2007.
9.1 Coatings
New York: VCH Publisher. 2005.

9.2 Parts Lerner, R.G. and G.L. Trigg. Encyclopedia of Physics, third edition,
10.0 Fundamentals of Fabrication and Product Technology

10.1 Raw materials processing Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
10.1.1 Castings Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
10.1.2 Extrusions Inc. 2016.
10.1.3 Layered composites MW Compendium: Articles on Microwave Technology – Collected
10.1.4 Resin-coated fabrics from ASNT Publications. Columbus, OH: The American Society
10.1.5 Ceramics for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2016.*
10.1.5.1 Sintered materials
10.1.5.2 Ceramic composites Nayfeh, M.H. and M.K. Brussel. Electricity and Magnetism, New
10.1.5.3 Monolithic ceramics York: John Wiley & Sons. 1985.
10.1.6 Organic composites
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA: Personnel Qualification
10.1.6.1Reinforcement
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH: The
10.1.7 Plastics
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
10.1.8 Elastomers
10.1.8.1 Reinforcement
10.2 Joining
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Stakenborghs, R. “Specific Application NDE Method Leads to Tipler, P.A. and R.A. Llewellyn. Modern Physics, fifth edition. New
Development of Novel Microwave NDE Technique,” York: W.H. Freeman. 2007.
Inspectioneering Journal, (11) No. 1, (Jan/Feb 2005): 11-13.
Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Stakenborghs, R. and J. Little. “A Modern Approach to Condition- Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing.
Based Maintenance of Reinforced Rubber Cooling System Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Expansion Joints Utilizing a Microwave Nondestructive Inspection Inc. 2004.*
Method- ICONE17-75602,” Proceedings of the Seventeenth
International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, (2):1003-1009.
New York: American Society for Mechanical Engineering. 2009. Columbus, OH.
T. Chady et al. eds. “Application of Microwave Interferometry in
Complex Engineered Dielectric Materials,” Electromagnetic
Nondestructive Evaluation (XIV). Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS
Press. 2011.
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Neutron Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level I

Topical Outline
3.2 Accelerators
3.2.1 Types of accelerators
3.2.2 Neutron-producing reactions
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 3.3 Isotopic sources
3.3.1.1 α – Be
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 3.3.1 Radioisotope + Be
3.3.1.2 ϒ – Be
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
3.3.2.1 ϒ – D
as guidance. 3.3.2 Radioisotope + D
Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course

3.3.3 Spontaneous fission
3.3.3.1 252Cf
1.0 Introduction 4.0 Personnel Safety Radiation Protection Review

1.1 History of industrial neutron radiography 4.1 Hazards of excessive exposure
1.2 General principles of examination of materials by 4.1.1 General – beta-, gamma-radiation
penetrating radiation 4.1.2 Specific neutron hazards
1.3 Relationship of penetrating neutron radiation, 4.1.2.1 Relative biological effectiveness
radiography and radiometry 4.1.2.2 Neutron activation
1.4 Comparison with other NDT methods, particularly with 4.2 Methods of controlling radiation dose
X-rays and gamma rays 4.2.1 Time
1.5 General areas of application 4.2.2 Distance
1.5.1 Imaging 4.2.3 Shielding
1.5.2 Metrology 4.3 Specific equipment requirements
1.5.3 Product
Copy Right Material 4.3.1 Neutron monitoring dosimeters
4.3.2 Gamma-ray monitoring dosimeters
2.0 Physical Principles 4.3.3 Radiation survey equipment
2.1 Sources for neutron radiography (general description) 4.3.3.1 Beta/gamma
2.1.1 Isotopes 4.3.3.2 Neutron
2.1.2 Nuclear reactors 4.3.4 Recording/record keeping
2.1.3 Accelerators 4.4 Radiation work procedures
2.2 Interaction between neutrons and matter 4.5 Federal, state, and local regulations
2.2.1 Absorption
Basic Neutron Radiographic Technique Course
2.2.1.1 Thermal neutrons
2.2.1.2 Resonance neutrons
2.2.1.3 Fast neutrons
2.2.2 Scatter 1.0 Radiation-Detection Imaging
2.2.2.1 Elastic 1.1 Converter screens
2.2.2.2 Inelastic 1.1.1 Principles of operation
2.3 Neutron radiography techniques 1.1.2 Direct-imaging screens
2.3.1 Film imaging techniques 1.1.3 Transfer-imaging screens
2.3.2 Non-film imaging techniques 1.2 Film – principles, properties, and uses with neutron
2.4 Glossary of terms and units of measure converter screens
1.2.1 Radiation response
3.0 Radiation Sources for Neutrons (Specific Description) 1.2.2 Vacuum/contact considerations
3.1 Reactors 1.2.3 Radiographic speed
3.1.1 Principle of fission chain reactions 1.2.4 Radiographic contrast
3.1.2 Neutron thermalization (slowing down)
3.1.3 Thermal neutron flux
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1.3 Track-etch 2.1.5 Sources of radiation

1.3.1 Radiation response 2.1.5.1 Electronic sources
1.3.2 Vacuum/contact considerations 2.1.5.2 Isotopic sources
1.3.3 Radiographic speed 2.1.5.3 Nuclear reactors
1.3.4 Radiographic contrast 2.1.5.4 Accelerators
2.2 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter
2.0 Neutron Radiographic Process: Basic Imaging (neutron and gamma ray)
Considerations 2.2.1 Absorption
2.1 Definition of sensitivity (including image quality 2.2.2 Scatter
indicators) 2.2.3 Other interactions
2.2 Contrast and definition 2.3 Glossary of terms and units of measure
2.2.1 Neutron energy and neutron screen relationship
2.2.2 Effect of scattering in object 3.0 Radiation Sources for Neutrons
2.3 Geometric principles 3.1 Neutron sources – general
2.4 Generation and control of scatter 3.1.1 Reactors
2.5 Choice of neutron source 3.1.1.1 Principle of fission chain reactions
2.6 Choice of film 3.1.1.2 Fast-neutron flux – energy and spatial
2.7 Use of exposure curves distribution
2.8 Cause of correction of unsatisfactory radiographs 3.1.1.3 Neutron thermalization
2.8.1 High film density 3.1.1.4 Thermal-neutron flux – energy and
2.8.2 Low film density spatial distribution
2.8.3 High contrast 3.1.2 Accelerators
2.8.4 Low contrast 3.1.2.1 Types of accelerators
2.8.5 Poor definition 3.1.2.2 Neutron-producing reactions
2.8.6 Excessive film fog 3.1.2.3 Available yields and energy spectra
2.8.7 Light leaks 3.1.3 Isotopic sources
2.8.8 Artifacts 3.1.3.1 Radioisotope + Be
2.9 Arithmetic of exposure 3.1.3.2 Radioisotope + D
3.1.3.3 Spontaneous fission 252Cf
3.0 Test Result Interpretation 3.1.4 Beam design
3.1 Relationship between X-ray and n-ray 3.1.4.1 Source placement
3.2 Effects on measurement and interpretation of test 3.1.4.2 Collimation
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3.3 Administrative control of test quality by interpreter 3.1.4.3 Filtering
3.4 Familiarization with image 3.1.4.4 Shielding
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level II 4.0 Radiation Detection
Topical Outline
4.1 Imaging
4.1.1 Converter screens
Neutron Radiographic Physics Course

4.1.1.1 Principles of operations
4.1.1.2 Types of screens
4.1.1.2.1 Direct exposure
1.0 Introduction 4.1.1.2.2 Transfer exposure
1.1 General principles of examination of materials by 4.1.1.2.3 Track-etch process
penetrating radiation 4.1.1.2.4 Spectral sensitivity (each process)
1.2 Relationship of penetrating neutron radiation, 4.1.2 Film – principles, properties, use with neutron
radiography, and radiometry converter screens
1.3 Comparison with other methods, particularly with 4.1.2.1 Material examination
X-rays and gamma rays 4.1.2.2 Monitoring
1.4 Specific areas of application in industry 4.1.3 Fluoroscopy
4.1.3.1 Fluorescent screen
2.0 Review of Physical Principles 4.1.3.2 Image amplification
2.1 Nature of penetrating radiation (all types) 4.1.3.3 Cine techniques
2.1.1 Particles 4.1.4 Direct TV viewing
2.1.2 Wave properties 4.1.5 Special instrumentation associated with above
2.1.3 Electromagnetic waves techniques
2.1.4 Fundamentals of radiation physics
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4.2 Non-imaging devices 1.1.11 Viewing of radiographs

4.2.1 Solid-state 1.1.11.1 Illuminator requirements (intensity)
4.2.1.1 Scintillometer 1.1.11.2 Background lighting
4.2.1.2 Photo-resistive devices 1.1.11.3 Judging quality of neutron radiographs
4.2.1.3 Other 1.1.12 Causes and correction of unsatisfactory
4.2.2 Gaseous radiographs
4.2.2.1 Proportional counters 1.1.12.1 High film density
4.2.2.2 Geiger counters 1.1.12.2 Insufficient film density
4.2.2.3 Ionization chambers 1.1.12.3 High contrast
4.2.2.4 Other 1.1.12.4 Low contrast
4.2.3 Neutron detectors 1.1.12.5 Poor definition
4.2.3.1 Boron-based gas counters 1.1.12.6 Excessive neutron scatter
4.2.3.2 Fission counters 1.1.12.7 Fog
4.2.3.3 Helium-3 detectors 1.1.12.8 Light leaks
4.2.3.4 Lithium-based scintillator 1.1.12.9 Artifacts
4.2.3.5 Instrumentation 1.1.13 Arithmetic of exposure and of other factors
4.2.3.5.1 Rate meters affecting neutron radiographs
4.2.3.5.2 Counters 1.2 Miscellaneous applications
4.2.3.5.3 Amplifiers and preamplifiers 1.2.1 Blocking and filtering
4.2.3.5.4 Recording readouts 1.2.2 Multi-film techniques
4.2.3.5.5 Other 1.2.3 Enlargement and projection
1.2.4 Stereoradiography
5.0 Radiological Safety Principles Review 1.2.5 Triangulation methods
5.1 Controlling personnel exposure 1.2.6 Autoradiography
5.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts 1.2.7 Flash neutron radiography
5.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept 1.2.8 “In-motion” radiography and fluoroscopy
5.4 Radiation-detection equipment 1.2.9 Backscatter neutron radiography
5.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics 1.2.10 Neutron tomography
1.2.11 Micro-neutron radiography
Neutron Radiographic Technique Course

1.2.12 Causes of “diffraction” effects and minimization
of interference with test
1.2.13 Determination of focal-spot size
1.0 Neutron Radiographic Process 1.2.14 Panoramic techniques
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1.1 Basic neutron-imaging considerations
1.1.1 Definition of sensitivity (including image quality
1.2.15 Altering film contrast and density
1.2.16 Gaging and control processes
indicators)
1.1.2 Contrast and definition 2.0 Test Result Interpretation
1.1.2.1 Neutron energy and neutron screen 2.1 Basic factors
relationship 2.1.1 General aspects (relationship between X-ray and
1.1.2.2 Effect of scattering in object neutron radiographs)
1.1.2.3 Exposure versus foil thickness 2.1.2 Effects on measurement and interpretation of test
1.1.3 Geometric principles 2.1.3 Administrative control of test quality by
1.1.4 Intensifying screens interpreter
1.1.4.1 Fluorescent (neutron-sensitive) 2.1.4 Familiarization with image
1.1.4.2 Metallic (neutron-sensitive) 2.2 Material considerations
1.1.5 Generation and control of scatter 2.2.1 Metallurgy or other material consideration as it
1.1.6 Choice of source affects use of item and test results
1.1.7 Choice of film/detector 2.2.2 Materials-processing effects on use of item and
1.1.8 Use of exposure curves and process by which they test results
are generated 2.2.3 Discontinuities – their causes and effects
1.1.9 Fluoroscopic inspection 2.2.4 Radiographic appearance of discontinuities
1.1.9.1 Theory of operation 2.3 Codes, standards, specifications, and procedures
1.1.9.2 Applications 2.3.1 Thermal neutron radiography
1.1.9.3 Limitations 2.3.2 Resonance neutron radiography
1.1.10 Film processing 2.3.3 Other applicable codes, etc.
1.1.10.1 Darkroom procedures
1.1.10.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
1.1.10.3 Film processing do’s and don’ts
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Topical Outline
4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
4.1 Radiographic interpretation
4.1.1 Image-object relationships
1.0 Principles/Theory 4.1.2 Material considerations
1.1 Nature of penetrating radiation 4.1.2.1 Material processing as it affects use of
1.2 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter item and test results
1.3 Neutron radiography 4.1.2.2 Discontinuities, their cause and effects
1.3.1 Imaging by film 4.1.2.3 Radiographic appearance of
1.3.2 Imaging by fluorescent materials discontinuities
1.3.3 Imaging by electronic devices 4.1.3 Codes, standards, and specifications
1.4 Radiometry
5.0 Procedures
2.0 Equipment/Materials 5.1 The radiographic process
2.1 Sources of neutrons 5.1.1 Imaging considerations
2.1.1 Reactors 5.1.1.1 Sensitivity
2.1.2 Accelerators 5.1.1.2 Contrast and definition
2.1.3 Isotopic sources 5.1.1.3 Geometric factors
2.1.4 Beam control factors 5.1.1.4 Intensifying screens
2.2 Radiation detectors 5.1.1.5 Scattered radiation
2.2.1 Imaging 5.1.1.6 Source factors
2.2.1.1 Converter screens 5.1.1.7 Detection media
2.2.1.2 Film principles, properties, use with 5.1.1.8 Exposure curves
neutron converter screens 5.2 Film processing
2.2.1.3 Fluoroscopy 5.2.1 Darkroom procedures
2.2.1.4 TV and optical systems 5.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
2.3 Non-imaging devices 5.2.3 Film processing
2.3.1 Solid-state detectors 5.3 Viewing of radiographs
2.3.2 Gaseous ionization detectors 5.3.1 Illuminator requirements
2.3.3 Neutron detectors 5.3.2 Background lighting
2.3.4 Instrumentation 5.3.3 Optical aids
2.3.5 Gaging and control processes 5.4 Judging radiographic quality
5.4.1 Density
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3.0 Techniques/Calibrations 5.4.2 Contrast
3.1 Blocking and filtering 5.4.3 Definition
3.2 Multi-film technique 5.4.4 Artifacts
3.3 Enlargement and projection 5.4.5 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
3.4 Stereoradiography 5.4.6 Causes and corrections of unsatisfactory
3.5 Triangulation methods radiographs
3.6 Autoradiography
3.7 Flash radiography 6.0 Safety and Health
3.8 In-motion radiography 6.1 Personnel safety and radiation hazards
3.9 Fluoroscopy 6.1.1 Exposure hazards
3.10 Electron emission radiography 6.1.1.1 General – beta, gamma
3.11 Micro-radiography 6.1.1.2 Specific neutron hazards
3.12 Laminography (tomography) 6.1.2 Methods of controlling radiation exposure
3.13 Control of diffraction effects 6.1.3 Operation and emergency procedures
3.14 Panoramic exposures
3.15 Gaging
3.16 Real time imaging
3.17 Image analysis techniques
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Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I, II,

and III Training References
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 0-5. Washington D.C.:
U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993.
Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 20. Washington D.C.:

Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
U.S. Government Printing Office. 1996.
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.* Domanus, J.C. Collimators for Thermal Neutron Radiography, An
Overview. D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1987.
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Neutron Radiographic Testing
Method. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Harms, A.A. and D.R. Wyman. Mathematics and Physics of
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* Neutron Radiography. Reidel Publishing Co. 1986.
Berger, H. Neutron Radiography. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
Elsevier Publishing Co. 1965. Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
Berger, H. Practical Applications of Neutron Radiography and Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
Gaging – STP 586. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
and Materials. 1976.
Radiography in Modern Industry, www.kodak.com/eknec/docu-
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in-Modern-
ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4, Industry.pdf. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980.
Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Columbus, OH.
Copy Right Material
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Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
Radiographic Testing Level I Topical

Outline
5.0 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
5.1 Ionization
5.2 Radiation interaction with matter
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 5.2.1 Photoelectric effect
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 5.2.2 Compton scattering
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation 5.2.3 Pair production
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used 5.3 Unit of radiation exposure – coulomb per kilogram
as guidance. (C/kg)
5.4 Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
Basic Radiographic Physics Course
5.5 Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices
5.6 Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation – shielding
5.7 Half-value layers, tenth-value layers
1.0 Introduction 5.8 Inverse square law
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography 6.0 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
1.3 Radiation protection – why? 6.1 Radioisotope sources
1.4 Basic math review – exponents, square root, etc. 6.1.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication
6.1.2 Gamma-ray sources
2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter 6.1.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources
2.1 Elements and atoms 6.1.4 Neutron sources
2.2 Molecules and compounds 6.2 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and 6.3 Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low
neutrons energy
2.4 Atomic structure
2.5 Atomic number and weight Copy Right Material 6.3.1 Generator – high-voltage rectifiers
6.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabrication
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope 6.3.3 X-ray control circuits
6.3.4 Accelerating potential
3.0 Radioactive Materials 6.3.5 Target material and configuration
3.1 Production 6.3.6 Heat dissipation
3.1.1 Neutron activation 6.3.7 Duty cycle
3.1.2 Nuclear fission 6.3.8 Beam filtration
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 6.4* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and high-energy
3.3 Becquerel – the unit of activity 6.4.1* Resonance transformer
3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials 6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
3.5 Plotting of radioactive decay 6.4.3* Linear accelerator
3.6 Specific activity – becquerels/gram 6.4.4* Betatron
6.4.5* Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) output
4.0 Types of Radiation 6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
4.1 Particulate radiation – properties: alpha, beta, neutron 6.4.7* Beam filtration
4.2 Electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma ray 6.5* Fluoroscopic radiation sources
4.3 X-ray production 6.5.1* Fluoroscopic equipment design
4.4 Gamma-ray production 6.5.2* Direct-viewing screens
4.5 Gamma-ray energy 6.5.3* Image amplification
4.6 Energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources 6.5.4* Special X-ray tube considerations and duty cycle
4.7 Energy characteristics of X-ray machines 6.5.5* Screen unsharpness
6.5.6* Screen conversion efficiency
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7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review 4.0 Radiographic Image Quality

7.1 Controlling personnel exposure 4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts 4.2 Radiographic contrast
7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept 4.3 Film contrast
7.4 Radiation-detection equipment 4.4 Subject contrast
7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics 4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
4.7 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
* Topics may be deleted if the employer does not use these methods and
techniques.
5.0 Film Handling, Loading, and Processing
Radiographic Technique Course

5.1 Safe light and darkroom practices
5.2 Loading bench and cleanliness
5.3 Opening of film boxes and packets
1.0 Introduction 5.4 Loading of film and sealing cassettes
1.1 Process of radiography 5.5 Handling techniques for “green film”
1.2 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources 5.6 Elements of manual film processing
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
1.4 Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and gamma 6.0 Exposure Techniques – Radiography
rays 6.1 Single-wall radiography
1.5 Spectrum of X-ray tube source 6.2 Double-wall radiography
1.6 Spectrum of gamma-radioisotope source 6.2.1 Viewing two walls simultaneously
1.7 X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on “quality” 6.2.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing
and intensity 6.2.3 Elliptical techniques
6.3 Panoramic radiography
2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography 6.4 Use of multiple-film loading
2.1 Geometric exposure principles 6.5 Specimen configuration
2.1.1 “Shadow” formation and distortion
2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation 7.0 Fluoroscopic Techniques
2.1.3 Shadow sharpness 7.1 Dark adaptation and eye sensitivity
2.1.4 Geometric unsharpness 7.2 Special scattered radiation techniques
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth 7.3 Personnel protection
2.2 Radiographic screens 7.4 Sensitivity
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2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens 7.5 Limitations
2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens 7.6 Direct screen viewing
2.2.3 Intensifying factors 7.7 Indirect and remote screen viewing
Radiographic Testing Level II Topical

2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
Outline
2.2.6 Techniques for cleaning screens
2.3 Radiographic cassettes
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course

2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic film
2.5 The “heel effect” with X-ray tubes
3.0 Radiographs 1.0 Review of Basic Radiographic Principles

3.1 Formation of the latent image on film 1.1 Interaction of radiation with matter
3.2 Inherent unsharpness 1.2 Math review
3.3 Arithmetic of radiographic exposure 1.3 Exposure calculations
3.3.1 Milliamperage – distance-time relationship 1.4 Geometric exposure principles
3.3.2 Reciprocity law 1.5 Radiographic-image quality parameters
3.3.3 Photographic density
3.3.4 X-ray exposure charts – material thickness, kV, 2.0 Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and Processing
and exposure 2.1 Facilities and equipment
3.3.5 Gamma-ray exposure chart 2.1.1 Automatic film processor versus manual
3.3.6 Inverse square-law considerations processing
3.3.7 Calculation of exposure time for gamma- and 2.1.2 Safe lights
X-ray sources 2.1.3 Viewer lights
3.4 Characteristic (Hurter and Driffield) curve 2.1.4 Loading bench
3.5 Film speed and class descriptions 2.1.5 Miscellaneous equipment
3.6 Selection of film for particular purpose
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2.2 Film loading 5.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review

2.2.1 General rules for handling unprocessed film 5.1 Controlling personnel exposure
2.2.2 Types of film packaging 5.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
2.2.3 Cassette-loading techniques for sheet and roll 5.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
2.3 Protection of radiographic film in storage 5.4 Radiation-detection equipment
2.4 Processing of film – manual 5.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
2.4.1 Developer and replenishment
2.4.2 Stop bath Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
Course
2.4.3 Fixer and replenishment
2.4.4 Washing
2.4.5 Prevention of water spots
2.4.6 Drying 1.0 Radiographic Viewing
2.5 Automatic film processing 1.1 Film-illuminator requirements
2.6 Film filing and storage 1.2 Background lighting
2.6.1 Retention-life measurements 1.3 Multiple-composite viewing
2.6.2 Long-term storage 1.4 Image quality indicator (IQI) placement
2.6.3 Filing and separation techniques 1.5 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
2.7 Unsatisfactory radiographs – causes and cures 1.6 Film identification
2.7.1 High film density 1.7 Location markers
2.7.2 Insufficient film density 1.8 Film-density measurement
2.7.3 High contrast 1.9 Film artifacts
2.7.4 Low contrast
2.7.5 Poor definition 2.0 Application Techniques
2.7.6 Fog 2.1 Multiple-film techniques
2.7.7 Light leaks 2.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
2.7.8 Artifacts 2.1.2 Film speed
2.8 Film density 2.1.3 Film latitude
2.8.1 Step-wedge comparison film 2.2 Enlargement and projection
2.8.2 Densitometers 2.3 Geometrical relationships
2.3.1 Geometrical unsharpness
3.0 Indications, Discontinuities, and Defects 2.3.2 IQI sensitivity
3.1 Indications 2.3.3 Source-to-film distance
2.3.4 Focal-spot size
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3.2 Discontinuities
3.2.1 Inherent 2.4 Triangulation methods for discontinuity location
3.2.2 Processing 2.5 Localized magnification
3.2.3 Service 2.6 Film-handling techniques
3.3 Defects
3.0 Evaluation of Castings
4.0 Manufacturing Processes and Associated Discontinuities 3.1 Casting-method review
4.1 Casting processes and associated discontinuities 3.2 Casting discontinuities
4.1.1 Ingots, blooms, and billets 3.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.1.2 Sand casting 3.4 Radiographic appearance
4.1.3 Centrifugal casting 3.5 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
4.1.4 Investment casting 3.6 Reference radiographs
4.2 Wrought processes and associated discontinuities
4.2.1 Forgings 4.0 Evaluation of Weldments
4.2.2 Rolled products 4.1 Welding-method review
4.2.3 Extruded products 4.2 Welding discontinuities
4.3 Welding processes and associated discontinuities 4.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.3.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW) 4.4 Radiographic appearance
4.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 4.5 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance
4.3.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) criteria
4.3.4 Flux corded arc welding (FCAW) 4.6 Reference radiographs or pictograms
4.3.5 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
4.3.6 Resistance welding 5.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
4.3.7 Special welding processes – electron beam, 5.1 ASTM standards
electroslag, electrogas, etc. 5.2 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
5.3 Applicable employer procedures
5.4 Procedure for radiograph parameter verification
5.5 Radiographic reports
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Computed Radiography Testing Level I

Topical Outline
6.0 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
6.1 Radioisotope sources
6.1.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 6.1.2 Gamma-ray sources
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 6.1.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation 6.1.4 Neutron sources
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used 6.2 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics
as guidance. 6.3 Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low
energy
6.3.1 Generator – high-voltage rectifiers
6.3.3 X-ray control circuits
1.0 Introduction 6.3.4 Accelerating potential
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials 6.3.5 Target material and configuration
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography 6.3.6 Heat dissipation
1.3 Radiation protection – why? 6.3.7 Duty cycle
1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc. 6.3.8 Beam filtration
6.4* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and high-energy
2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter 6.4.1* Resonance transformer
2.1 Elements and atoms 6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
2.2 Molecules and compounds 6.4.3* Linear accelerator
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and 6.4.4* Betatron
neutrons 6.4.5* Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) output
2.4 Atomic structure 6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
2.5 Atomic number and weight 6.4.7* Beam filtration
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope
7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
3.0 Radioactive Materials 7.1 Controlling personnel exposure
3.1 Production 7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
3.1.1 Neutron activation 7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
3.1.2 Nuclear fission 7.4 Radiation-detection equipment
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
3.3 Becquerel – the unit of activity
3.5 Plotting of radioactive decay

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3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials
3.6 Specific activity – becquerels/gram techniques.
Computed Radiography Technique Course

4.0 Types of Radiation
4.1 Particulate radiation – properties: alpha, beta, neutron
4.2 Electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma ray
4.3 X-ray production
1.0 Computed Radiography (CR) Overview
4.4 Gamma-ray production
1.1 Photostimulable luminescence (PSL)
4.5 Gamma-ray energy
1.2 Comparison of film radiography and CR
4.6 Energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources
1.3 Digital images
4.7 Energy characteristics of X-ray machines
1.3.1 Bits
1.3.2 Bytes
5.0 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 1.3.3 Pixels/voxels
5.1 Ionization 1.3.4 Image file formats and compression
5.2 Radiation interaction with matter 1.4 Advantages
5.2.1 Photoelectric effect 1.5 Disadvantages
5.2.2 Compton scattering 1.6 Examples
5.2.3 Pair production
5.3 Unit of radiation exposure – coulomb per kilogram
2.0 System Components
(C/kg)
2.1 Imaging plates (IP)
5.4 Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
2.2 IP readout devices
5.5 Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices
2.3 Monitors
2.4 Computers
5.8 Inverse square law
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3.0 Basic CR Techniques 6.0 Evaluation of Castings

3.1 Image acquisition 6.1 Casting-method review
3.2 Image quality indicators (IQIs) 6.2 Casting discontinuities
3.3 Display of acquired images 6.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
3.4 Optimization of displayed image 6.4 Radiographic appearance
3.5 Storage of acquired and optimized image 6.5 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
6.6 Reference radiographs or images
4.0 Digital Image Processing
4.1 Enhanced images 7.0 Evaluation of Weldments
4.2 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 7.1 Welding-method review
4.3 Artifacts and anomalies 7.2 Welding discontinuities
Computed Radiography Testing Level II

7.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
7.5 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance
Topical Outline
criteria
Advanced Computed Radiography Course 8.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
8.1 ASTM/ASME standards
1.0 Computed Radiography (CR) Overview 8.2 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
1.1 Photostimulable luminescence (PSL) 8.3 Applicable employer procedures
1.2 Image acquisition
1.3 Image presentation 9.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
1.4 Artifacts 9.1 Controlling personnel exposure
9.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
2.0 Image Display Characteristics 9.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
2.1 Image definition 9.4 Radiation-detection equipment
2.2 Filtering techniques 9.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
Computed Tomography Testing Level I

2.3 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
Topical Outline
2.4 Modulation transfer function (MTF)
2.5 Grayscale adjustments
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
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3.0 Image Viewing Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
3.1 Image-monitor requirements ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
3.2 Background lighting Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
3.3 IQI placement as guidance.
3.4 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
3.5 Image identification
3.6 Location markers
1.0 Introduction
4.0 Evaluation of CR Images
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
4.1 Pixel value
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography
4.2 IQI
1.3 Radiation protection – why?
4.3 Artifact mitigation
1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc.
4.4 System performance
4.5 Conformance to specifications
4.6 Image storage and transmission 2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter
2.1 Elements and atoms
2.2 Molecules and compounds
5.0 Application Techniques
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and
5.1 Multiple-view techniques
neutrons
5.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
2.4 Atomic structure
5.2 Enlargement and projection
2.5 Atomic number and weight
5.3 Geometric relationships
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope
5.3.1 Geometric unsharpness
5.3.2 IQI sensitivity
5.3.3 Source-to-image plate distance
5.4 Localized magnification
5.5 Plate-handling techniques
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3.0 Radioactive Materials 7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review

3.1 Production 7.1 Controlling personnel exposure
3.1.1 Neutron activation 7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
3.1.2 Nuclear fission 7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 7.4 Radiation-detection equipment
3.3 Becquerel – the unit of activity 7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials
3.6 Specific activity – becquerels/gram * Topics may be deleted if the employer does not use these methods and
techniques.
Basic Computed Tomography Technique Course

4.2 Electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma ray
4.3 X-ray production 1.0 Computed Tomography (CT) Overview
4.4 Gamma-ray production 1.1 Difference between CT and conventional radiography
4.5 Gamma-ray energy 1.2 Benefits and advantages
4.6 Energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources 1.3 Limitations
4.7 Energy characteristics of X-ray machines 1.4 Industrial imaging examples
5.0 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 2.0 Basic Hardware Configuration

5.1 Ionization 2.1 Scan geometries – general configurations by generation
5.2 Radiation interaction with matter 2.2 Radiation sources
5.2.1 Photoelectric effect 2.3 Detection systems
5.2.2 Compton scattering 2.4 Manipulation/mechanical system
5.2.3 Pair production 2.5 Computer system
5.3 Unit of radiation exposure – coulomb per kilogram 2.6 Image reconstruction
(C/kg) 2.7 Image display
5.4 Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources 2.8 Data storage
5.5 Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices 2.9 Operator interface
5.7 Half-value layers, tenth-value layers 3.0 Fundamental CT Performance Parameters
5.8 Inverse square law 3.1 Fundamental scan plan parameters
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6.0 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
6.1 Radioisotope sources
3.2 Basic system tradeoffs for spatial resolution/noise/slice
thickness
6.1.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication 4.0 Basic Image Interpretation and Processing
6.1.2 Gamma-ray sources 4.1 Artifacts – definitions, detection, and basic causes
6.1.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources 4.2 CT density measurements
6.1.4 Neutron sources
Computed Tomography Testing Level II

6.2 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics
Topical Outline
6.3 Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low
energy
6.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabrication Computed Tomography Technique Course
1.0 General Principles of CT and Terminology
6.3.5 Target material and configuration
1.1 CT technical background
6.3.6 Heat dissipation
1.2 Physical basis – X-ray interactions with material
6.3.7 Duty cycle
properties
6.3.8 Beam filtration
1.3 Mathematical basis – line integrals
6.4* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and high-energy
1.4 Data sampling principles
6.4.1* Resonance transformer
1.5 Physical limitations of the sampling process
6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
1.6 Reconstruction algorithms
6.4.3* Linear accelerator
1.6.1 Convolution/backprojections
6.4.4* Betatron
1.6.2 Fourier reconstructions
1.6.3 Fan/cone beam
6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
6.4.7* Beam filtration
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Digital Radiography Testing Level I

Topical Outline
2.0 CT System Performance – Characterizing System
Performance
2.1 CT system performance parameters overview
2.2 Spatial resolution Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
2.3 Contrast sensitivity Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
2.4 Artifacts ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
2.4.1 Beam hardening, streak, under-sampling, etc. Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
2.5 Noise
as guidance.
2.6 Effective X-ray energy

2.7 System performance measurement techniques
2.8 Spatial resolution
2.9 Contrast sensitivity
2.9.1 Calibrating CT density 1.0 Introduction
2.9.2 Measuring CT density 1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
2.9.3 Performance measurement intervals 1.2 Definition of industrial radiography
1.3 Radiation protection – why?
3.0 Image Interpretation and Processing 1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc.
3.1 Use of phantoms to monitor CT system performance
3.2 Evaluation of CT system performance parameters 2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter
3.3 Determination of artifacts 2.1 Elements and atoms
3.4 Artifact mitigation techniques 2.2 Molecules and compounds
2.3 Atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons, and
4.0 Advanced Image Processing Algorithms neutrons
4.1 Modulation transfer function calculation 2.4 Atomic structure
4.2 Effective energy calculation 2.5 Atomic number and weight
4.3 Application of image processing algorithms 2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope
4.4 Artifact mitigation techniques application
3.0 Radioactive Materials
5.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review 3.1 Production
5.1 Controlling personnel exposure 3.1.1 Neutron activation
5.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts 3.1.2 Nuclear fission
5.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept 3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms
3.3 Becquerel – the unit of activity
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5.4 Radiation-detection equipment
5.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics 3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
3.6 Specific activity – becquerels/gram
Course
1.0 Evaluation of Castings 4.2 Electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma ray
1.1 Casting-method review 4.3 X-ray production
1.2 Casting discontinuities 4.4 Gamma-ray production
1.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities 4.5 Gamma-ray energy
1.4 Radiographic appearance 4.6 Energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources
1.5 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria 4.7 Energy characteristics of X-ray machines
2.0 Evaluation of Weldments 5.0 Interaction of Radiation with Matter

2.1 Welding-method review 5.1 Ionization
2.2 Welding discontinuities 5.2 Radiation interaction with matter
2.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities 5.2.1 Photoelectric effect
2.4 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance 5.2.2 Compton scattering
criteria 5.2.3 Pair production
5.3 Unit of radiation exposure – coulomb per kilogram
3.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography (C/kg)
3.1 ASTM standards 5.4 Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
3.2 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups 5.5 Emissivity of X-ray exposure devices
3.3 Applicable employer procedures 5.6 Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation – shielding
5.8 Inverse square law
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6.0 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources 4.0 Detector Issues

6.1 Radioisotope sources 4.1 Scatter sensitivity
6.1.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication 4.2 Radiation exposure tolerance
6.1.2 Gamma-ray sources 4.3 Portability
6.1.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources 4.4 Detector handling
6.1.4 Neutron sources
6.2 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics 5.0 Technique Sheets
Digital Radiography Testing Level II

6.3 Electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low-
energy
Topical Outline
Digital Radiography Technique Course

6.3.5 Target material and configuration
6.3.6 Heat dissipation 1.0 Basic Digital Radiography versus Film Principles
6.3.7 Duty cycle 1.1 Film versus DR images
6.3.8 Beam filtration 1.1.1 Linearity and latitude
6.4* Electronic radiation sources – medium- and high-energy 1.1.2 Contrast and resolution
6.4.1* Resonance transformer
6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
2.0 DR System Components
6.4.3* Linear accelerator
2.1 X-ray and gamma-ray sources
6.4.4* Betatron
2.1.1 Energy, mA, focal spot
2.1.2 Stability
6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
2.1.3 Open and closed X-ray tubes
6.4.7* Beam filtration
2.1.4 Filtration
2.2 Computer
7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review 2.2.1 Operator interface
7.1 Controlling personnel exposure 2.2.2 System controller
7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts 2.2.3 Image processor
7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept 2.3 Monitors
7.4 Radiation-detection equipment 2.3.1 CRT
7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics 2.3.2 LCD
techniques. Copy Right Material

2.4 Data archive
2.4.1 Removable media (CD, DVD, tape)
2.4.2 Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
Basic Digital Radiography Technique Course

2.4.3 Central archive
3.0 Image Fidelity

1.0 Digital Radiography (DR) Overview 3.1 Measuring image fidelity
1.1 Digital radiography 3.1.1 Contrast and resolution
1.2 Digital images 3.1.2 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
1.2.1 Bits/bytes 3.2 Image fidelity indicators (system characterization)
1.2.2 Pixels/voxels
1.3 Image file formats and compression 4.0 Image Processing (Post-Processing)
1.4 DR system overview 4.1 Grayscale adjustments
1.5 DR system capabilities 4.1.1 Windowing and leveling
1.5.1 DR versus film procedural steps 4.1.2 Look-up tables (LUTs)
1.5.2 Cost and environmental issues 4.1.3 Thresholding
4.1.4 Histogram equalization
2.0 DR System Components 4.1.5 Pseudo-color
2.1 Detector(s) used in the radiography shop 4.2 Arithmetic
2.1.1 Operating procedures to use the equipment 4.2.1 Addition (integration)
4.2.2 Subtraction
3.0 Image Fidelity Indicators (System Characterization) 4.2.3 Division
3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs): hole and wire types 4.2.4 Multiplication
3.2 Line pair gages 4.2.5 Averaging
3.3 Phantoms
3.4 Reference quality indicators (RQIs)
3.5 TV test patterns
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4.3 Filtering (kernels) 11.0 Use of Digital Reference Images

4.3.1 Convolution 11.1 ASTM standards review
4.3.2 Low pass (smoothing) 11.2 Use of reference images and contrast normalization
4.3.3 High pass (edge enhancement)
4.3.4 Median 12.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
4.3.5 Unsharp mask 12.1 Controlling personnel exposure
4.4 Region of interest (ROI) 12.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
12.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
5.0 Detector Issues for the Detector(s) Used 12.4 Radiation-detection equipment
5.1 Frame rate 12.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
5.2 Resolution (pixel pitch, pixel size, etc.)
5.3 Blooming, bleed over Evaluation and Interpretation Course
5.4 Ghosting/latent image/lag
5.5 Scatter sensitivity
1.0 Image Viewing
5.6 Bit depth
1.1 Image display requirements
5.7 Dynamic range and SNR
1.2 Background lighting
5.8 Fabrication anomalies (bad pixels, chip grades, etc.)
1.3 Multiple-composite viewing
5.9 Radiation exposure tolerance
1.4 Image quality indicator (IQI) placement
5.10 Portability
1.5 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
5.11 Detector handling
1.6 Image identification
1.7 Location markers
6.0 Detector Calibrations for the Detector(s) Used
6.1 Gain and offset
2.0 Application Techniques
6.2 Detector-specific calibration
2.1 Multiple-view techniques
2.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
7.0 Monitor and Viewing Environment
2.2 Enlargement and projection
7.1 Limited bit depth display
2.3 Geometric relationships
7.2 Monitor resolution
7.3 Monitor brightness and contrast
2.3.2 IQI sensitivity
7.4 Monitor testing
2.3.3 Source-to-detector distance
7.4.1 Test patterns
7.4.2 Luminance – cd/m2
2.4 Triangulation methods for discontinuity location
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7.4.3 Contrast – min:max, digital driving level (DDL)
7.5 Monitor calibration
7.6 Viewing area
3.0 Evaluation of Castings
3.1 Casting-method review
8.0 Technique Development Considerations
3.2 Casting discontinuities
8.1 Image unsharpness and geometric magnification
8.1.1 Determining required geometric magnification
3.4 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
8.1.2 Geometry and geometric unsharpness
8.1.3 Focal spot size measurement method
8.1.4 Total image unsharpness
4.0 Evaluation of Weldments
8.2 SNR compensation for spatial resolution
4.1 Welding-method review
8.2.1 Frame averaging
4.2 Welding discontinuities
8.2.2 Binning
8.2.3 X-ray spectrum optimization
4.4 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance
8.2.3.1 Filtering
criteria
8.2.3.2 Beam collimation
8.2.3.3 Beam energy
8.3 Image processing
8.3.1 Understanding of cost and benefits of common 5.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
image processing techniques – windowing, 5.1 ASTM standards
filtering, subtraction, etc. 5.2 Acceptable techniques and setups
5.3 Applicable employer procedures
9.0 Detector Monitoring
10.0 Detector Maintenance
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Radiographic Testing Level III Topical

Outline
3.1 Exposure hazards
3.1.1 Occupational dose limits
Basic Radiographic Topics
3.2 Methods of controlling radiation exposure
3.2.1 Time
3.2.2 Distance
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.2.2.1 Inverse square law
1.1 Nature of penetrating radiation 3.2.3 Shielding
1.2 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter 3.2.3.1 Half-value layers
1.3 Radiology overview 3.2.3.2 Tenth-value layers
1.3.1 Film radiography 3.3 Operational and emergency procedures
1.3.2 Computed radiography 3.4 Dosimetry and film badges
1.3.3 Computed tomography 3.5 Gamma leak testing
1.3.4 Digital radiography 3.6 Transportation regulations
1.3.4.1 Radioscopy
2.0 Equipment/Materials
Radiographic Testing
2.1 Electrically generated sources
2.1.1 X-ray sources 1.0 Techniques/Calibration
2.1.1.1 Generators and tubes as an integrated 1.1 Imaging considerations
system 1.1.1 Sensitivity
2.1.1.2 Sources of electrons 1.1.2 Contrast and definition
2.1.1.3 Electron accelerating methods 1.1.3 Geometric factors
2.1.1.4 Target materials and characteristics 1.1.4 Intensifying screens
2.1.1.5 Equipment design considerations 1.1.5 Scattered radiation
2.1.1.6 Microfocus sources 1.1.6 Source factors
2.2 Isotope sources 1.1.7 Detection media
2.2.1 Exposure devices 1.1.8 Exposure curves
2.2.2 Source changers 1.2 Film Processing
2.2.3 Remote-handling equipment 1.2.1 Darkroom procedures
2.2.4 Collimators 1.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
2.2.5 Specific characteristics 1.2.3 Film processing
2.2.5.1 Half-lives 1.3 Viewing of radiographs
2.2.5.2 Energy levels
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2.2.5.3 Half-value layers
1.3.1 Illuminator requirements
1.3.2 Background lighting
1.3.3 Optical aids
2.2.5.4 Tenth-value layers
2.3 Radiation detection overview 1.4 Judging radiographic quality
2.3.1 Direct imaging 1.4.1 Density
2.3.1.1 Film overview 1.4.2 Contrast
2.3.1.2 Radioscopy overview 1.4.3 Definition
2.3.1.3 X-ray image intensifier system 1.4.4 Artifacts
2.3.2 Digital data acquisition/detectors 1.4.5 Image quality indicators (IQIs)
2.3.2.1 Film digitizers 1.4.6 Causes and correction of unsatisfactory
2.3.2.2 Computed radiography (CR) radiographs
2.3.2.3 Digital radiography (DR) 1.5 Exposure calculations
2.3.2.4 Computed tomography (CT) 1.6 Radiographic techniques
2.4 Manipulators 1.6.1 Blocking and filtering
2.4.1 Manual versus automated 1.6.2 Multi-film techniques
2.4.2 Multiple axis 1.6.3 Enlargement and projection
2.4.3 Weight capacity 1.6.4 Stereoradiography
2.4.4 Precision 1.6.5 Triangulation methods
2.5 Visual perception 1.6.6 Autoradiography
2.5.1 Spatial frequency 1.6.7 Flash radiography
2.5.2 Contrast 1.6.8 In-motion radiography
2.5.3 Displayed brightness 1.6.9 Control of diffraction effects
2.5.4 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 1.6.10 Pipe welding exposures
2.5.5 Probability of detection (POD) (single versus 1.6.10.1 Contact
multiple locations, scanning) 1.6.10.2 Elliptical
2.5.6 Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves 1.6.10.3 Panoramic
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1.6.11 Gaging 3.1.3.3 Wall thickness

1.6.12 Real-time imaging 3.1.3.4 Blob/cluster analysis
1.6.13 Image analysis techniques 3.2 Grayscale display adjustments
1.6.14 Image-object relationship 3.2.1 Window width and level
3.2.2 Look-up tables (LUTs)
2.0 Interpretation/Evaluation 3.2.3 Thresholding
2.1 Material considerations 3.2.4 Histogram equalization
2.1.1 Materials processing as it affects use of item and 3.2.5 Pseudo-color
test results 3.3 Filtering (kernels)
2.1.2 Discontinuities, their causes and effects 3.3.1 Convolution
2.1.3 Radiographic appearance of discontinuities 3.3.2 Low pass
2.1.4 Nonrelevent indications 3.3.3 High pass
2.1.5 Film artifacts 3.3.4 Median
2.1.6 Code considerations 3.3.5 Unsharp mask
3.0 Procedures 4.0 Acquisition System Considerations

4.1 Portability
Common Digital System Elements and Digital
4.2 Access requirements for detectors
Image Properties
4.3 High-energy applications
1.0 Digital Image Properties Computed Radiography Testing

1.1 Bits/bytes
1.2 Pixels/voxels 1.0 Computed Radiography (CR) System Capabilities
1.3 Image file formats and compression (JPEG, TIFF, 1.1 CR system overview
DICONDE) 1.2 CR versus film procedural steps
1.3.1 Advantages/disadvantages 1.3 Cost and environmental issues
1.3.2 Lossy versus lossless 1.4 Film versus CR images
1.4 Sampling theory (digitizing) 1.5 Linearity and latitude
1.4.1 Pixel size (aperture) 1.6 Contrast and resolution
1.4.2 Pixel pitch
1.4.3 Bit depth 2.0 Measuring Image Fidelity
1.4.4 Nyquist theory 2.1 Contrast and resolution
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2.0 Digital System Specific: Components
2.2 Modulation transfer function (MTF)
2.3 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
2.1 Computer
2.1.1 Operator interface 3.0 Image Fidelity Indicators (System Characterization)
2.1.2 System controller 3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs): hole and wire types
2.1.3 Image processor 3.2 Line pair gages
2.2 Monitor and viewing environment 3.3 Phantoms
2.2.1 Type of monitors/displays 3.4 Reference quality indicators (RQIs)
2.2.2 Limited bit-depth display 3.5 TV test patterns
2.2.3 Monitor resolution
2.2.4 Monitor brightness and contrast 4.0 CR Technical Requirements
2.2.5 Monitor testing 4.1 Qualification of CR systems
2.2.6 Monitor calibration 4.2 Classification of CR systems
2.2.7 Viewing area and ergonomics 4.3 Maintenance of CR systems
2.3 Data archive 4.4 Technical requirements for inspection
2.3.1 Removable media – single media (CD, DVD, tape)
2.3.2 Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) 5.0 CR Technical Development
2.3.3 Central archive 5.1 Hardware development
2.3.4 Image retrieval 5.1.1 Hard/soft cassette usage
5.1.2 Image plate wear and damage
3.0 Digital System Specific: Image Processing Topics 5.1.3 Image plate artifacts
3.1 Region of interest (ROI) and measurements 5.2 Software development
3.1.1 Line profiles 5.3 CR image optimization
3.1.2 Histograms (mean/standard deviations) 5.3.1 Laser spot size optimization
3.1.3 Discontinuity sizing 5.3.2 Use of lead screens
3.1.3.1 Length
3.1.3.2 Area
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6.0 Use of Digital Reference Images 4.0 Detector Selection

6.1 ASTM standards review 4.1 ASTM E 2597 data interpretation
6.2 Digital reference images installation 4.1.1 Frame rate, resolution, ghosting/lag, bit depth
6.2.1 Include reference image resolutions/pixel size 4.1.2 Basic spatial resolution
6.3 Use of reference images and contrast normalization 4.1.3 Bad pixel characterization
4.1.4 Contrast sensitivity
7.0 Review of DR Industry Standards (i.e., ASTM) 4.1.5 Efficiency
4.1.6 Specific material thickness
Computed Tomography Testing
4.1.7 Modulation transfer function (MTF)
4.1.8 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
4.2 Additional detector selection criteria/parameters
1.0 Advanced Theoretical Background 4.2.1 Frame rate
1.1 Radon transform 4.2.2 Blooming
1.2 Sampling the radon transform 4.2.3 Ghosting/latent image/lag
1.3 Convolution principles – point spread function 4.2.4 Scatter sensitivity
1.4 Reconstruction processes 4.2.5 Bit depth
1.4.1 Convolution/backprojections 4.2.6 Fabrication anomalies (i.e., bad pixels, chip
1.4.2 Fourier reconstructions grades, etc.)
1.4.3 Fan/cone beam 4.2.7 Radiation exposure tolerance
2.0 Advanced Image Processing and Algorithm Analysis 5.0 DR Image Quality Topics
2.1 System performance analysis 5.1 Calibration optimization
2.1.1 Modulation transfer function 5.2 Setting bad pixel limits versus application
2.1.2 Contrast detail dose curves 5.3 Image unsharpness and geometric magnification
2.1.3 Effective energy 5.3.1 Determining required geometric magnification
5.3.2 Geometry and geometric unsharpness
3.0 CT System Performance Measurements and Monitoring 5.3.3 Focal spot size measurement method
3.1 CT system trade spaces 5.3.4 Total image unsharpness
3.2 CT system selection 5.4 SNR compensation for spatial resolution
3.3 Key parameters 5.4.1 Frame averaging
3.3.1 Trade-offs 5.4.2 Binning
3.3.2 Scan plan development 5.4.3 X-ray spectrum optimization
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5.4.3.1 Filtering
Digital Radiography Testing

5.4.3.2 Beam collimation
5.4.3.3 Beam energy
5.5 Radiation damage management
1.0 DR System Capabilities
1.1 DR system overview 6.0 Qualification of DR Procedures
1.2 DR versus film procedural steps 6.1 Qualification plan
1.3 Cost and environmental issues 6.2 System performance characterization
1.4 Film versus DR images 6.2.1 Process controls
1.5 Linearity and latitude 6.3 Technique documentation
1.6 Contrast and resolution 6.4 Technique validation
2.0 Measuring Image Fidelity 7.0 Use of Digital Reference Images

2.1 Contrast and resolution 7.1 ASTM standards review
2.2 Modulation transfer function (MTF) 7.2 Digital reference images installation
2.3 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 7.2.1 Include reference image resolutions/pixel size
7.3 Use of reference images and contrast normalization
Radiographic Testing, Level I, II, and III

3.0 Image Fidelity Indicators (System Characterization)
Training References
3.1 Image quality indicators (IQIs): hole and wire types
3.2 Line pair gages
3.3 Phantoms
3.4 Reference quality indicators (RQIs) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive
3.5 TV test patterns Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.*
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method.

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Limited Certification for Radiographic

Film Interpretation Topical Outlines
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Radiographic Testing Method,
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Radiographic Testing Method.
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
Inc. Latest edition.* ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, as guidance.
ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4,
Radiographic Technique Course
Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition. 1.0 Introduction
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1.1 Process of radiography
Inc. 2016.* 1.2 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources
1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation 1.4 Penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and gamma
Safety. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive rays
Testing, Inc. 2009. 1.5 X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on “quality”
McGuire, S.A. and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. and intensity
Inc. 2004.* 2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography
2.1 Geometric exposure principles
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training 2.1.1 “Shadow” formation and distortion
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. 2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation
2.1.3 Shadow sharpness
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth
Radiography in Modern Industry, www.kodak.com/eknec/docu- 2.2 Radiographic screens
ments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in-Modern- 2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens
Industry.pdf. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980. 2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens
2.2.3 Intensifying factors
Schneeman, J.G. Industrial X-ray Interpretation. Evanston, IL: 2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
Intex Publishing Co. 1985.*
Copy Right Material
Staton, J. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
2.3 Radiographic cassettes
2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic film
Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2016.*
3.0 Radiographs
Taylor, J.L., ed., Basic Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, 3.1 Formation of the latent image on film
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British 3.2 Inherent unsharpness
Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 1988.* 3.3 Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
3.3.1 Milliamperage – distance-time relationship
Thielsch, H. Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping. 3.3.2 Reciprocity law
New York: R.E. Krieger Publishing. 1977.* 3.3.3 Photographic density
Welding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American Welding 3.3.4 Inverse square law considerations
Society. Latest edition. 3.4 Characteristic (Hurter and Driffield) curve
3.5 Film speed and class descriptions
Note: Technical papers on much of the subject material can be 3.6 Selection of film for particular purpose
found in the journal of ASNT, Materials Evaluation. For specific
topics, see the index of Materials Evaluation, on the ASNT Web 4.0 Radiographic Image Quality
site (www.asnt.org). 4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
4.2 Radiographic contrast
4.3 Film contrast
Columbus, OH. 4.4 Subject contrast
4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
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5.0 Exposure Techniques – Radiography 3.3 Welding processes and associated discontinuities
5.1 Single-wall radiography 3.3.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW)
5.2 Double-wall radiography 3.3.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
5.2.1 Viewing two walls simultaneously 3.3.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
5.2.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing 3.3.4 Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
5.2.3 Elliptical techniques 3.3.5 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
5.3 Panoramic radiography
5.4 Use of multiple-film loading Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
Course
5.5 Specimen configuration
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course 1.0 Radiographic Viewing

1.1 Film-illuminator requirements
1.0 Darkroom Facilities, Techniques, and Processing 1.2 Background lighting
1.1 Facilities and equipment 1.3 Multiple-composite viewing
1.1.1 Automatic film processor versus manual processing 1.4 Image quality indicator (IQI) placement
1.2 Protection of radiographic film in storage 1.5 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
1.3 Processing of film – manual 1.6 Film identification
1.3.1 Developer and replenishment 1.7 Location markers
1.3.2 Stop bath 1.8 Film-density measurement
1.3.3 Fixer and replenishment 1.9 Film artifacts
1.3.4 Washing
1.3.5 Prevention of water spots 2.0 Application Techniques
1.3.6 Drying 2.1 Multiple-film techniques
1.4 Automatic film processing 2.1.1 Thickness-variation parameters
1.5 Film filing and storage 2.1.2 Film speed
1.5.1 Retention-life measurements 2.1.3 Film latitude
1.5.2 Long-term storage 2.2 Enlargement and projection
1.5.3 Filing and separation techniques 2.3 Geometric relationships
1.6 Unsatisfactory radiographs – causes and cures 2.3.1 Geometric unsharpness
1.6.1 High film density 2.3.2 IQI sensitivity
1.6.2 Insufficient film density 2.3.3 Source-to-film distance
1.6.3 High contrast 2.3.4 Focal-spot size
1.6.4 Low contrast
1.6.5 Poor definition
1.6.6 Fog
Copy Right Material 2.4 Triangulation methods for discontinuity location
2.6 Film-handling techniques
1.6.7 Light leaks
1.6.8 Artifacts 3.0 Evaluation of Castings
1.7 Film density 3.1 Casting-method review
1.7.1 Step-wedge comparison film 3.2 Casting discontinuities
1.7.2 Densitometers 3.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
3.4 Radiographic appearance
2.0 Indications, Discontinuities, and Defects 3.5 Casting codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
2.1 Indications 3.6 Reference radiographs
2.2 Discontinuities
2.2.1 Inherent 4.0 Evaluation of Weldments
2.2.2 Processing 4.1 Welding-method review
2.2.3 Service 4.2 Welding discontinuities
2.3 Defects 4.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.4 Radiographic appearance
3.0 Manufacturing Processes and Associated Discontinuities 4.5 Welding codes/standards – applicable acceptance criteria
3.1 Casting processes and associated discontinuities 4.6 Reference radiographs or pictograms
3.1.1 Ingots, blooms, and billets
3.1.2 Sand casting 5.0 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
3.1.3 Centrifugal casting 5.1 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
3.1.4 Investment casing 5.2 Applicable employer procedures
3.2 Wrought processes and associated discontinuities 5.3 Procedure for radiograph parameter verification
3.2.1 Forgings 5.4 Radiographic reports
3.2.2 Rolled products
3.2.3 Extruded products
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IR
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level I Topical Basic Thermal/Infrared Operating Course

Outline
1.0 Introduction
Basic Thermal/Infrared Physics Course
1.1 Thermography defined
1.2 How infrared imagers work
1.3 Differences among imagers and alternative equipment
1.0 The Nature of Heat – What Is It and How Is It 1.4 Operation of infrared thermal imager
Measured/Expressed? 1.4.1 Selecting the best perspective
1.1 Instrumentation 1.4.2 Image area and lens selection for required details
1.2 Scales and conversions 1.4.3 Optimizing the image
1.4.4 Basic temperature measurement
2.0 Temperature – What Is It and How Is It 1.4.5 Basic emissivity measurement
Measured/Expressed? 1.5 Operation of support equipment for infrared surveys
2.1 Instrumentation
2.2 Scales and conversions 2.0 Checking Equipment Calibration with Blackbody
References
3.0 Heat Transfer Modes Familiarization
3.1 Heat conduction fundamentals 3.0 Infrared Image and Documentation Quality
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3.1.1 Fourier’s law of heat conduction (concept) 3.1 Elements of a good infrared image
3.1.2 Conductivity/resistance basics 3.1.1 Clarity (focus)
3.2 Heat convection fundamentals 3.1.2 Dynamic range of the image
3.2.1 Newton’s law of cooling (concept) 3.1.3 Recognizing and dealing with reflections
3.2.2 Film coefficient/film resistance basics 3.1.4 Recognizing and dealing with spurious
3.3 Heat radiation fundamentals convection
3.3.1 Stefan-Boltzmann Law (concept) 3.2 Recording
3.3.2 Emissivity/absorptivity/reflectivity/transmissivity 3.2.1 Videotape
basics (Kirchhoff’s law) 3.2.2 Photographic images
3.2.3 Video photo cameras
4.0 Radiosity Concepts Familiarization 3.2.4 Digital recording
4.1 Reflectivity 3.2.5 Videoprinters
4.2 Transmissivity
4.3 Absorptivity 4.0 Support Data Collection
4.4 Emissivity 4.1 Environmental data
4.5 Infrared radiometry and imaging 4.2 Emissivity
4.6 Spatial resolution concepts 4.2.1 Measurement
4.6.1 Field of view (FOV) 4.2.2 Estimation
4.6.2 Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) – ref. ASTM E 4.2.3 Surface modification
1149 4.3 Surface reference temperatures
4.6.3 Spatial resolution for temperature measurement – 4.4 Identification and other
the split response function (SRF)
4.6.4 Measurement instantaneous field of view
(MIFOV)
4.7 Error potential in radiant measurements (an overview)
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l IR
Basic Thermal/Infrared Applications Course 3.2.5 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
1.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 3.2.6 Effects of emissivity errors
in Thermal Resistance (Quasi-Steadystate Heat Flow) 3.3 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
1.1 Large surface-to-ambient temperature difference (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
1.2 Small surface-to-ambient temperature difference 3.4 Reflectivity problem
3.4.1 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections
2.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 3.4.2 Theoretical corrections
in Thermal Capacitance, Using System or Environmental 3.5 Transmissivity problem
Heat Cycles 3.5.1 Quantified effects of partial transmittance
3.5.2 Theoretical corrections
3.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences
in Physical State 4.0 Resolution Tests and Calculations
4.1 IFOV, FOV, and MIFOV measurements and
calculations
4.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Fluid Flow
4.2 MRTD measurements and calculations
Problems
4.3 Slit response function – measurement, calculations,
interpretations, and comparisons
5.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Friction
4.4 Resolution versus lens and distance
4.5 Dynamic range
6.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Non- 4.6 Data acquisition rate/data density
homogeneous Exothermic or Endothermic Conditions 4.7 Frame rate and field rate
4.8 Image data density
7.0 Field Quantification of Point Temperatures 4.8.1 Lines of resolution
7.1 Simple techniques for emissivity 4.8.2 IFOVs/line
7.2 Typical (high emissivity) applications 4.8.3 Computer pixels/line
7.3 Special problem of low emissivity applications
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course

Thermal/Infrared Testing Level II Topical
Outline 1.0 Operating for Infrared Measurements (Quantification)
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course

1.1 Simple infrared energy measurement
1.2 Quantifying the emissivity of the target surface
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1.0 Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of Heat Transfer
1.3 Quantifying temperature profiles
1.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
image
1.1 Conduction – principles and elementary calculation
1.1.1 Thermal resistance – principles and elementary 1.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
calculations reference surface temperatures
1.1.2 Heat capacitance – principles and elementary 1.3.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
calculations errors
1.2 Convection – principles and elementary calculations 1.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
1.3 Radiation – principles and elementary calculations
2.0 Operating for High-Speed Data Collection
2.0 The Infrared Spectrum 2.1 Producing accurate images of transient processes
2.1 Planck’s law/curves 2.2 Recording accurate images of transient processes
2.1.1 Typical detected bands 2.3 Equipment selection and operation for imaging from
2.1.2 Spectral emissivities of real surfaces moving vehicles
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and/or
gases 3.0 Operating Special Equipment for “Active” Techniques
2.1.4 Filters 3.1 Hot or cold fluid energy sources
3.2 Heat lamp energy sources
3.0 Radiosity Problems 3.3 Flash-lamp energy sources
3.1 Blackbodies – theory and concepts 3.4 Electromagnetic induction
3.2 Emissivity problems 3.5 Laser energy sources
3.2.1 Blackbody emissivity
3.2.2 The graybody and the non-graybody 4.0 Reports and Documentation
3.2.3 Broadband and narrow-band emitter targets 4.1 Calibration requirements and records
3.2.4 Specular and diffuse emitters 4.2 Report data requirements
4.3 Preparing reports
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Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications

Course
3.0 Radiosity – Basic Theory and Building Applications
3.1 Blackbodies – theory and concepts
3.2 Emissivity problems
1.0 Temperature Measurement Applications 3.2.1 Blackbody, graybody, and non-graybody
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels – personnel safety audits, etc. 3.2.2 Specular and diffuse emitters in building materials
1.2 Profiles 3.2.3 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
2.0 Energy Loss Analysis Applications 3.2.4 Effects of emissivity errors
2.1 Conduction losses through envelopes 3.2.5 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and
2.1.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification transmissivity (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
2.1.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects 3.2.6 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections in
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or buildings
out of the system)
2.2.1 Location 4.0 Understanding Infrared Camera Specifications for
2.2.2 Quantification Buildings
4.1 Resolution tests and calculations
3.0 “Active” Applications 4.2 IFOV and FOV measurements and calculations
3.1 Insulation flaws 4.3 Resolution versus lens and distance
3.2 Delamination of composites 4.4 Dynamic range
3.3 Bond quality of coatings 4.5 Data acquisition rate/data density
3.4 Location of high heat-capacity components 4.6 Frame rate and field rate
Thermal/Infrared Level II Building Diagnostics

Operating Course
4.0 Filtered Applications
4.1 Sunlight
4.2 Furnace interiors
4.3 Semitransparent targets 1.0 Operating for Qualitative Analysis
5.0 Transient Applications 1.2 Quantifying the relative emissivity variations of the
5.1 Imaging a rapidly moving process target surface
5.2 Imaging from a vehicle 1.3 Quantifying thermal profiles

1.4 Producing accurate images of qualitative thermal scenes
Physics Course
1.5 Qualitative and quantitative analysis during
Copy Right Material pressurization/depressurization testing of building

envelopes
1.1 Conduction – principles and elementary calculation 2.0 Operating for Quantitative Measurements and Analysis
1.1.1 Thermal resistance – principles and elementary 2.1 Infrared energy measurement
calculations 2.2 Quantifying the emissivity of the target surface
1.1.2 Heat capacitance – principles and elementary 2.3 Quantifying temperature profiles
calculations 2.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
1.2 Convection – principles and elementary calculations image
1.3 Radiation – principles and elementary calculations 2.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
1.4 Building envelope pressurization/depressurization reference surface temperatures
effects on measurement of heat transfer 2.3.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
errors
2.0 The Infrared Spectrum 2.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
2.1 Planck’s law/curves 2.5 Producing accurate images of quantitative thermal
2.1.1 Typical detection bands scenes
2.1.2 Spectral emissivities of real surfaces
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and/or 3.0 Reports and Documentation
materials 3.1 Calibration requirements and records
3.2 Report data requirements
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Applications Course
3.4 Reflectivity problem
1.0 Qualitative versus Quantitative Measurement Applications 3.5 Transmissivity problem
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels – personnel safety audits, etc. 3.5.1 Quantified effects of partial transmittance
2.0 Energy Loss Analysis Applications
2.1 Conduction losses through envelopes 4.0 Resolution Tests and Calculations
2.1.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification 4.1 IFOV, FOV, and MIFOV measurements and
2.1.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects calculations
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or 4.2 MRTD measurements and calculations
out of the system) 4.3 Slit response function – measurement, calculations,
2.2.1 Location interpretations, and comparisons
2.2.2 Quantification 4.4 Resolution versus lens and distance
4.5 Dynamic range
3.0 Building Applications 4.6 Data acquisition rate/data density
3.1 Thermal bridges and Insulation flaws 4.7 Frame rate and field rate
3.2 Air infiltration in building envelops 4.8 Image data density
3.3 Envelope pressurization/depressurization (blower door) 4.8.1 Lines of resolution
testing 4.8.2 IFOVs/line
3.4 Moisture in building materials 4.8.3 Computer pixels/line
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course

3.5 Sunlight
3.6 Semitransparent targets
3.7 Transient applications
Electrical and Mechanical Equipment

1.0 Operating for Infrared Measurements (Quantification)
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course

1.0 Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of Heat Transfer 1.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
1.1 Conduction – principles and elementary calculation image
1.1.1 Thermal resistance – principles and elementary 1.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
calculations reference surface temperatures
Copy Right Material

1.1.2 Heat capacitance – principles and elementary
calculations
1.3.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
errors
1.2 Convection – principles and elementary calculations 1.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
2.0 Operating for High-Speed Data Collection
2.0 The Infrared Spectrum 2.1 Producing accurate images of transient processes
2.1 Planck’s law/curves 2.2 Recording accurate images of transient processes
2.1.1 Typical detected bands 2.3 Equipment selection and operation for imaging from
2.1.2 Spectral emissivities of real surfaces moving vehicles
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and/or
gasses 3.0 Operating Special Equipment for “Active” Techniques
2.1.4 Filters 3.1 Hot or cold fluid energy sources
3.2 Heat lamp energy sources
3.0 Radiosity Problems 3.3 Flash-lamp energy sources
3.1 Blackbodies – theory and concepts 3.4 Electromagnetic induction
3.2 Emissivity problems 3.5 Laser energy sources
3.2.1 Blackbody emissivity
3.2.2 The graybody and the non-graybody 4.0 Reports and Documentation
3.2.3 Broadband and narrow-band emitter targets 4.1 Calibration requirements and records
3.2.4 Specular and diffuse emitters 4.2 Report data requirements
3.2.5 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the 4.3 Preparing reports
3.2.6 Effects of emissivity errors
3.3 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
(practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
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Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications

Course
3.0 Radiosity – Basic Theory and Application to
Characteristics of Materials
3.1 Blackbodies – theory and concepts
1.0 Temperature Measurement Applications 3.2 Emissivity problems
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels – personnel safety audits, etc. 3.2.1 Blackbody, graybody, and non-graybody
1.2 Profiles 3.2.2 Specular and diffuse emitters in materials
3.2.3 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
2.0 Energy Loss Analysis Applications
3.2.4 Effects of emissivity errors
2.1 Conduction losses through enclosures and housings
3.2.5 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and
2.1.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification
transmissivity (practical use of Kirchoff’s law)
2.1.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or
out of the system)
2.2.1 Location 4.0 Understanding Infrared Camera Specifications Required
2.2.2 Quantification for Determining Size, Depth, and Type of Flaws in
Materials
4.1 Resolution tests and calculations
3.0 “Active” Applications
4.2 IFOV and FOV measurements and calculations
3.1 Insulation flaws in electrical and mechanical equipment
4.3 Resolution versus lens and distance
3.2 Location of high heat-capacity components
4.4 Dynamic range
4.5 Data acquisition rate/data density
4.0 Filtered Applications
4.6 Frame rate and field rate
4.1 Sunlight
Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials

4.2 Furnace interiors
Operating Course
4.3 Semitransparent targets
5.0 Transient Applications

5.1 Imaging a rapidly moving process 1.0 Operating for Qualitative Analysis
5.2 Imaging from a vehicle 1.1 Simple infrared energy measurement – active versus
passive
Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials Physics 1.2 Quantifying the relative emissivity variations of the
Course target surface
1.3 Quantifying thermal profiles
Copy Right Material

1.1 Conduction – principles and elementary calculation
1.4 Producing accurate images of qualitative thermal scenes
1.5 Qualitative and quantitative analysis
1.6 Understanding thermal differences from the rate of
1.1.1 Thermal resistance – principles and elementary change of thermal differences
calculations
1.1.2 Heat capacitance – principles and elementary
2.0 Operating for Quantitative Measurements and Analysis
calculations
2.1 Infrared energy measurement
1.2 Convection – principles and elementary calculations
2.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
2.0 The Infrared Spectrum image
2.1 Planck’s law/curves 2.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
2.1.1 Typical detection bands reference surface temperatures
2.1.2 Spectral emissivities of real surfaces 2.3.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and errors
materials 2.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
2.5 Producing accurate images of quantitative thermal
scenes
3.0 Reports and Documentation

3.1 Calibration requirements and records
3.2 Report data requirements
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Thermal/Infrared Level II NDT of Materials

Applications Course
2.1.10 Optical pyrometers
2.1.11 Infrared pyrometers
2.1.12 Two-color infrared pyrometers
1.0 Qualitative versus Quantitative Measurement Applications 2.1.13 Laser/infrared pyrometers
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels – personnel safety audits, etc. 2.1.14 Integrating hemisphere radiation pyrometers
2.1.15 Fiber-optic thermometers
2.0 Energy Loss Analysis Applications 2.1.16 Infrared photographic films and cameras
2.1 Conduction losses through envelopes 2.1.17 Infrared line-scanners
2.1.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification 2.1.18 Thermal/infrared imagers
2.1.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects 2.1.18.1 Pyroelectric vidicons
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or 2.1.18.2 Single-detector scanners
out of the system) 2.1.18.3 Multi-detector scanners
2.2.1 Location 2.1.18.4 Staring arrays
2.2.2 Quantification 2.2 Heat flux indicators
2.3 Performance parameters of non-contact devices
3.0 Composite Material Applications 2.3.1 Absolute precision and accuracy
3.1 Thermal bridges and insulation flaws 2.3.2 Repeatability
3.2 Behavior of water, moisture, and FOD in test materials 2.3.3 Sensitivity
3.3 Differentiating materials and flaws/contaminants based 2.3.4 Spectral response limits
on differences in the rate of change of surface 2.3.5 Response time
temperature 2.3.6 Drift
3.5 Effects of sunlight and background heat sources 2.3.7 Spot size ratio
3.6 Semitransparent targets 2.3.8 Instantaneous field of view
3.7 Transient applications 2.3.9 Minimum resolvable temperature difference
2.3.10 Slit response function
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level III Topical

Outline
3.0 Techniques
3.1 Contact temperature indicators
3.1.1 Calibration
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.2 Non-contact pyrometers
1.1 Conduction 3.2.1 Calibration of equipment
1.2 Convection 3.2.2 Quantifying emissivity
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1.3 Radiation 3.2.3 Evaluating background radiation
1.4 The nature of heat and flow 3.2.4 Measuring (or mapping) radiant energy
1.4.1 Exothermic or endothermic conditions 3.2.5 Measuring (or mapping) surface temperatures
1.4.2 Friction 3.2.6 Measuring (or mapping) surface heat flows
1.4.3 Variations in fluid flow 3.2.7 Use in high temperature environments
1.4.4 Variations in thermal resistance 3.2.8 Use in high magnetic field environments
1.4.5 Thermal capacitance 3.2.9 Measurements on small targets
1.5 Temperature measurement principles 3.2.10 Measurements through semitransparent materials
1.6 Proper selection of thermal/infrared testing (TIR) as 3.3 Infrared line scanners
technique of choice 3.3.1 Calibration of equipment
1.6.1 Differences between TIR and other techniques 3.3.2 Quantifying emissivity
1.6.2 Complementary roles of TIR and other methods 3.3.3 Evaluating background radiation
1.6.3 Potential for conflicting results between methods 3.3.4 Measuring (or mapping) surface radiant energy
1.6.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of TIR 3.3.5 Measuring (or mapping) surface temperatures
3.3.6 Measuring (or mapping) surface heat flows
2.0 Equipment/Materials 3.3.7 Use in high temperature environments
2.1 Temperature measurement equipment 3.3.8 Use in high magnetic field environments
2.1.1 Liquid – in-glass thermometers 3.3.9 Measurements on small targets
2.1.2 Vapor – pressure thermometers 3.3.10 Measurements through semitransparent materials
2.1.3 Bourdon – tube thermometers 3.4 Thermal/infrared imaging
2.1.4 Bi-metallic thermometers 3.4.1 Calibration of equipment
2.1.5 Melting point indicators 3.4.2 Quantifying emissivity
2.1.6 Thermochromic liquid crystal materials 3.4.3 Evaluating background radiation
2.1.7 (Irreversible) Thermochromic change materials 3.4.4 Measuring (or mapping) surface radiant energy
2.1.8 Thermocouples 3.4.5 Measuring (or mapping) surface temperatures
2.1.9 Resistance thermometers 3.4.6 Measuring (or mapping) surface heat flows
2.1.9.1 RTDs 3.4.7 Use in high temperature environments
2.1.9.2 Thermistors 3.4.8 Use in high magnetic field environments
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3.4.9 Measurements on small targets 3.6.16 Gaseous plumes

3.4.10 Measurements through semitransparent materials 3.6.16.1 Monitoring
3.5 Heat flux indicators 3.6.16.2 Mapping
3.5.1 Calibration of equipment 3.6.17 Ground frostline mapping
3.5.2 Measurement of heat flow 3.7 Friction investigations. Typical examples may include,
3.6 Exothermic or endothermic investigations. Typical but are not limited to, the following:
examples may include, but are not limited to, the 3.7.1 Bearings
following: 3.7.2 Seals
3.6.1 Power distribution systems 3.7.3 Drive belts
3.6.1.1 Exposed electrical switchgear 3.7.4 Drive couplings
3.6.1.2 Enclosed electrical switchgear 3.7.5 Exposed gears
3.6.1.3 Exposed electrical busses 3.7.6 Gearboxes
3.6.1.4 Enclosed electrical busses 3.7.7 Machining processes
3.6.1.5 Transformers 3.7.8 Aerodynamic heating
3.6.1.6 Electric rotating equipment 3.8 Fluid flow investigations. Typical examples may include,
3.6.1.7 Overhead power lines but are not limited to, the following:
3.6.1.8 Coils 3.8.1 Fluid piping
3.6.1.9 Capacitors 3.8.2 Valves
3.6.1.10 Circuit breakers 3.8.3 Heat exchangers
3.6.1.11 Indoor wiring 3.8.4 Fin fans
3.6.1.12 Motor control center starters 3.8.5 Cooling ponds
3.6.1.13 Lighter arrestors 3.8.6 Cooling towers
3.6.2 Chemical processes 3.8.7 Distillation towers
3.6.3 Foam-in-place insulation 3.8.7.1 Packed
3.6.4 Fire fighting 3.8.7.2 Trays
3.6.4.1 Building investigations 3.8.8 HVAC systems
3.6.4.2 Outside ground base investigations 3.8.9 Lake and ocean current mapping
3.6.4.3 Outside airborne investigations 3.8.10 Mapping civil and industrial outflows into
3.6.5 Moisture in airframes waterways
3.6.6 Underground investigations 3.8.11 Locating leaks in pressure systems
3.6.6.1 Airborne coal mine fires 3.8.12 Filters
3.6.6.2 Utility locating 3.9 Thermal resistance (steadystate heat flow) investigations.
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3.6.6.3 Utility pipe leak detection Typical examples may include, but are not limited to, the
3.6.6.4 Void detection following:
3.6.7 Locating and mapping utilities concealed in 3.9.1 Thermal safety audits
structures 3.9.2 Low temperature insulating systems
3.6.8 Mammal location and monitoring 3.9.3 Industrial insulation systems
3.6.8.1 Ground investigations 3.9.4 Refractory systems
3.6.8.2 Airborne investigations 3.9.5 Semitransparent walls
3.6.8.3 Sorting mammals according to stress 3.9.6 Furnace interiors
levels 3.9.7 Disbonds in lined process equipment
3.6.9 Fracture dynamics 3.10 Thermal capacitance investigations. Typical examples
3.6.10 Process heating or cooling may include, but are not limited to, the following:
3.6.10.1 Rate 3.10.1 Tank levels
3.6.10.2 Uniformity 3.10.2 Rigid injection molding
3.6.11 Heat tracing or channelized cooling 3.10.3 Thermal laminating processes
3.6.12 Radiant heating 3.10.4 Building envelopes
3.6.13 Electronic components 3.10.5 Roof moisture
3.6.13.1 Assembled circuit boards 3.10.5.1 Roof level investigations
3.6.13.2 Bare printed circuit boards 3.10.5.2 Airborne investigations
3.6.13.3 Semiconductor microcircuits 3.10.6 Underground voids
3.6.14 Welding 3.10.7 Bridge deck laminations
3.6.14.1 Welding technique parameters 3.10.8 Steam traps
3.6.14.2 Material parameters 3.10.9 Paper manufacturing moisture profiles
3.6.15 Mapping of energy fields 3.10.10 Subsurface discontinuity detection in materials
3.6.15.1 Electromagnetic fields 3.10.11 Coating disbond
3.6.15.2 Electromagnetic heating processes 3.10.12 Structural materials
3.6.15.3 Radiant heat flux distribution 3.10.12.1 Subsurface discontinuity detection
3.6.15.4 Acoustic fields 3.10.12.2 Thickness variations
3.10.12.3 Disbonding
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4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment

4.1 Exothermic or endothermic investigation: Typical Maintenance. National Fire Protection Association,
examples may include, but are not limited to, the Latest edition.
examples shown in Section 3.6
NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety on the Workplace.
4.2 Friction investigations: Typical examples may include,
National Fire Protection Association. Latest edition.
but are not limited to, the examples shown in
Section 3.7
Building Diagnostics References Level II
4.3 Fluid flow investigations: Typical examples may include,
but are not limited to, the examples shown in
ASTM C1060-11a Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection
Section 3.8
of Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings.
4.4 Differences in thermal resistance (steadystate heat flow)
2011.
investigations: Typical examples may include, but are
not limited to, the examples shown in Section 3.9 ASTM C1153-10 Standard Practice for Location of Wet Insulation
4.5 Thermal capacitance investigations: Typical examples in Roofing Systems using Infrared Imaging. 2010.
may include, but are not limited to, the examples shown
in Section 3.10 ASTM E1183 Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in
Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems. 2009.
5.0 Procedures
ASTM E779 Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage
5.1 Existing codes and standards
Rate by Fan Depressurization. 2010.
5.2 Elements of thermal/infrared testing job procedure
development British Standard Thermal Performance of Buildings. Qualitative
Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes. Infrared
6.0 Safety and Health Method. 1999.
6.1 Safety responsibility and authority
6.2 Safety for personnel Canadian General Standards Board, Document 149-GP-2MP
6.2.1 Liquefied nitrogen handling Manual for Thermographic Analysis of Building Enclosures. 1986.
6.2.2 Compressed gas handling ISO 6781 Thermal Insulation: Qualitative Detection of Thermal
6.2.3 Battery handling Irregularities in Building Envelopes. 1983.
6.2.4 Safety clothing
6.2.5 Safety ropes and harnesses RESNET Mortgage Industry National Home Energy Rating Systems
6.2.6 Ladders Standards. Oceanside, CA: Residential Energy Services Network,
6.2.7 Safety backup personnel Inc. 2013.
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Material
6.3 Safety for client and facilities
References
6.4 Safety for testing equipment
Thermal/Infrared Testing, Level I, II, and III

Training References
DeWitt, D.P. and G.D. Nutter, eds. Theory and Practice of
Radiation Thermometry. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 1989.
Primary Body of Knowledge References Guyer, E.C. Handbook of Applied Thermal Design. Philadelphia:
PA. Taylor & Francis. 1999.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Henderson, F.M. and A.J. Lewis, eds., R.A. Ryerson, ed. in chief.
Materials. Latest Edition.* Principles & Applications of Imaging Radar, Volume 2. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.06, Thermal
Insulation; Environmental Acoustics. Philadelphia, PA: American Holman, J.P. Experimental Methods for Engineers. New York:
Society for Testing and Materials. Latest Edition.* McGraw-Hill. 2000.
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing. Holst, G.C. Common Sense Approach to Thermal Imaging Systems.
Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Winter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co. 2001.*
Latest edition.*
Holst, G.C. Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems,
Maldague, X.P.V., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive third edition. Winter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co.
Testing Handbook, third editon: Volume 3, Infrared and Thermal 1998.*
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2001.* Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, fifth edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.*
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Jackson, M., ed. Earth Observing Platforms & Sensors, Volume 1.1. Thomas, R.A. The Thermography Monitoring Handbook, first edi-
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009. tion. Coxmoor Publishing Company. 1999.
Kaplan, H. Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Tipler, P.A. and RA. Liewellyn. Modern Physics, fifth edition. W.H.
Imaging Equipment, third edition. Tutorial Texts in Optical Freeman. 2007.
Engineering, Volume TT 75. Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press. 2007.
Von Baeyer, H.C. Warmth Disperses and Time Passes – The
Maldague, X.P.V. Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for History of Heat. Modern Library. 1999.
Nondestructive Evaluation. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001.
Wolfe, W.L. and G.J. Zissis, eds. The Infrared Handbook. The
Manual for Thermographic Analysis of Building Enclosures. 149- Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (prepared for The
GP-2MP. Committee on Thermography. Canadian General Department of the Navy). 1985.
Standards Board. 1986.
Schlessinger, M. and I.J. Spiro. Infrared Technology Fundamentals, * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Optical Engineering Series/46, second edition. CRC Press. 1994. Columbus, OH.
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UT
Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines
Ultrasonic Level I Topical Outline 3.4 Couplants

3.4.1 Purpose and principles
Basic Ultrasonic Course 3.4.2 Materials and their efficiency
Note: It is recommended that the trainee receive instruction in this 4.0 Basic Testing Methods
course prior to performing work in ultrasonics. 4.1 Contact
4.2 Immersion
1.0 Introduction 4.3 Air coupling
1.1 Definition of ultrasonics
1.2 History of ultrasonic testing Ultrasonic Technique Course
1.3 Applications of ultrasonic energy
1.4 Basic math review
1.0 Testing Methods
1.1 Contact
1.1.1 Straight beam
2.0 Basic Principles of Acoustics
1.1.2 Angle beam
2.1 Nature of sound waves
1.1.3 Surface-wave and plate waves
2.2 Modes of sound-wave generation
1.1.4 Pulse-echo transmission
2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound waves
1.1.5 Multiple transducer
2.4 Attenuation of sound waves
1.1.6 Curved surfaces
2.5 Acoustic impedance
1.1.6.1 Flat entry surfaces
2.6 Reflection
1.1.6.2 Cylindrical and tubular shapes
2.7 Refraction and mode conversion
1.2 Immersion
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2.8 Snell’s law and critical angles
1.2.1 Transducer in water
2.9 Fresnel and fraunhofer effects
1.2.2 Water column, wheels, etc.
1.2.3 Submerged test part
3.0 Equipment 1.2.4 Sound beam path – transducer to part
3.1 Basic pulse-echo instrumentation (A-scan, B-scan, C- 1.2.5 Focused transducers
scan, and computerized systems) 1.2.6 Curved surfaces
3.1.1 Electronics – time base, pulser, receiver, and 1.2.7 Plate waves
various monitor displays 1.2.8 Pulse-echo and through-transmission
3.1.2 Control functions 1.3 Comparison of contact and immersion methods
3.1.3 Calibration
3.1.3.1 Basic instrument calibration
2.0 Calibration (Electronic and Functional)
3.1.3.2 Calibration blocks (types and use)
2.1 Equipment
3.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
2.1.1 Monitor displays (amplitude, sweep, etc.)
3.3 Transducer operation and theory
2.1.2 Recorders
3.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
2.1.3 Alarms
3.3.2 Types of transducer elements
2.1.4 Automatic and semiautomatic systems
3.3.3 Frequency (transducer elements – thickness
2.1.5 Electronic distance/amplitude correction
relationships)
2.1.6 Transducers
3.3.4 Near field and far field
2.2 Calibration of equipment electronics
3.3.5 Beam spread
2.2.1 Variable effects
3.3.6 Construction, materials, and shapes
2.2.2 Transmission accuracy
3.3.7 Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)
2.2.3 Calibration requirements
3.3.8 Beam-intensity characteristics
2.2.4 Calibration reflectors
3.3.9 Sensitivity, resolution, and damping
3.3.10 Mechanical vibration into part
3.3.11 Other type of transducers (Laser UT, EMAT, etc.)
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l UT
2.3 Inspection calibration 2.3.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound

2.3.1 Comparison with reference blocks 2.3.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.3.2 Pulse-echo variables 2.4 Pipe and tubular products
2.3.3 Reference for planned tests (straight beam, angle 2.4.1 Manufacturing process
beam, etc.) 2.4.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
2.3.4 Transmission factors discontinuities
2.3.5 Transducer 2.4.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.3.6 Couplants 2.4.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.3.7 Materials 2.5 Forgings
2.5.1 Process review
3.0 Straight Beam Examination to Specific Procedures 2.5.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.1 Selection of parameters discontinuities
3.2 Test standards 2.5.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.3 Evaluation of results 2.5.4 Applicable codes/standards
3.4 Test reports 2.6 Castings
4.0 Angle Beam Examination to Specific Procedures 2.6.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
4.1 Selection of parameters discontinuities
4.2 Test standards 2.6.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
4.3 Evaluation of results 2.6.4 Applicable codes/standards
4.4 Test reports 2.7 Composite structures
Ultrasonic Testing Level II Topical Outline

2.7.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
discontinuities
Ultrasonic Evaluation Course

2.7.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
2.7.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.8 Other product forms as applicable – rubber, glass, etc.
1.0 Review of Ultrasonic Technique Course
1.1 Principles of ultrasonics 3.0 Evaluation of Weldments
1.2 Equipment 3.1 Welding processes
1.2.1 A-scan 3.2 Weld geometries
1.2.2 B-scan 3.3 Welding discontinuities
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1.2.3 C-scan 3.4 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
1.2.4 Computerized systems 3.5 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
1.3 Testing techniques 3.6 Applicable codes/standards
1.4 Calibration
1.4.1 Straight beam 4.0 Evaluation of Bonded Structures
1.4.2 Angle beam 4.1 Manufacturing processes
1.4.3 Resonance 4.2 Types of discontinuities
1.4.4 Special applications 4.3 Origin and typical orientation of discontinuities
4.4 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.0 Evaluation of Base-Material Product Forms 4.5 Applicable codes/standards
2.1 Ingots
2.1.1 Process review 5.0 Discontinuity Detection
2.1.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of 5.1 Sensitivity to reflections
discontinuities 5.1.1 Size, type, and location of discontinuities
2.1.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound 5.1.2 Techniques used in detection
2.1.4 Applicable codes/standards 5.1.3 Wave characteristics
2.2 Plate and sheet 5.1.4 Material and velocity
2.2.1 Rolling process 5.2 Resolution
2.2.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of 5.2.1 Standard reference comparisons
discontinuities 5.2.2 History of part
2.2.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound 5.2.3 Probability of type of discontinuity
2.2.4 Applicable codes/standards 5.2.4 Degrees of operator discrimination
2.3 Bar and rod 5.2.5 Effects of ultrasonic frequency
2.3.1 Forming process 5.2.6 Damping effects
2.3.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
discontinuities
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5.3 Determination of discontinuity size 3.3 Probes

5.3.1 Various monitor displays and meter indications 3.3.1 Composite materials
5.3.2 Transducer movement versus display 3.3.2 Pitch, gap, and size
5.3.3 Two-dimensional testing techniques 3.3.3 Passive planes
5.3.4 Signal patterns 3.3.4 Active planes
5.4 Location of discontinuity 3.3.5 Arrays: 1D, 2D, polar, annular, special shape, etc.
5.4.1 Various monitor displays 3.3.6 Beam and wave forming
5.4.2 Amplitude and linear time 3.3.7 Grating lobes
5.4.3 Search technique 3.4 Wedges
3.4.1 Types of wedge designs
6.0 Evaluation 3.5 Scanners
6.1 Comparison procedures 3.5.1 Mechanized
6.1.1 Standards and references 3.5.2 Manual
6.1.2 Amplitude, area, and distance relationship
6.1.3 Application of results of other NDT methods 4.0 Testing Techniques
6.2 Object appraisal 4.1 Linear scans
6.2.1 History of part 4.2 Sectorial scans
6.2.2 Intended use of part 4.3 Electronic scans
6.2.3 Existing and applicable code interpretation
6.2.4 Type of discontinuity and location 5.0 Calibration
Phased Array Level II Topical Outline

5.1 Active element and probe checks
5.2 Wedge delay
5.3 Velocity
Note: It is recommended that this course have as a minimum 5.4 Exit point verifications
5.5 Refraction angle verifications
prerequisite of an Ultrasonic Testing Level II unrestricted
5.6 Sensitivity
certification.
5.7 DAC, TCG, TVG, and ACG variables and parameters
5.8 Effects of curvature
The intent of this document is to provide “basic” knowledge on 5.9 Focusing effects
phased array ultrasonic testing consistent with other methods and 5.10 Beam steering
to acknowledge phased array (PA) as unique enough to warrant an 5.11 Acquisition gates
additional body of knowledge and qualification requirements.
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6.0 Data Collection
Phased Array Evaluation Course 6.1 Single probes
6.2 Multiple probes
6.3 Multiple groups or multiplexing single/multiple probes
1.0 Introduction
6.4 Non-encoded scans
1.1 Terminology of PA
6.4.1 Time-based data storage
1.2 History of PA – medical ultrasound, etc.
6.5 Encoded scans
6.5.1 Line scans
6.5.2 Raster scans
2.0 Basic Principles of PA 6.6 Zone discrimination
2.1 Review of ultrasonic wave theory: longitudinal and shear 6.7 Scan plans and exam coverages
wave 6.7.1 Sectorial
2.2 Introduction to PA concepts and theory 6.7.2 Linear
6.7.3 Electronic raster scans
3.0 Equipment 6.8 Probe offsets and indexing
3.1 Computer-based systems
3.1.1 Processors 7.0 Procedures
3.1.2 Control panel including input and output sockets 7.1 Specific applications
3.1.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit 7.1.1 Material evaluations
modules 7.1.1.1 Composites
3.1.4 Multi-element/multi-channel configurations 7.1.1.2 Non-metallic materials
3.1.5 Portable battery operated versus full computer- 7.1.1.3 Metallic materials
based systems 7.1.1.4 Base material scan
3.2 Focal law generation 7.1.1.5 Bar, rod, and rail
3.2.1 Onboard focal law generator 7.1.1.6 Forgings
3.2.2 External focal law generator 7.1.1.7 Castings
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7.1.2 Component evaluations 3.0 Equipment

7.1.2.1 Ease with complex geometries 3.1 Computer-based systems
7.1.2.1.1 Turbines (blades, dovetails, 3.1.1 Processors
rotors) 3.1.2 Control panel including input and output sockets
7.1.2.1.2 Shafts, keyways, etc. 3.1.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit
7.1.2.1.3 Nozzles modules
7.1.2.1.4 Flanges 3.1.4 Portable battery-operated versus full computer-
7.1.2.2 Geometric limitations based systems
7.1.3 Weld inspections 3.2 Beam profile tools
7.1.3.1 Fabrication/inservice 3.2.1 Probe center separation (PCS) calculators for
7.1.3.2 Differences in material: carbon steel, FLAT material/components
stainless steel, high-temperature nickel- 3.2.2 PCS calculators for CURVE surfaces
chromium alloy, etc. 3.2.3 Beam spread effects and control
7.1.3.3 Review of welding discontinuities 3.2.4 Multiple zone coverage and limitations
7.1.3.4 Responses from various discontinuities 3.3 Probes
7.2 Data presentations 3.3.1 Composite materials
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan) 3.3.2 Damping characteristics
7.2.2 Other (D-scan, S-scan, etc.) 3.3.3 Selection of frequency and diameter
7.3 Data evaluation 3.4 Wedges
7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications 3.4.1 Incident and refracted angle selections
7.3.2 Flaw characterization 3.4.2 High-temperature applications
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning 3.5 Scanners
7.3.4 Geometry 3.5.1 Mechanized
7.3.5 Software tools 3.5.2 Manual
7.3.6 Evaluation gates
7.4 Reporting 4.0 Testing Techniques
7.4.1 Imaging outputs 4.1 Line scans (single tandem probe setups)
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 4.2 Line scans (multiple probe setups)
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc. 4.3 Raster scans
Time of Flight Diffraction Level II Topical

Outline
5.0 Calibration
5.1 Material velocity calculations
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5.2 Combined probe delay(s) calculation(s)
Note: It is recommended that this course have as 5.3 Digitization rates and sampling
a minimum prerequisite an Ultrasonic Testing Level II unrestrict- 5.4 Signal averaging
ed certification. 5.5 Pulse width control
5.6 PCS and angle selection
5.7 Sensitivity
The intent of this document is to provide “basic” knowledge on
5.8 Preamplifiers
time of flight diffraction (TOFD) ultrasonic testing consistent with 5.9 Effects of curvature
other methods and to acknowledge TOFD as unique enough to
warrant an additional body of knowledge and qualification 6.0 Data Collection
requirements. 6.1 Single probe setups
Time of Flight Diffraction Evaluation Course

6.2 Multiple probe setups
6.4 Encoded scans
1.0 Introduction
6.4.1 Line scans
1.1 Terminology of time of flight diffraction (TOFD)
6.4.2 Raster scans
1.2 History of TOFD (e.g., M.G. Silk)
6.5 Probe offsets and indexing
7.0 Procedures
2.0 Basic Principles of TOFD
2.1 Review of ultrasonic wave theory, refracted longitudinal
7.1.1 Material evaluations
waves
7.1.1.1 Base material scans
2.2 Introduction to TOFD concepts and theory
7.1.2 Weld inspections
2.3 Technique limitations
7.1.2.1 Detection and evaluation of fabrication
welding flaws
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7.1.2.2 Detection and evaluation of inservice 2.1.1.4 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
cracking B-scan, and C-scan and digital
7.1.2.3 Detection of volumetric loss such as weld 2.1.1.5 Sensitivity and resolution
root erosion and partial penetration weld 2.1.1.6 Gates, alarms, and attenuators
dimensional verifications 2.1.1.6.1 Basic instrument calibration
7.1.2.4 Geometric limitations 2.1.1.6.2 Calibration blocks
7.1.2.5 Cladding thickness and integrity 2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
evaluations 2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
7.1.3 Complex geometries 2.1.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
7.1.3.1 Transitions, nozzles, branch connections, 2.1.3.2 Types of transducer elements
tees, saddles, etc. 2.1.3.3 Frequency (transducer elements –
7.2 Data presentations thickness relationships)
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, D-scan) 2.1.3.4 Near field and far field
7.2.2 Other (B-scan, C-scan) 2.1.3.5 Beam spread
7.3 Data evaluation 2.1.3.6 Construction, materials, and shapes
7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications 2.1.3.7 Types (straight, angle, dual, etc.)
7.3.2 Flaw characterization 2.1.3.8 Beam intensity characteristics
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning 2.1.3.9 Sensitivity, resolution, and damping
7.3.4 Geometry 2.1.3.10 Mechanical vibration into parts
7.3.5 Software tools 2.1.3.11 Other types of transducers (laser UT,
7.3.5.1 Linearization EMAT, etc.)
7.3.5.2 Lateral/back wall straightening and 2.1.4 Transducer operation/manipulations
removal 2.1.4.1 Tanks, bridges, manipulators, and
7.3.5.3 Synthetic aperture focusing technique squirters
(SAFT) 2.1.4.2 Wheels and special hand devices
7.3.5.4 Spectrum processing 2.1.4.3 Transfer devices for materials
7.3.5.5 Curved surface compensation 2.1.4.4 Manual manipulation
7.3.6 Parabolic cursor(s) 2.1.5 Resonance testing equipment
7.4 Reporting 2.1.5.1 Bond testing
7.4.1 Imaging outputs 2.1.5.2 Thickness testing
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 2.2 Materials
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc. 2.2.1 Couplants
Ultrasonic Testing Level III Topical Outline

2.2.1.1 Contact
Copy Right Material 2.2.1.1.1 Purpose and principles

2.2.1.1.2 Materials and their efficiency
2.2.1.2 Immersion
1.0 Principles/Theory
2.2.1.2.1 Purpose and principles
1.1 General
2.2.1.2.2 Materials and their efficiency
1.2 Principles of acoustics
2.2.1.3 Air coupling
1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
2.2.2 Calibration blocks
1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
2.2.3 Cables/connectors
1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound
2.2.4 Test specimen
waves
2.2.5 Miscellaneous materials
1.2.4 Attenuation of sound waves
1.2.5 Acoustic impedance
3.0 Techniques/Calibrations
1.2.6 Reflection
3.1 Contact
1.2.7 Refraction and mode-conversion
3.1.1 Straight beam
1.2.8 Snell’s law and critical angles
3.1.2 Angle beam
1.2.9 Fresnel and fraunhofer effects
3.1.3 Surface wave and plate waves
3.1.5 Multiple transducer
2.1 Equipment
3.1.6 Curved surfaces
2.1.1 Pulse-echo instrumentation
3.2 Immersion
2.1.1.1 Controls and circuits
3.2.1 Transducer in water
2.1.1.2 Pulse generation (spike, square wave, and
3.2.2 Water column, wheels, etc.
toneburst pulsers)
3.2.3 Submerged test part
2.1.1.3 Signal detection
3.2.4 Sound beam path – transducer to part
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3.2.5 Focused transducers 4.1.3.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound

3.2.6 Curved surfaces 4.1.3.4 Applicable codes, standards,
3.2.7 Plate waves specifications
3.2.8 Pulse-echo and through-transmission 4.1.4 Pipe and tubular products
3.3 Comparison of contact and immersion methods 4.1.4.1 Process review
3.4 Remote monitoring 4.1.4.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.5 Calibration (electronic and functional) discontinuities
3.5.1 General 4.1.4.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.5.2 Reference reflectors for calibration 4.1.4.4 Applicable codes, standards,
3.5.2.1 Balls and flat-bottom holes specifications
3.5.2.2 Area amplitude blocks 4.1.5 Forgings
3.5.2.3 Distance amplitude blocks 4.1.5.1 Process review
3.5.2.4 Notches 4.1.5.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.5.2.5 Side-drilled holes discontinuities
3.5.2.6 Special blocks – IIW and others 4.1.5.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.5.3 Equipment 4.1.5.4 Applicable codes, standards,
3.5.3.1 Various monitor displays (amplitude, specifications
sweep, etc.) 4.1.6 Castings
3.5.3.2 Recorders 4.1.6.1 Process review
3.5.3.3 Alarms 4.1.6.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.5.3.4 Automatic and semiautomatic systems discontinuities
3.5.3.5 Electronic distance amplitude correction 4.1.6.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.5.3.6 Transducers 4.1.6.4 Applicable codes, standards,
3.5.4 Calibration of equipment electronics specifications
3.5.4.1 Variable effects 4.1.7 Composite structures
3.5.4.2 Transmission accuracy 4.1.7.1 Process review
3.5.4.3 Calibration requirements 4.1.7.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.5.4.4 Calibration reflectors discontinuities
3.5.5 Inspection calibration 4.1.7.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.5.5.1 Comparison with reference blocks 4.1.7.4 Applicable codes, standards,
3.5.5.2 Pulse-echo variables specifications
3.5.5.3 Reference for planned tests (straight 4.1.8 Miscellaneous product forms as applicable
Copy Right Material

beam, angle beam, etc.) (rubber, glass, etc.)
3.5.5.4 Transmission factors 4.1.8.1 Process review
3.5.5.5 Transducers 4.1.8.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.5.5.6 Couplants discontinuities
3.5.5.7 Materials 4.1.8.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
4.1.8.4 Applicable codes, standards,
4.0 Interpretations/Evaluations specifications
4.1 Evaluation of base material product forms 4.2 Evaluation of weldments
4.1.1 Ingots 4.2.1 Process review
4.1.1.1 Process review 4.2.2 Weld geometries
4.1.1.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of 4.2.3 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
discontinuities discontinuities
4.1.1.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound 4.2.4 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
4.1.1.4 Applicable codes, standards, 4.2.5 Applicable codes, standards, specifications
specifications 4.3 Evaluation of bonded structures
4.1.2 Plate and sheet 4.3.1 Manufacturing process
4.1.2.1 Process review 4.3.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
4.1.2.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of discontinuities
discontinuities 4.3.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
4.1.2.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound 4.3.4 Applicable codes, standards, specifications
4.1.2.4 Applicable codes, standards, 4.4 Variables affecting test results
specifications 4.4.1 Instrument performance variations
4.1.3 Bar and rod 4.4.2 Transducer performance variations
4.1.3.1 Process review 4.4.3 Test specimen variations
4.1.3.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of 4.4.3.1 Surface condition
discontinuities 4.4.3.2 Part geometry
4.4.3.3 Material structure
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4.4.4 Discontinuity variations 3.0 Equipment

4.4.4.1 Size and geometry 3.1 Computer-based systems
4.4.4.2 Relation to entry surface 3.1.1 Processors
4.4.4.3 Type of discontinuity 3.1.2 Control panel including input and output sockets
4.4.5 Procedure variations 3.1.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit
4.4.5.1 Recording criteria modules
4.4.5.2 Acceptance criteria 3.1.4 Multi-element/multi-channel configurations
4.4.6 Personnel variations 3.1.5 Portable battery operated versus full computer-
4.4.6.1 Skill level in interpretation of results based systems
4.4.6.2 Knowledge level in interpretation of 3.2 Focal law generation
results 3.2.1 Onboard focal law generator
4.5 Evaluation (general) 3.2.2 External focal law generator
4.5.1 Comparison procedures 3.3 Probes
4.5.1.1 Standards and references 3.3.1 Composite materials
4.5.1.2 Amplitude, area, distance relationship 3.3.2 Passive planes
4.5.1.3 Application of results of other NDT 3.3.3 Active planes
methods 3.3.4 Arrays: 1D, 2D, polar, annular, special shape, etc.
4.5.2 Object appraisal 3.3.4.1 Linear arrays
4.5.2.1 History of part 3.3.4.1.1 Aperture (active, effective,
4.5.2.2 Intended use of part minimum, passive)
4.5.2.3 Existing and applicable code 3.3.4.1.2 Element pitch, gap, width, and
interpretation size
4.5.2.4 Type of discontinuity and location 3.3.5 Beam and wave forming
3.3.5.1 Sweep range
5.0 Procedures 3.3.5.2 Steering focus power
5.1 Specific applications 3.3.5.3 Compensation gain
5.1.1 General 3.3.5.4 Beam (length and width)
5.1.2 Flaw detection 3.3.5.5 Focal depth, depth of field, and focal
5.1.3 Thickness measurement range
5.1.4 Bond evaluation 3.3.5.6 Resolution
5.1.5 Fluid flow measurement 3.3.5.6.1 Near-surface resolution
5.1.6 Material properties measurements 3.3.5.6.2 Far-surface resolution
Copy Right Material

5.1.7 Computer control and defect analysis 3.3.5.6.3 Lateral and axial resolution
5.1.8 Liquid level sensing 3.3.5.6.4 Angular-surface resolution
5.1.9 Process control 3.3.6 Lobes
5.1.10 Field inspection 3.3.6.1 Main lobes
5.2 Codes, standards, specifications 3.3.6.2 Side lobes
3.3.6.3 Grating lobes
Phased Array
3.3.6.4 Grating lobe amplitude
3.3.7 Beam apodization
3.4 Wedges
1.0 Introduction 3.4.1 Types of wedge designs
1.1 Terminology of phased array (PA) 3.5 Scanners
1.2 History of PA – medical ultrasound, etc. 3.5.1 Mechanized
1.3 Responsibilities of levels of certification 3.5.2 Manual
2.0 Basic Principles of PA 4.0 Testing Techniques

2.1 Review of ultrasonic wave theory: longitudinal and shear 4.1 Linear scans
wave 4.2 Sectorial scans
2.2 Introduction to PA concepts and theory 4.3 Electronic scans
2.2.1 Phasing 5.0 Calibration
2.2.2 Beam scanning patterns 5.1 Active element and probe checks
2.2.3 Delay laws or focal laws 5.2 Wedge delay
2.2.4 Imaging 5.3 Velocity
2.2.5 Dynamic depth focusing 5.4 Exit point verifications
5.5 Refraction angle verifications
5.6 Sensitivity
5.7 DAC, TCG, TVG, and ACG variables and parameters
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5.8 Effects of curvature 7.4 Reporting

5.9 Focusing effects 7.4.1 Imaging outputs
5.10 Beam steering 7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools
5.11 Acquisition gates 7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc.
6.0 Data Collection Time of Flight Diffraction

6.1 Single probes
6.2 Multiple probes
1.0 Introduction
6.3 Multiple groups or multiplexing single/multiple probes
1.1 Terminology of time of flight diffraction (TOFD)
1.2 History of TOFD (e.g., M.G. Silk)
6.5 Encoded scans
6.5.1 Line scans
2.0 Basic Principles of TOFD
6.5.2 Raster scans
2.1 Review of ultrasonic wave theory, refracted longitudinal
6.6 Zone discrimination
waves
6.7 Scan plans and exam coverages
2.2 Introduction to TOFD concepts and theory
6.7.1 Sectorial
2.3 Technique limitations
6.7.2 Linear
6.7.3 Electronic raster scans
6.8 Probe offsets and indexing 3.0 Equipment
3.1 Computer-based systems
3.1.1 Processors
7.0 Procedures
3.1.2 Control panel including input and output sockets
3.1.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit
7.1.1 Material evaluations
modules
7.1.1.1 Composites
3.1.4 Portable battery-operated versus full computer-
7.1.1.2 Non-metallic materials
based systems
7.1.1.3 Metallic materials
3.2 Beam profile tools
7.1.1.4 Base material scan
3.2.1 Probe center separation (PCS) calculators for
7.1.1.5 Bar, rod, and rail
FLAT material/components
7.1.1.6 Forgings
3.2.2 PCS calculators for CURVE surfaces
7.1.1.7 Castings
3.2.3 Beam spread effects and control
7.1.2 Component evaluations
3.2.4 Multiple zone coverage and limitations
Copy Right Material

7.1.2.1 Ease with complex geometries
3.3 Probes
7.1.2.1.1 Turbines (blades, dovetails,
3.3.1 Composite materials
rotors)
3.3.2 Damping characteristics
7.1.2.1.2 Shafts, keyways, etc.
3.3.3 Selection of frequency and diameter
7.1.2.1.3 Nozzles
3.4 Wedges
7.1.2.1.4 Flanges
3.4.1 Incident and refracted angle selections
7.1.2.2 Geometric limitations
3.4.2 High-temperature applications
7.1.3 Weld inspections
3.5 Scanners
7.1.3.1 Fabrication/inservice
3.5.1 Mechanized
7.1.3.2 Differences in material: carbon steel,
3.5.2 Manual
stainless steel, high-temperature nickel-
chromium alloy, etc.
7.1.3.3 Review of welding discontinuities 4.0 Testing Techniques
7.1.3.4 Responses from various discontinuities 4.1 Line scans (single tandem probe setups)
7.2 Data presentations 4.2 Line scans (multiple probe setups)
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan) 4.3 Raster scans
7.2.2 Other (D-scan, S-scan, etc.)
7.3 Data evaluation 5.0 Calibration
7.3.1 Codes, standards, specifications 5.1 Material velocity calculations
7.3.2 Flaw characterization 5.2 Combined probe delay(s) calculation(s)
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning 5.3 Digitization rates and sampling
7.3.4 Geometry 5.4 Signal averaging
7.3.5 Software tools 5.5 Pulse width control
7.3.6 Evaluation gates 5.6 PCS and angle selection
5.7 Sensitivity
5.8 Preamplifiers
5.9 Effects of curvature
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Ultrasonic Testing, Level I, II, and III

Training References
6.0 Data Collection
6.1 Single probe setups
6.2 Multiple probe setups
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method. Columbus,
OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest
edition.*
6.4 Encoded scans
6.4.1 Line scans ASNT Level III Study Guide: Ultrasonic Method. Columbus, OH:
6.4.2 Raster scans The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edi-
6.5 Probe offsets and indexing tion.*
7.0 Procedures ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Ultrasonic Testing Method.
7.1 Specific applications Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
7.1.1 Material evaluations Inc. Latest edition.*
7.1.1.1 Base material scans Birks, A.S. and R.E. Green, Jr., tech. eds. P. Mclntire, ed.
7.1.2 Weld inspections Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 7,
7.1.2.1 Detection and evaluation of fabrication Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
welding flaws Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1991.*
7.1.2.2 Detection and evaluation of inservice
cracking Dube, N., ed. Introduction to Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology
7.1.2.3 Detection of volumetric loss such as weld Application: R/T Tech Guideline. Waltham, MA: Olympus NDT.
root erosion and partial penetration weld 2004.
dimensional verifications
7.1.2.4 Geometric limitations Dube, N. Advances in Phased Array Ultrasonic Technology
7.1.2.5 Cladding thickness and integrity Applications. Waltham, MA: Olympus NDT. 2007.
evaluations Marks, P.T. Ultrasonic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
7.1.3 Complex geometries Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
7.1.3.1 Transitions, nozzles, branch connections, Testing, Inc. 2015.*
tees, saddles, etc.
7.2 Data presentations Workman, G.L. and D. Kishoni, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, D-scan) Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 7,
7.2.2 Other (B-scan, C-scan) Ultrasonic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
7.3 Data evaluation Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2007.*
Copy Right Material

7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications
7.3.2 Flaw characterization
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning Columbus, OH.
7.3.4 Geometry
Limited Certification for Ultrasonic Digital

7.3.5 Software tools
Thickness Measurement Topical Outline

7.3.5.1 Linearization
7.3.5.2 Lateral/back wall straightening and
removal
7.3.5.3 Synthetic aperture focusing technique 1.0 Principles/Theory
(SAFT) 1.1 General
7.3.5.4 Spectrum processing 1.2 Principles of acoustics
7.3.5.5 Curved surface compensation 1.2.1 Nature of sound waves
7.3.6 Parabolic cursor(s) 1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation
7.4 Reporting 1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound
7.4.1 Imaging outputs waves
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 1.2.4 Attenuation/scattering of sound waves
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc.
2.1 Equipment
2.1.1.1 Pulse generation
2.1.1.2 Signal detection
2.1.1.3 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
B-scan, C-scan, and digital
2.1.1.4 Sensitivity and resolution
2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
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2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory 2.1.1.3 Signal detection

2.1.3.1 Piezoelectric effect 2.1.1.4 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
2.1.3.2 Frequency (crystal-thickness B-scan, C-scan, and digital
relationships) 2.1.1.5 Sensitivity and resolution
2.1.3.3 Types (straight, angle, single, dual, etc.) 2.1.1.6 Gates, alarms, and attenuators
2.2 Materials 2.1.1.7 Basic instrument calibration
2.2.1 Couplants 2.1.1.8 Calibration blocks
2.2.1.1 Purpose and principles 2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
2.2.1.2 Material and their efficiency 2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
2.2.2 Calibration blocks 2.1.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
2.2.3 Cables/connectors 2.1.3.2 Types of crystals
2.2.4 Test specimen 2.1.3.3 Frequency (crystal-thickness
relationships)
3.0 Techniques/Calibrations – Contact Straight Beam 2.1.3.4 Types (straight, angle, single, dual, etc.)
2.1.4 Resonance testing equipment
4.0 Variables Affecting Test Results 2.1.4.1 Thickness testing
4.1 Instrument performance variations 2.2 Materials
4.2 Transducer performance variations 2.2.1 Couplants
4.3 Test specimen variations 2.2.1.1 Purpose and principles
4.3.1 Surface condition 2.2.1.2 Material and their efficiency
4.3.2 Part geometry 2.2.2 Calibration blocks
4.3.3 Material structure 2.2.3 Cables/connectors
2.2.4 Test specimen
5.0 Procedure/Specification Applications/Thickness 2.2.5 Miscellaneous materials
Measurement
3.0 Techniques/Calibrations – Contact Straight Beam
Limited Certification for Ultrasonic A-scan

3.1 Contact
Thickness Measurement Topical Outline

3.1.1 Straight beam
1.0 Principles/Theory 4.0 Variables Affecting Test Results

1.1 General 4.1 Instrument performance variations
Copy Right Material

1.2 Principles of acoustics 4.2 Transducer performance variations
1.2.1 Nature of sound waves 4.3 Test specimen variations
1.2.2 Modes of sound wave generation 4.3.1 Surface condition
1.2.3 Velocity, frequency, and wavelength of sound 4.3.2 Part geometry
waves 4.3.3 Material structure
1.2.4 Attenuation of sound waves 4.4 Personnel variations
1.2.5 Acoustic impedance 4.4.1 Skill level in interpretation of results
1.2.6 Reflection 4.4.2 Knowledge level in interpretation of results
2.0 Equipment/Materials 5.0 Procedures

2.1 Equipment 5.1 Thickness measurement
2.1.1.1 Controls and circuits
2.1.1.2 Pulse generation
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VA
Vibration Analysis Topical Outlines
Vibration Analysis Testing Level I Topical

Outline
2.0 Data Collection Procedures
2.1 Upload/download route
2.2 Following a route
Basic Vibration Analysis Physics Course

2.3.1 Recognize good versus bad data
2.3.2 Perform machine observations
1.0 Introduction 2.3.3 Recognize abnormal conditions (exceptions data)
1.2 The purpose of vibration analysis (condition monitoring)

1.1 Brief history of NDT/PdM and vibration analysis
1.3 Basic principles of vibration analysis 3.1 Mechanical
1.4 Basic terminology of vibration analysis to include: 3.2 Electrical
1.4.1 Measurement units 3.3 Environmental/chemical
Vibration Analysis Testing Level II Topical

1.4.2 Measurement orientation
1.4.4 Software and signal processing

1.4.3 Hardware
1.4.5 Machine components Outline
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Physics Course

1.4.6 Data presentation
2.0 Transducers
2.1 Types 1.0 Review
2.2 Applications 1.1 Basic principles
2.3 Mounting 1.2 Basic terminology
2.4 Limitations 1.3 Transducers
3.0 Instrumentation Copy Right Material 1.4 Instrumentation
3.1 Types 2.0 Additional Terminology

3.2 Applications 2.1 Data acquisition
3.3 Limitations 2.2 Signal processing
Basic Vibration Analysis Operating Course

2.3 Data presentation
3.0 Diagnostic Tools

1.0 Machinery Basics 3.1 Phase
1.1 Machine types to include: 3.2 Fast fourier transform (FFT)
1.1.1 Motors 3.3 Time waveform
1.1.2 Pumps 3.4 Orbit analysis
1.1.3 Gearboxes 3.5 Bode/nyquist
1.1.4 Air handlers 3.6 Trend analysis
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Techniques

1.1.5 Compressors
1.1.6 Turbines
1.1.7 Rolls Course
1.2 Machine components to include:
1.2.1 Bearings
1.0 Data Acquisition
1.2.2 Couplings
1.1 Units
1.2.3 Rotors
1.2 Analysis parameters
1.2.4 Gears
1.3 Alarm levels
1.2.5 Impellers
1.4 Time constant (minimum/maximum)
1.2.6 Belts/chains
1.5 Speed consideration
1.3 Machine orientations
1.6 Lines of resolution
1.7 Overlap
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l VA
Vibration Analysis Testing Level III Topical

Outline
1.8 Number of averages (specifications)
1.9 Averaging types and data collection methods
1.10 Windows
1.11 Sensitivity The principles and theory section, or any other section, is not
1.12 Special transducers intended to be covered as a completely separate section. This cate-
1.13 Routes (data collection) and online systems gory just means that somewhere in the material for training it is
1.14 Transducer selections necessary to cover the basic theory and principles on those topics.
1.15 Transducer location
1.16 Types of data collection 1.0 Principles/Theory
1.17 Resonance testing The vibration data provides detailed information about the
1.18 Check (instrument) calibration condition of a machine and its components. Data can be
1.19 Codes, standards, and specifications processed and presented in different ways to help the analyst
in diagnosing specific problems. The section on principles
2.0 Signal Processing and theory provides the concepts of vibration analysis.
2.1 Windows/weighting 1.1 Physical concepts
2.1.1 Hanning 1.1.1 Sources of vibration
2.1.2 Uniform 1.1.2 Stiffness
2.2 Overlap 1.1.3 Mass
2.3 Filters 1.1.4 Damping
2.3.1 High pass 1.1.5 Phase
2.3.2 Low pass 1.1.6 Modes of vibration
2.3.3 Bandpass 1.1.7 Resonance
2.4 Sampling rate and size 1.2 Data presentation
2.5 Digital versus analog 1.2.1 Units of measurement of spectrum
1.2.2 Waveform
3.0 Data Presentation 1.2.3 Phase analysis
3.1 Scope and limitations of different testing methods 1.3 Sources of vibration
3.2 Waterfall/cascades 1.3.1 Reciprocating machinery analysis
3.3 Linear versus logarithmic 1.3.2 Specialty machine concepts
3.4 Trends 1.3.2.1 Nonlinear behavior
3.5 Changing units 1.4 Correction methods
3.6 True zoom and expansion 1.4.1 Absorbers
Copy Right Material

3.7 Order and/or frequency 1.4.2 Damping treatments
1.4.3 Changing mass
4.0 Problem Identification 1.4.4 Changing stiffness
4.1 Unbalance 1.4.5 Changing operating speed
4.2 Misalignment
4.3 Resonance 2.0 Equipment
4.4 Bearing defects This section under equipment includes instrumentation,
4.5 Looseness sensors, and cabling used in vibration analysis.
4.6 Bent shafts 2.1 Sensors
4.7 Gear defects 2.1.1 Attachments (brackets, connectors, sensor mounting)
4.8 Electrical defects 2.1.2 Cabling
4.9 Hydraulic/flow dynamics 2.2 Signal conditioning
4.10 Rubs 2.2.1 Averaging methods
4.11 Belts and couplings 2.2.2 Windows and weighting
4.12 Eccentricity 2.2.3 Triggering
2.2.4 Spectral and time-domain resolution
5.0 Reporting Methodology 2.3 Instruments
5.1 Technical reports 2.3.1 Portable, route-based data collector
5.2 Management-oriented reports 2.3.2 Online surveillance data collector
5.3 Oral reports 2.3.3 Unfiltered meter (i.e., vibration pen)
2.3.4 Multi-channel transient data recorder
6.0 Safety and Health 2.4 Equipment response to environments performance based
6.1 Mechanical 2.4.1 Temperature gradients
6.2 Electrical 2.4.2 Moisture
6.3 Environmental
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Vibration Analysis Testing Topical Outlines
3.0 Techniques/Calibration 4.3 Data evaluation

Description of ways in which vibration analysis equipment 4.3.1 Evaluation of data to standards/codes
can be used to perform vibration measurements and to 4.3.2 Specifications or acceptance criteria
analyze the results. This includes routine field calibration and 4.3.3 Failure mode and effects analysis
correction of measured data due to effects of test equipment. 4.3.4 Root cause analysis
3.1 Calibration 4.3.5 Cost justification or return on investment analysis
3.1.1 Point sensor calibration/verification
3.1.2 Instrument calibration/verification 5.0 Procedures
3.1.3 Test instrument calibration/verification To be able to develop procedures for performing the various
3.2 Measurement and techniques types of testing techniques needed to determine equipment
3.2.1 Order tracking condition.
3.2.2 Time synchronous averaging
3.2.3 Cross channel measurements 6.0 Safety and Health
3.2.4 Transient analysis Working in close proximity to operating equipment
3.2.5 Modal analysis fundamentals containing a great deal of energy, special care must be taken
3.2.6 Operating deflection shape analysis to avoid injury in addition to using specific personal
3.2.6.1 Frequency domain protective equipment.
3.2.6.2 Time domain 6.1 Mechanical
3.2.7 Natural frequency tests 6.2 Electrical
3.2.8 Torsional vibration techniques 6.3 Environmental/chemical
3.2.9 Specialized vibration analysis techniques (high-
Vibration Analysis Testing Method,

frequency detection, demodulated spectrum, spike

energy spectrum, negative averaging, shock pulse,
etc.)
3.3 Vibration correction techniques API 610, Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and
3.3.1 Change mass, stiffness, and/or damping Natural Gas Industries, 11th edition. American Petroleum
3.3.2 Alignment Institute. 2010.
3.3.3 Clearances on journal bearings
3.3.4 Correct beats API 670, Machinery Protection Systems, 5th edition. American
3.3.5 Static/dynamic balancing Petroleum Institute. 2014.
3.3.6 Dynamic absorber
Bloch, H.P., Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants,
3.3.7 Eliminate looseness
Volume 1: Improving Machinery Reliability, third edition.
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3.3.8 Isolation treatments
Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 1998.
3.3.9 Speed change
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management
4.0 Analysis/Evaluation for Process Plants, Volume 2: Machinery Failure Analysis and
Ability to analyze test data, perform an evaluation, and Troubleshooting, fourth edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2012.
recommend remedial action.
4.1 Equipment considerations Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management
4.1.1 Low speed (<600 rpm) for Process Plants, Volume 3: Machinery Component Maintenance
4.1.2 High speed (>4000 rpm) and Repair. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2005.
4.1.3 Variable speed drive (electrical) Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management
4.1.4 Variable speed drive (i.e., gas or steam turbine) for Process Plants, Volume 4: Major Process Equipment
4.1.5 Reciprocating machinery Maintenance and Repair, second edition. Gulf Professional
4.1.6 Gear type (i.e., spur, helical, worm, epicyclic, etc.) Publishing Co. 1997.
4.1.7 Pump type (i.e., centrifugal, positive
displacement, etc.) Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
4.1.8 Bearing type (i.e., fluid film, anti-friction, etc.) Volume I, Introduction to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI.
4.1.9 Process variables 1992.
4.2 Data analysis
4.2.1 Operational effects Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
4.2.2 Correlation of test data Volume II, Applied Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI. 1992.
4.2.3 Transient analysis Den Hartog, J.P. Mechanical Vibrations. Mineola, NY: Crastre
4.2.4 In-depth time waveform analysis Press. 2008.
4.2.5 Cross channel analysis
4.2.6 Multi-channel analysis Eisenmann, R.C., Sr, and R.C. Eisenmann, Jr. Machinery
4.2.7 Machinery specific analysis Malfunction Diagnosis and Correction: Vibration Analysis and
Troubleshooting for Process Industries. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall Printers. 1997.
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Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, second edition. New Taylor, J.I. The Bearing Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
York: Industrial Press. 1999. Consultants. 2003.
Hydraulic Institute, Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Taylor, J.I. The Gear Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
Measurement and Allowable Values (ANSI/HI 9.6.4-2009). Consultants. 2003.
Englewood, CO: HIS. 2009.
Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Jackson, C. Practical Vibration Primer. Gulf Publishing Co. 2012. Vibration Consultants. 2003.
Mitchell, J.S. An Introduction to Machinery Analysis and Wowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Balancing. McGraw-Hill. 1994.
Monitoring. Tulsa, OK: PenWell Publishing Co. 1993.
Wowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Measurement and Analysis.
Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill. 1991.
sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
Schneider, H. Balancing Technology. Deer Park, NY: Schenck

Trebel Corporation. 1991.
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Visual Testing Topical Outlines
Visual Testing Level I Topical Outline 6.0 Visual Testing to Specific Procedures
6.1 Selection of parameters
Note: The guidelines listed below should be implemented using 6.1.1 Inspection objectives
equipment and procedures relevant to the employer’s industry. No 6.1.2 Inspection checkpoints
times are given for a specific subject; this should be specified in the 6.1.3 Sampling plans
employer’s written practice. Based upon the employer’s product, 6.1.4 Inspection patterns
not all of the referenced subcategories need apply. 6.1.5 Documented procedures
6.2 Test standards/calibration
1.0 Introduction 6.3 Classification of indications per acceptance criteria
1.1 Definition of visual testing 6.4 Reports and documentation
Visual Testing Level II Topical Outline

1.2 History of visual testing
1.3 Overview of visual testing applications
The guidelines listed below should be implemented using equip-
2.0 Definitions
ment and procedures relevant to the employer’s industry. The
Standard terms and their meanings in the employer’s
employer should tailor the program to the company’s particular
industry
application area. Discontinuity cause, appearance, and how to best
3.0 Fundamentals visually detect and identify these discontinuities should be empha-
3.1 Vision sized. No times are given for a specific subject; this should be spec-
3.2 Lighting ified in the employer’s written practice. Depending upon the
3.3 Material attributes employer’s product, not all the referenced subcategories need
3.4 Environmental factors apply.
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3.5 Visual perception
3.6 Direct and indirect methods 1.0 Introduction of Visual Testing and Remote Visual
Inspection
4.0 Equipment (as applicable) 1.1 History
4.1 Mirrors 1.2 Applications
4.2 Magnifiers 1.3 Advantages and limitations
4.3 Borescopes
4.4 Fiberscopes 2.0 Fundamentals
4.5 Videoprobes 2.1 Vision
4.6 Remote visual inspection systems 2.1.1 Anatomy of the eye and mechanics of vision
4.7 Light sources and special lighting 2.2 Vision limitations
4.8 Gages (welding, go/no-go, etc.) templates, scales, 2.2.1 Perceptions
micrometers, calipers, special tools, etc. 2.2.2 Orientation
4.9 Automated systems 2.2.3 Disorders
4.10 Computer-enhanced systems 2.3 Employer’s visual acuity examination methods
5.0 Employer-Defined Applications 3.0 Lighting

(Includes a description of inherent, processing, and service 3.1 Fundamentals of light
discontinuities.) 3.2 Lighting measurements
5.1 Mineral-based material
5.2 Metallic materials, including welds
5.3 Organic-based materials
5.4 Other materials (employer defined)
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4.0 Material Attributes 8.0 Applications and Techniques

4.1 Cleanliness 8.1 Recommended lighting levels
4.2 Color 8.2 Light techniques for inspection
4.3 Condition 8.3 Metallic materials
4.4 Shape 8.3.1 Welds
4.5 Size 8.3.2 Castings
4.6 Temperature 8.3.3 Forgings
4.7 Texture 8.3.4 Extrusions
4.8 Type 8.3.5 Wrought/formed
8.3.6 Mechanical connections
5.0 Environmental and Physiological Factors 8.3.7 Electrical connections
5.1 Atmosphere 8.3.8 Thermal connections
5.2 Cleanliness 8.4 Mineral-based material
5.3 Comfort 8.4.1 Ceramics
5.4 Distance 8.4.2 Tiles
5.5 Elevation 8.5 Other materials and products
5.6 Fatigue 8.5.1 Composites
5.7 Health
5.8 Humidity 9.0 Evaluation and Disposition Criteria
5.9 Mental attitude 9.1 Environmental
5.10 Relative position 9.2 Infrastructure
5.11 Temperature 9.3 Power generation
5.12 Perception 9.4 Petrochemical processing
9.5 Manufacturing
6.0 Principles and Theory 9.6 Aviation
6.1 Optics 9.7 Military
6.1.1 Lens optics
6.1.2 Fiber optics 10.0 Visual Testing and Remote Visual Inspection
6.2 Video technology Requirements
6.2.1 Video camera charge-coupled devices (CCD) 10.1 Codes
10.2 Standards
7.0 Equipment 10.3 Procedures
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7.1 Lighting
7.1.1 Standard lighting 11.0 Recording and Documentation
7.1.2 Special lighting 11.1 Technique reports
7.2 Direct 11.2 Data reports
7.2.1 Magnification 11.3 Image recording methods
7.2.2 Mirrors 11.3.1 Drawings and sketches on hard-copy
7.2.3 Gages, micrometers, calipers, templates, scales, mediums
etc. 11.3.2 Photographic mediums
7.3 *Indirect (remote) 11.3.3 Electronic image mediums
7.3.1 *Borescopes (lens optics) 11.3.3.1 Magnetic mediums (VHS, S-
7.3.2 *Fiberscopes (fiber optics) VHS, Mini Digital Cassette)
7.3.3 *Combined scopes (lens and fiber systems) 11.3.3.2 Optical mediums (DVD)
7.3.4 *Videoscopes (lens/fiber optics with integral CCD 11.3.3.3 Digital mediums (compact flash,
imager) USB flash drive, smart media,
7.3.4.1 *Videoscope measurement techniques secure digital, memory stick,
7.3.4.1.1 *Comparison etc.)
7.3.4.1.2 *Shadow
7.3.4.1.3 *Stereo 12.0 Terminology and Definitions
7.3.4.2 *Push-tube camera
7.3.4.3 *Pipe-crawler camera system
7.3.4.4 *Pan, tilt, and zoom camera * Topics may be deleted if the visual testing is only required to perform
7.3.5 *Auxiliary video equipment direct visual inspection.
7.3.5.1 *Monitors
7.3.5.2 *Processors
7.3.5.3 *Cables
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Visual Testing Level III Topical Outline 3.0 Techniques/Calibration

3.1 Diagrams and drawings
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.2 Raw materials
1.1 Vision and light 3.2.1 Ingots
1.1.1 Physiology of sight 3.2.2 Blooms/billets/slabs
1.1.2 Visual acuity 3.3 Primary process materials
1.1.3 Visual angle and distance 3.3.1 Plates/sheets
1.1.4 Color vision 3.3.2 Forgings
1.1.5 Physics and measurement of light 3.3.3 Castings
1.2 Environmental factors 3.3.4 Bars
1.2.1 Lighting 3.3.5 Tubing
1.2.2 Cleanliness 3.3.6 Extrusions
1.2.3 Distance 3.3.7 Wire
1.2.4 Air contamination 3.4 Joining processes
1.3 Test object characteristics 3.4.1 Joint configuration
1.3.1 Texture 3.4.2 Welding
1.3.2 Color 3.4.3 Brazing
1.3.3 Cleanliness 3.4.4 Soldering
1.3.4 Geometry 3.4.5 Bonding
3.5 Fabricated components
2.0 Equipment Accessories 3.5.1 Pressure vessels
2.1 Magnifiers 3.5.2 Pumps
2.2 Mirrors 3.5.3 Valves
2.3 Dimensional 3.5.4 Fasteners
2.3.1 Linear measurement 3.5.5 Piping systems
2.3.2 Micrometers/calipers 3.6 Inservice materials
2.3.3 Optical comparators 3.6.1 Wear
2.3.4 Dial indicators 3.6.2 Corrosion/erosion
2.3.5 Gages 3.6.3 Microscopy
2.4 Borescopes 3.7 Coatings
2.4.1 Rigid 3.7.1 Paint
2.4.2 Fiber optic 3.7.2 Insulation
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2.4.3 Special purpose 3.7.3 Cathodic protection (conversion coatings)
2.5 Video systems (robotics) 3.7.4 Anodizing
2.5.1 Photoelectric devices 3.8 Other applications
2.5.2 Microscopy 3.8.1 Ceramics
2.5.3 Video borescopes 3.8.2 Composites
2.5.4 Video imaging/resolution/image processing 3.8.3 Glasses
(enhancement) 3.8.4 Plastics
2.5.5 Charge-coupled devices (CCDs) 3.8.5 Bearings
2.6 Automated systems 3.9 Requirements
2.6.1 Lighting techniques 3.9.1 Codes
2.6.2 Optical filtering 3.9.2 Standards
2.6.3 Image sensors 3.9.3 Specifications
2.6.4 Signal processing 3.9.4 Techniques (direct, indirect, video, etc.)
2.7 Video technologies 3.9.5 Personnel qualification and certification
2.8 Machine vision
2.9 Replication 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
2.10 Surface comparators 4.1 Equipment variables affecting test results including type
2.11 Chemical aids and intensity of light
2.12 Photography 4.2 Material variables affecting test results including the
2.13 Eye variations of surface finish
4.3 Discontinuity variables affecting test results
4.4 Determination of dimensions (i.e., depth, width, length,
etc.)
4.5 Sampling/scanning procedure variables affecting test
results
4.6 Process for reporting visual discontinuities
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Visual Testing, Level I, II, and III Training

References
4.7 Personnel (human factors) variables affecting test results
4.8 Detection
4.8.1 Interpretation Allgaier, M.W. and S. Ness, tech. eds., P. Mclntire and P.O. Moore,
4.8.2 Evaluation eds. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 8,
Visual and Optical Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
5.0 Procedures and Documentation for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.
5.1 Hard copy – general applications
5.1.1 Mineral-based materials Allgaier, M.W. and R.E. Cameron, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
5.1.2 Organic-based materials Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 9, Visual
5.1.3 Composite materials Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
5.1.4 Metallic materials Testing, Inc. 2010.*
5.2 Photography – specific applications
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Visual Testing Method. Columbus,
5.2.1 Metal joining processes
OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Latest
5.2.2 Pressure vessels
edition.*
5.2.3 Pumps
5.2.4 Valves ASNT Level III Study Guide: Visual and Optical Testing Method.
5.2.5 Bolting Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
5.2.6 Castings Inc. Latest edition.*
5.2.7 Forgings
5.2.8 Extrusions Cary, H.B. and S. Helzer. Modern Welding Technology. Englewood
5.2.9 Microcircuits Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2004.
5.3 Audio/video – requirements
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
5.3.1 Codes (AWS, ASME, etc.)
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
5.3.2 Standards (MIL-STD-, NAVSEA, etc.)
5.3.3 Specifications The Tools and Rules of Precision Measuring. Athol, MA: L.S.
5.3.4 Procedures (Level III exam specific) Starret Co. 1982.
5.4 Electronic and magnetic media
5.5 Personnel qualification and certification Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
Society. Latest edition.
Welding Inspection. Miami, FL: American Welding Society. Latest
6.1 Electrical shock
edition.
6.2 Mechanical hazards
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6.3 Lighting hazards physiological deleterious effects of light
6.4 Chemicals contamination * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.5 Radioactive materials Columbus, OH.
6.6 Explosive environments
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Basic Topical Outlines
Basic Examination Level III Topical Outline 1.3.2 Definitions

1.3.3 Certification outcome
The Basic Examination will cover three main topical areas: 1.3.4 Eligibility for examination
1.3.5 Qualification examinations
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs 1.3.6 Examinations results
covering Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 1.3.7 Certification
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, and the ASNT Level III Program 1.3.8 Validity
1.3.9 Recertification
2.0 General familiarity with other NDT methods, covering the
eleven NDT test methods listed in this section, and; 2.0 General Familiarity with Other NDT Methods
2.1 Acoustic Emission Testing
3.0 General knowledge of materials, fabrication, and product 2.1.1 Fundamentals
technology. 2.1.1.1 Principles/theory of acoustic emission
The above topics are further subdivided into topical outlines testing
below, followed by the reference materials used in the 2.1.1.2 Sources of acoustic emissions
development of these outlines and sample questions typical of 2.1.1.3 Equipment and material
those in the examinations. 2.1.2 Proper selection of acoustic emission technique
2.1.2.1 Instrumentation and signal processing
1.0 Personnel Qualification and Certification Programs 2.1.2.2 Cables (types)
1.1 Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A 2.1.2.3 Signal conditioning
1.1.1 Scope 2.1.2.4 Signal detection
1.1.2 Definitions 2.1.2.5 Noise discrimination
1.1.3 Nondestructive testing methods 2.1.2.6 Electronic technique
1.1.4 Levels of qualification
1.1.5 Written practice
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2.1.2.8 Data filtering techniques
1.1.6 Education, training, and experience for initial 2.1.3 Interpretation and evaluation of test results
qualification 2.2 Electromagnetic Testing
1.1.7 Training programs 2.2.1 Sensors
1.1.8 Examinations 2.2.2 Basic types of equipment; types of read out
1.1.9 Certification 2.2.3 Reference standards
1.1.10 Technical performance review 2.2.4 Applications and test result interpretation
1.1.11 Interrupted service 2.2.4.1 Flaw detection
1.1.12 Recertification 2.2.4.2 Conductivity and permeability sorting
1.1.13 Termination 2.2.4.3 Thickness gaging
1.1.14 Reinstatement 2.2.4.4 Process control
1.2 ASNT Standard ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 2.3 Leak Testing
1.2.1 Scope 2.3.1 Fundamentals
1.2.2 Definitions 2.3.1.1 Bubble detection
1.2.3 Levels of qualification 2.3.1.2 Pressure change
1.2.4 Qualification requirements 2.3.1.3 Halogen diode detector
1.2.5 Qualification and certification 2.3.1.4 Mass Spectrometer
1.2.6 Examinations 2.3.2 Leak testing, procedures, and techniques
1.2.7 Expiration, suspension, revocation, and 2.3.2.1 Systems factors
reinstatement of employer certification 2.3.2.2 Relative sensitivity
1.2.8 Employer recertification 2.3.2.3 Evacuated systems
1.2.9 Records 2.3.2.4 Pressurized systems; ambient fluids,
1.2.10 Referenced publications tracer fluids
1.3 Level III certification program 2.3.2.5 Locating leaks
1.3.1 Scope 2.3.2.6 Calibration
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2.3.3 Test result interpretation 2.6.2 Neutron radiographic testing

2.3.4 Essentials of safety 2.6.2.1 Basic imaging considerations
2.3.5 Test equipment 2.6.2.2 Test result interpretation; discontinuity
2.3.6 Applications indications
2.3.6.1 Piping and pressure vessels 2.6.2.3 Systems factors (source/test
2.3.6.2 Evacuated systems object/detector interactions)
2.3.6.3 Low-pressure fluid containment vessels, 2.6.2.4 Applications
pipes, and tubing 2.6.2.4.1 Explosives and pyrotechnic devices
2.3.6.4 Hermetic seals 2.6.2.4.2 Assembled components
2.3.6.5 Electrical and electronic components 2.6.2.4.3 Bonded components
2.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing 2.6.2.4.4 Corrosion detection
2.4.1 Fundamentals 2.6.2.4.5 Nonmetallic materials
2.4.1.1 Interaction of penetrants and 2.7 Radiographic Testing
discontinuity openings 2.7.1 Fundamentals
2.4.1.2 Fluorescence and contrast 2.7.1.1 Sources
2.4.2 Liquid penetrant testing 2.7.1.2 Detectors
2.4.2.1 Penetrant processes 2.7.1.2.1 Imaging
2.4.2.2 Test equipment and systems factors 2.7.1.2.2 Nonimaging
2.4.2.3 Test result interpretation; discontinuity 2.7.1.3 Nature of penetrating radiation and
indications interactions with matter
2.4.2.4 Applications 2.7.1.4 Essentials of safety
2.4.2.4.1 Castings 2.7.2 Radiographic testing
2.4.2.4.2 Welds 2.7.2.1 Basic imaging considerations
2.4.2.4.3 Wrought metals 2.7.2.2 Test result interpretation; discontinuity
2.4.2.4.4 Machined parts indications
2.4.2.4.5 Leaks 2.7.2.3 Systems factors (source/test object/detector
2.4.2.4.6 Field inspections interactions)
2.5 Magnetic Particle Testing 2.7.2.4 Applications
2.5.1 Fundamentals 2.7.2.4.1 Castings
2.5.1.1 Magnetic field principles 2.7.2.4.2 Welds
2.5.1.2 Magnetization by means of electric 2.7.2.4.3 Assemblies
current 2.7.2.4.4 Electronic components
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2.5.1.3 Demagnetization 2.7.2.4.5 Field inspections
2.5.2 Magnetic particle inspection 2.8 Thermal/Infrared Testing
2.5.2.1 Basic types of equipment and inspection 2.8.1 Fundamentals
materials 2.8.1.1 Principles and theory of thermal/infrared
2.5.2.2 Test results interpretation; discontinuity testing
indications 2.8.1.2 Temperature measurement principles
2.5.2.3 Applications 2.8.1.3 Proper selection of thermal/infrared
2.5.2.3.1 Welds technique
2.5.2.3.2 Castings 2.8.2 Equipment/materials
2.5.2.3.3 Wrought metals 2.8.2.1 Temperature measurement equipment
2.5.2.3.4 Machined parts 2.8.2.2 Heat flux indicators
2.5.2.3.5 Field applications 2.8.2.3 Non-contact devices
2.6 Neutron Radiographic Testing 2.8.2.4 Contact temperature indicators
2.6.1 Fundamentals 2.8.2.5 Non-contact pyrometers
2.6.1.1 Sources 2.8.2.6 Line-scanners
2.6.1.1.1 Isotopic 2.8.2.7 Thermal imaging
2.6.1.1.2 Neutron 2.8.2.8 Heat flux indicators
2.6.1.2 Detectors 2.8.3 Applications
2.6.1.2.1 Imaging 2.8.3.1 Exothermic or endothermic investigations
2.6.1.2.2 Nonimaging 2.8.3.2 Friction investigations
2.6.1.3 Nature of penetrating radiation and 2.8.3.3 Fluid flow investigations
interactions with matter 2.8.3.4 Thermal resistance investigations
2.6.1.4 Essentials of safety 2.8.3.5 Thermal capacitance investigations
2.8.4 Interpretation and evaluation
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2.9 Ultrasonic Testing 3.0 Basic Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
2.9.1 Fundamentals 3.1 Fundamentals of material technology
2.9.1.1 Wave propagation 3.1.1 Properties of materials
2.9.1.1.1 Sound fields 3.1.1.1 Strength and elastic properties
2.9.1.1.2 Wave travel modes 3.1.1.2 Physical properties
2.9.1.1.3 Refraction, reflection, scattering, 3.1.1.3 Material properties testing
and attenuation 3.1.2 Origin of discontinuities and failure modes
2.9.1.2 Transducers and sound beam coupling 3.1.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
2.9.2 Ultrasonic testing 3.1.2.2 Process-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.1 Basic types of equipment 3.1.2.3 Service-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.2 Reference standards 3.1.2.4 Failures in metallic materials
2.9.2.3 Test result interpretation; discontinuity 3.1.2.5 Failures in nonmetallic materials
indications 3.1.3 Statistical nature of detecting and characterizing
2.9.2.4 System factors discontinuities
2.9.2.5 Applications 3.2 Fundamentals of fabrication and product technology
2.9.2.5.1 Flaw detection and evaluation 3.2.1 Raw materials processing
2.9.2.5.2 Thickness measurement 3.2.2 Metals processing
2.9.2.5.3 Bond evaluation 3.2.2.1 Primary metals
2.9.2.5.4 Process control 3.2.2.1.1 Metal ingot production
2.9.2.5.5 Castings 3.2.2.1.2 Wrought primary metals
2.9.2.5.6 Weldments 3.2.2.2 Castings
2.10 Visual Testing 3.2.2.2.1 Green sand molded
2.10.1 Fundamentals 3.2.2.2.2 Metal molded
2.10.1.1 Principles and theory of visual testing 3.2.2.2.3 Investment molded
2.10.1.2 Selection of correct visual technique 3.2.2.3 Welding
2.10.1.3 Equipment and materials 3.2.2.3.1 Common processes
2.10.2 Specific applications 3.2.2.3.2 Hard-surfacing
2.10.2.1 Metal joining processes 3.2.2.3.3 Solid-state
2.10.2.2 Pressure vessels 3.2.2.4 Brazing
2.10.2.3 Pumps 3.2.2.5 Soldering
2.10.2.4 Valves 3.2.2.6 Machining and material removal
2.10.2.5 Bolting 3.2.2.6.1 Turning, boring, and drilling
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2.10.2.6 Castings 3.2.2.6.2 Milling
2.10.2.7 Forgings 3.2.2.6.3 Grinding
2.10.2.8 Extrusions 3.2.2.6.4 Electrochemical
2.10.2.9 Microcircuits 3.2.2.6.5 Chemical
2.10.3 Interpretation and evaluation 3.2.2.7 Forming
2.10.3.1 Codes and standards 3.2.2.7.1 Cold-working processes
2.10.3.2 Environmental factors 3.2.2.7.2 Hot-working processes
2.11 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 3.2.2.8 Powdered metal processes
2.11.1 Fundamentals 3.2.2.9 Heat treatment
2.11.1.1 Magnetic field principles 3.2.2.10 Surface finishing and corrosion
2.11.1.2 Magnetization by means of electric current protection
2.11.1.3 Flux leakage 3.2.2.10.1 Shot peening and grit blasting
2.11.2 Flux leakage inspection 3.2.2.10.2 Painting
2.11.2.1 Basic types of equipment and inspection 3.2.2.10.3 Plating
materials 3.2.2.10.4 Chemical conversion coatings
2.11.2.2 Types of discontinuities found by 3.2.2.11 Adhesive joining
magnetic flux leakage inspection 3.2.3 Nonmetals and composite materials processing
2.11.2.3 Sensors used in magnetic flux leakage 3.2.3.1 Basic materials processing and process
inspection control
2.11.3 Applications 3.2.3.2 Nonmetals and composites fabrication
2.11.3.1 Wire rope inspection 3.2.3.3 Adhesive joining
2.11.3.2 Pipe body inspection 3.2.4 Dimensional metrology
2.11.3.3 Tank floor/steel plate inspection 3.2.4.1 Fundamental units and standards
3.2.4.2 Gaging
3.2.4.3 Interferometry
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Basic Examination Training References Sadek, Hussein, Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book
Personnel Qualification and Certification Programs
ASNT Level III Program Document (online on the Smith, Gordon, Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book
ASNT/Certification Web page).** (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Basic, Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest Edition.* Staton, Jean. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Nondestructive Testing Personnel, ANSI/ASNT CP-189, Columbus,
OH. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest Workman, G.L., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2012.
edition.* Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 10,
Nondestructive Testing Overview. Columbus, OH: The American
Harris, Darrell W., A Guide to Personnel Qualification and Society of Nondestructive Testing.
Certification. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2011.
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2016.*
Common NDT Methods

Taylor, J.L., ed. Basic Metallurgy for Nondestructive Testing,
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British
Badger, Duane, Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book Institute for NonDestructive Testing). 1996.*
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.* Welding Inspection Handbook, fourth edition. Miami, FL:
American Welding Society. 2015.
Marks, Paul T., Ultrasonic Testing, Classroom Training Book (PTP
Testing, Inc. 2015. * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Columbus, OH.
Mix, Paul E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training ** Available on line at www.asnt.org
Guide. second edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005.
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PdM
Predictive Maintenance Topical Outlines
PdM Basic Examination Level III Topical

Outline
1.2.7 Expiration, suspension, revocation, and
reinstatement of employer certification
1.2.8 Employer recertification
The Basic Examination will cover three main topical areas: 1.2.9 Records
1.2.10 Referenced publications
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs 1.3 Level III Certification Program
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, 1.3.1 Scope
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 and the ASNT Level III Program 1.3.2 Definitions
1.3.3 Certification outcome
2.0 General familiarity with PdM and reliability methods listed 1.3.4 Eligibility for examination
in this section 1.3.5 Qualification examinations
1.3.6 Examinations results
3.0 Machinery technology, common problems, and corrective 1.3.7 Certification
actions 1.3.8 Validity
The above topics are further subdivided into topical outlines 1.3.9 Recertification
below, followed by the reference materials used in the 1.3.10 Applicant rights
development of these outlines. 1.3.11 Program changes
1.3.12 Accommodation for disabilities
The PdM Basic examination and one or more PdM Method
examinations (either thermal/infrared testing or vibration 2.0 General Familiarity with Other PdM and Reliability
analysis) must be taken and passed to qualify for an ASNT Methods
PdM Level III Certificate. The endorsements on the ASNT 2.1 Maintenance and reliability methods (i.e., CM, PM,
Certificate will list the various methods the applicant passed. PdM, RCM, etc.)
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1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs
2.1.1 Condition monitoring/predictive maintenance
2.1.2 Preventative maintenance
1.1 Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A 2.1.3 Reliability centered maintenance
1.1.1 Scope 2.1.4 Root cause failure analysis
1.1.2 Definitions 2.1.5 Proactive maintenance
1.1.3 Nondestructive testing methods 2.2 Motor circuit evaluation/motor current analysis
1.1.4 Levels of qualification 2.3 Oil/lubrication analysis
1.1.5 Written practice 2.4 Thermal/infrared testing
1.1.6 Education, training, and experience for initial 2.4.1 Fundamentals
qualification 2.4.1.1 Principles and theory of thermal/infrared
1.1.7 Training programs testing
1.1.8 Examinations 2.4.1.2 Temperature measurement principles
1.1.9 Certification 2.4.1.3 Proper selection of thermal/infrared
1.1.10 Technical performance review technique
1.1.11 Interrupted service 2.4.1.4 Equipment/materials
1.1.12 Recertification 2.4.1.5 Temperature measurement equipment
1.1.13 Termination 2.4.1.6 Heat flux indicators
1.1.14 Reinstatement 2.4.1.7 Non-contact devices
1.2 ASNT Standard ANSI/ASNT CP-189 2.4.2 Applications
1.2.1 Scope 2.4.2.1 Contact temperature indicators
1.2.2 Definitions 2.4.2.2 Non-contact pyrometers
1.2.3 Levels of qualification 2.4.2.3 Line scanners
1.2.4 Qualification requirements 2.4.2.4 Thermal imaging
1.2.5 Qualification and certification 2.4.2.5 Heat flux indicators
1.2.6 Examinations 2.4.2.6 Exothermic or endothermic
investigations
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l PdM
Basics of Common PdM Methods Training

References
2.4.2.7 Friction investigations
2.4.2.8 Fluid flow investigations
2.4.2.9 Thermal resistance investigations
ASNT Level III Program Document (online on the
2.4.2.10 Thermal capacitance investigations
ASNT/Certification web page). **
2.5 Ultrasonic/acoustic emission ANSI/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard for Qualification and
2.6 Vibration analysis Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel. Columbus, OH:
2.6.1 Fundamentals The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edi-
2.6.1.1 Principles and theory of vibration analysis tion.*
2.6.1.2 Measurement principles
2.6.1.3 Signal processing ASNT Level III Study Guide: Basic. Columbus, OH: The American
2.6.1.4 Equipment/materials Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
2.6.1.5 Data recorder
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing.
2.6.1.6 Sensor
2.6.2 Considerations dependent on
machine/component type
2.6.2.1 Fixed and multi-speed drive Bannister, K.E., Lubrication for Industry, Industrial Press, New
2.6.2.2 Variable speed drive (electrical) York, NY. 1996.
2.6.2.3 Variable speed (i.e. gas or steam turbine)
2.6.2.4 Reciprocating machinery Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Machinery Failure and
2.6.2.5 Gear type (i.e., spur, helical, worm, Troubleshooting, 4th Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston,
epicyclic, etc.) TX. 1990.
2.6.2.6 Positive displacement Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
2.6.2.7 High speed (i.e., greater than 4 000 rpm) Volume I, Introduction to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI.
2.6.2.8 Bearing type (i.e., fluid film) 1992.
Fitch, F. and D. Troyer, Oil Analysis Basics, second edition. Tulsa,
3.0 Machinery technology, problems, and corrective actions OK: Noria Publishing. 2010.
3.1 Fundamentals of machinery technology
3.1.1 Engineering mechanics Harris, D.W. A Guide to Personnel Qualification and Certification.
3.1.1.1 Machinery design Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
3.1.1.2 Lubrication considerations Inc. 2011.*
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3.1.1.3 Electrical components Maldague, X.P.V., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive
3.1.1.4 Mechanical components Testing Handbook, 3rd edition: Volume 10, Infrared and Thermal
3.1.2 Failure modes Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
3.1.2.1 Installation Testing, Inc. 2012.*
3.1.2.2 Pre-existing component defect
3.1.2.3 Fatigue Moubray, J., RCM II Reliability-centered Maintenance, second edi-
3.1.2.4 Thermal tion. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX. 1997.
3.1.2.5 Lubrication
Murphy, T. and A. Rienstra. Hear More – A Guide to Using
3.1.2.6 Loading
Ultrasound for Leak Detection and Condition Monitoring,
3.2 Common problems/corrective actions
Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010.
3.2.1 Balance
3.2.2 Alignment NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment
3.2.3 Structural/base Maintenance. National Fire Protection Association, Latest edition.
3.2.4 Resonance
3.2.5 Lubrication NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety on the Workplace.
3.2.6 Bonding/grounding National Fire Protection Association. Latest edition.
3.2.7 Wiring, connections, and splices
Nicholas, J., Motor Electrical Predictive Maintenance and Testing,
3.2.8 Process related
9th Edition, Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2013.
Nicholas, J., Predictive Maintenance Management, Maintenance

Quality Systems LLC, Millersville, MD. 2006.
Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook,

sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
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PdM Topical Outlines
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A: Personnel Qualification Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH: The Volume I, Introduction to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* 1992.
Ruddock, R., Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability Eisenmann, R.C., Sr, and R.C. Eisenmann, Jr. Machinery
Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2012 Malfunction Diagnosis and Correction: Vibration Analysis and
Troubleshooting for Process Industries. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Smith, R.K., Rules of Thumb for Maintenance and Reliability Prentice Hall Printers. 1997.
Engineers, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA. 2008
Fitch, F. and D. Troyer, Oil Analysis Basics, second edition. Tulsa,
Starry, K., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, OK: Noria Publishing. 2010.
third edition: Volume 10, Vibration Analysis. Columbus, OH:
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2012.* Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, second edition. New
York: Industrial Press. 1999.
Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Vibration Consultants. 2003. Logan, E. Jr., and R. Roy. Handbook of Turbomachinery, second
edition. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003.
* Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Mobley, R.K., Maintenance Fundamentals, second edition.
Columbus, OH. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2004.
** Available online at www.asnt.org.
Machinery Technology, Problems and

Murphy, T. and A. Rienstra. Hear More – A Guide to Using
Corrective Actions Training References

Ultrasound for Leak Detection and Condition Monitoring,
Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010.
Bannister, K.E., Lubrication for Industry, Industrial Press, New Nicholas, J., Motor Electrical Predictive Maintenance and Testing,
York, NY. 1996. 9th Edition, Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2014.
Bloch, H.P., Practical Machinery Management for Process Plants, Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris’ Shock and Vibration Handbook,
Volume 1: Improving Machinery Reliability, third edition. sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 1998.
Ruddock, R., Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010
for Process Plants, Volume 2: Machinery Failure Analysis and
Schneider, H. Balancing Technology. Deer Park, NY: Schenck
Troubleshooting, fourth edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc.
Trebel Corporation. 1991.
2012.
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for Process Plants, Volume 3: Machinery Component Maintenance
Smith, R. and R.K. Mobley. Rules of Thumb for Maintenance and
Reliability Engineers, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA. 2008
and Repair. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2005. Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Vibration Consultants. 2003.
for Process Plants, Volume 4: Major Process Equipment Traister, J.E., Handbook of Electric Motors, Fairmont Press, Inc.
Maintenance and Repair, second edition. Gulf Professional Lilburn, GA. 1992.
Publishing Co. 1997.
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ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016 l PdM
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APPENDIX A
Radiographic Safety
Appendix A: Radiographic Safety

Operations and Emergency Instructions
2.0 Radiation Survey Instruments
Course
2.1 Types of radiation instruments
2.1.1 Geiger-müller tube
2.1.2 Ionization chambers
Note: This outline provides radiation safety subject matter that 2.1.3 Scintillation chambers, counters
applies to multiple types of penetrating radiation. Instructors 2.2 Neutron radiation survey equipment
should consider the applicable type of radiation source and deliv- 2.3 Reading and interpreting meter indications
ery system to be covered and tailor their use of these subjects 2.4 Calibration frequency
accordingly. 2.5 Calibration expiration – action to be taken
2.6 Battery check – importance
1.0 Personnel Safety and Radiation Protection
1.1 Hazards of excessive exposure 3.0 Radiation-Area Surveys
1.1.1 General: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, neutron, and X- 3.1 Type and quantity of radiation
radiation 3.2 Establishment of restricted areas
1.1.1.1 Alpha particles 3.3 Posting and surveillance of restricted areas
1.1.1.2 Beta particles 3.3.1 Radiation areas
1.1.1.3 X-radiation 3.3.2 High-radiation areas
1.1.1.4 Gamma radiation 3.4 Use of time, distance, and shielding to reduce personnel
1.1.2 Specific neutron hazards radiation exposure
1.1.2.1 Relative biological effectiveness 3.5 Applicable regulatory requirements for surveys, posting,
1.1.2.2 Neutron activation control of radiation, and high-radiation areas
1.2 Methods of controlling radiation dose 3.6 Establishment of time limits
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1.2.1 Time
1.2.2 Distance 4.0 Radiation Survey Reports
1.2.3 Shielding 4.1 Requirements for completion
1.2.3.1 Half-value layers 4.2 Description of report format
1.2.3.2 Tenth-value layers
1.2.4 Exposure shields and/or exposure rooms 5.0 Neutron Radiographic (NR) Work Practices
1.2.4.1 Operation 5.1 Radioactive contamination
1.2.4.2 Alarms 5.1.1 Clothing requirements
1.3 Personnel monitoring 5.1.2 Contamination control
1.3.1 Difference between dose and dose rate 5.1.3 Contamination cleanup
1.3.1.1 Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) 5.2 Operation and emergency procedures
1.3.1.2 Gray (Gy) 5.3 Specific procedures
1.3.1.3 Sievert (Sv)
1.3.2 Wearing of monitoring badges 6.0* NR Explosive-Device Safety**
1.3.2.1 Pocket dosimeters 6.1 Static electricity
1.3.2.1.1 Neutron monitoring dosimeters 6.2 Grounding devices
1.3.2.1.2 Gamma- and X-ray dosimeters 6.3 Clothing requirements
1.3.2.2 Film badges 6.4 Handling and storage requirements and procedures
1.3.2.3 Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) 6.5 Shipping and receiving procedures
1.3.3 Reading of pocket dosimeters 6.6 State and federal explosive-licensing requirements
1.3.4 Recording of daily dosimeter readings
1.3.5 “Off-scale” dosimeter – required activity 7.0 Safety and Health
1.3.6 Permissible exposure limits 7.1 Radiation hazards
1.3.7 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) 7.1.1 Exposure hazards
concept 7.1.2 Methods of controlling radiation exposure
7.1.3 Operation and emergency procedures
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Radiographic Safety Operations Training

References
8.0 Biological Effects of Radiation
8.1 “Natural” background radiation
8.2 Unit of radiation dose – sievert (Sv) McCain, D. ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Radiography Radiation
8.3 Difference between radiation and contamination Safety. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
8.4 Radiation damage – repair concept Testing, Inc. 2009.*
8.5 Symptoms of radiation injury
8.6 Acute radiation exposure and somatic injury Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds. and P.O.
8.7 Personnel monitoring for tracking exposure Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition:
8.8 Organ radiosensitivity Volume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.*
9.0 Exposure Devices McGuire, S.A., and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography.
9.1 Daily inspection and maintenance Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
9.2* Radiation exposure limits for gamma-ray exposure Inc. 2004.
devices
9.3 Labeling Staton, Jean. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
9.4 Use Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
9.5 Use of collimators to reduce personnel exposure Testing, Inc. 2016.*
9.6* Use of source changers for gamma-ray sources
Bush, J. Gamma Radiation Safety Study Guide, second edition.
10.0 Emergency Procedures
Inc. 2001.
10.1* Vehicle accidents with radioactive sealed sources
10.2* Fire involving sealed sources Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy, Part 34, Licenses for
10.3* “Source out” – failure to return to safe shielded Industrial Radiography and Radiation Safety Requirements for
conditions Industrial Radiographic Operations, Sub-Part 43, Training.
10.4* Emergency call list Available online at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-
search.html#page1.
11.0 Storage and Shipment of Exposed Devices and Sources
11.1* Vehicle storage Suggested State Regulations for Control of Radiation (SSRCR),
11.2* Storage vault – permanent Part E, Radiation Safety Requirements for Industrial Radiographic
http://www.crcpd.org/SSRCRs/e-1999.PDF.
11.3* Shipping instructions – sources Operations, Sec. E.17, Training, 1999. Available online at
11.4* Receiving instructions – radioactive material
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12.0 State and Federal Regulations * Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
12.1 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Columbus, OH.
Agreement States – authority
12.2 License reciprocity
12.3* Radioactive materials license requirements for
industrial radiography
12.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
12.5 Qualification requirements for radiography personnel
12.6 Regulations for the control of radiation (state or NRC
as applicable)
12.7* Department of Transportation regulations for
radiographic source shipment
12.8 Regulatory requirements for X-ray machines (state
and federal as applicable)
* Topics may be deleted if the radiography is limited to X-ray

exposure devices.
** Required only by those personnel who will be involved in neutron
radiography of explosive devices.
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Copyright © 2016 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing.

first printing 03/16

ISBN: 978-1-57117-375-1 (print)

Printed in the United States of America

Edited by: Cynthia M. Leeman, Educational Materials Supervisor

Tim Jones, Senior Manager of Publications

ASNT Mission Statement:

American National Standard

The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Approved October 26, 2015

American National Standards Institute

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This standard is subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by ASNT.

American National Standard

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(This foreword is not part of American National Standard CP-105-2011.)

Michael E. McDaniel, Chair

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Methods Division Christopher C. Hawekotte Leak Testing Committee

Magnetic Flux Leakage

Ground Penetrating Radar

Parrish A. Furr Claudia V. Kropas-Hughes Ultrasonics Committee

SNT-TC-1A Review Committee

Vibration Analysis Committee Visual Testing Committee Richard C. Hooper

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ......................................................................................................................iv

Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) Topical Outlines................................................................................................3

Electromagnetic Testing (ET) Topical Outlines .................................................................................................11

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Topical Outlines .........................................................................................19

Guided Wave (GW) Topical Outlines................................................................................................................23

Laser Methods (LM) Topical Outlines ................................................................................................................27

Leak Testing (LT) Topical Outlines .....................................................................................................................37

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT) Topical Outlines..................................................................................................45

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Topical Outlines..............................................................................................47

Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing (MFL) Topical Outlines..................................................................................51

Microwave Testing (MW) Topical Outlines .......................................................................................................53

Neutron Radiographic Testing (NR) Topical Outlines ......................................................................................57

Radiographic Testing (RT) Topical Outlines......................................................................................................63

Computed Tomography Testing Level II Topical Outline .............................................................................................68

Thermal/Infrared Testing (IR) Topical Outlines .................................................................................................77

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Topical Outlines ............................................................................................................87

Vibration Analysis (VA) Topical Outlines..........................................................................................................97

Visual Testing (VT) Topical Outlines.................................................................................................................101

Basic Topical Outlines ......................................................................................................................................105

Predictive Maintenance (PdM) Topical Outlines...........................................................................................109

APPENDIX A: Radiographic Safety ..................................................................................................................113

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ASNT Standard Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

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Acoustic Emission Testing Level I Topical

Basic Acoustic Emission Technique Course

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Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical

Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines

1.5.2 Dispersion 1.5.3 Planar location

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