Paulson T - ToEFL Secrets - 2002

PASSIVE AND PERFECT FORMS
OF INFINITIVES AND
GERUNDS…
KNOW YOUR GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Know your gerunds and infinitives…
 What you are about to

learn is going to be a lot
easier if you remember
how to use gerunds and
infinitives!
Remember the passive infinitive…
 To be + the past participle
I expect to be invited to the

party this weekend.
And the passive gerund…
 Being + past participle
I love being given candy

on Halloween!
Now…the perfect (past) forms…
 As you know, for certain verbs, when we use them
with gerunds, we automatically think of the past:
Gina remembers traveling to Disney World

when she was a kid.
I regret giving you that quiz last week. I didn’t

mean to hurt you.
For others, we can use perfect gerund
/ infinitive forms to express the past.
 Perfect (Active) Gerund  having + past participle
The perfect gerund refers to a time before that of

the verb in the main clause. However, it is only used
if the time of the action expressed by the gerund is
not obvious from the context…
(www.grammaring.com)
The simple gerund…
 He enjoyed eating the cake. (the

simple gerund eating refers to the
same time as enjoyed: He enjoyed
that he was eating the cake.)
 He enjoyed having eaten the cake.
(the perfect gerund having
eaten refers to a time before enjoyed:
He enjoyed that he had eaten that
cake.)
 If it is clear that an earlier time is meant, we use the
simple gerund:
 He denied stealing the car. (He denied that he had
stolen the car.)
 He denied having stolen the car. (Perfect gerunds can
be used for emphasis.)
We also have a perfect passive
gerund…
 Perfect passive gerund:
having + been + past participle
 He denied being married. (the passive

gerund being refers to the same time as denied: He
denied that he was married.)
 He denied having been married. (the perfect
gerund having been refers to a time before denied: He
denied that he had been married.)
(www.grammaring.com)
 He complained of having
been unjustly accused. (passive
perfect gerund: He complained that
they had unjustly accused him.)
The infinitive forms…
 Perfect Infinitve (active): to have + past participle
The perfect infinitive refers to a time before that

of the preceding verb:
 I'm glad to have studied at that school. (I am glad 
now…that before this time, I studied at that school.)
 Luis deserved to have earned that promotion.
Passive perfect infinitive…
 Passive perfect infinitive:
to have + been + past participle
This sonnet seems to have been written by

Shakespeare. (passive perfect infinitive)
Luis is driving around in a new car. He appears to

have been given a raise.
Luis is lucky to have been given a raise. I don’t know

how he still has a job.
Please know…
 These forms are similar to the

present perfect. Remember how to
use the present perfect: to show
that something happened at some
point before the present…we just
do not know when.
 Also be careful with using perfect
forms with certain verbs: avoid,
expect, plan, etc. Only use these
perfect forms if you want to stress
they happened before the main
verb. How can you plan something
after it happened?
However…
 A time when you can use the perfect forms with
those kinds of verbs is if you use them like you
would the future perfect:
I will have studied a lot of English by the time I finish

Fulbright.
I expect to have studied a lot of English by the time

I finish Fulbright.
Now…you try some…
 Complete the sentences with an

appropriate form of a gerund or
infinitive: perfect, perfect passive, or just
passive:
Tom avoided being hit by a truck by

swerving off of the road.
Use the gerund structures as
instructed…
 Salome recollects ____________  perfect gerund
 Felipe recalls __________  perfect passive gerund
 Ana appreciates _________  perfect gerund
 I appreciated _________  passive gerund
 Sue enjoys ___________  gerund
 Sue enjoys ___________  perfect gerund
 Sue enjoyed __________  perfect passive gerund
 Sue enjoyed __________  gerund
 Sue enjoyed __________  passive gerund
Use the infinitive structures as
instructed…
 David plans ____________ before he leaves class
tonight.  perfect infinitive like the future perfect
 The rain seems __________  perfect infinitive
 Pablo was awarded a scholarship. He is lucky
_________  perfect passive infinitive
 Luis loves __________ by his nurse.  perfect
passive infinitive

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PASSIVE AND PERFECT FORMS

 What you are about to

 To be + the past participle

I expect to be invited to the

 Being + past participle

I love being given candy

Gina remembers traveling to Disney World

I regret giving you that quiz last week. I didn’t

The perfect gerund refers to a time before that of

 He enjoyed eating the cake. (the

 He denied being married. (the passive

The perfect infinitive refers to a time before that

This sonnet seems to have been written by

Luis is driving around in a new car. He appears to

Luis is lucky to have been given a raise. I don’t know

 These forms are similar to the

I will have studied a lot of English by the time I finish

I expect to have studied a lot of English by the time

 Complete the sentences with an

Tom avoided being hit by a truck by

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