The respiratory system has two divisions - the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs are the principal organs of respiration where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed through a process of ventilation, gas exchange, and transport via the blood.
The respiratory system has two divisions - the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs are the principal organs of respiration where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed through a process of ventilation, gas exchange, and transport via the blood.
The respiratory system has two divisions - the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs are the principal organs of respiration where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed through a process of ventilation, gas exchange, and transport via the blood.
The respiratory system has two divisions - the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract within the thorax including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The lungs are the principal organs of respiration where oxygen is delivered to the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed through a process of ventilation, gas exchange, and transport via the blood.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Respiration
Function
Move air in and out of lungs (ventilation)
Delivers oxygen (O2)
Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
In addition to respiration
Regulation of blood pH
Voice production
Olfaction
Innate Immunity
Divisions of the Respiratory System
Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Nose - Consist of external nose and nasal cavity
- Nares are the external openings of the nose
- Choanae are the opening into the pharynx
- Nasal cavity extends from the nares to the choanae
- Nasal Septum diving the nasal cavity into right and left parts
Function of the Nose
- The only externally visible part of the respiratory system that functions by: - Providing an airway for respiration - Moistening (humidifying) and warming the entering air - Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter - Housing the olfactory receptors - Resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
Pharynx
- Pharynx - (throat)
3 divisions
Nasopharynx – joins the nasal cavity through the choanae and contains the opening to the auditory tube and the pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx – joins the oral cavity and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils.
Laryngopharynx – opens into the larynx and the esophagus
Divisions of the Respiratory System
Lower respiratory tract (within thorax)
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial
Lungs
Larynx
Larynx – “voice box”
- Located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea.
- It is a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
- Made of 9 cartilage
2 pairs of folds
Vestibular - false vocal cords
vocal cords – true vocal cords
3 unpaired cartilage: Thyroid cartilage “adam’s apple”- the largest cartilage unpaired and is attached superiorly to the hyoid bone.
Cricoid cartilage –inferior cartilage unpaired forms the base of the larynx on which the other cartilages rest
Epiglottis – it differs from the other cartilages in that it consist of elastic cartilage rather than hyaline cartilage
Six paired cartilage consist of three cartilage:
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal Cords
Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
Upper – false cords
Lower – true vocal cords
Glottis – the opening between the vocal cords
Laryngitis – inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal
folds
Trachea - or windpipe
- Is a membranous tube attached to the larynx
- Tubular organ made of connective tissue and smooth muscle
- The adult trachea is about 1.4-1.6 cm in diameter and about 10-11cm long
- Lined with cells possessing cilia (microscopic hair-like projections)
Bronchi
- divided into left and right bronchi
Bronchi
- Tubes that branch off trachea and enter into lungs
- Gas exchange with blood occurs in sacs.
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles
Branch off tertiary bronchi
Bronchi
Alveoli
Thin sacs of cells
surrounded by capillaries
Secrete surfactant
Fatty substance
Helps maintains the inflation
of the alveoli between inspirations
Lungs
- Principal organs of respiration
- Cone-shaped organs
- Right lung – three lobes : superior, middle, inferior lobes
- Left lung – two lobes: superior and inferior
- Pleura – membranes surrounding the lungs
- Bronchopulmonary segment
- Separated by deep, prominent fissures on the lung surface
- Left lung : 9 bronchopulmonary segment
- Right lung : 10 bronchopulmonary segment
- The main bronchi, branch many times to form Tracheobronchial tree, each divides into lobar bronchi as they enter their respective lungs.
Lobar bronchi : 2 left lung and 3 right lung
Segmental bronchi – which extend to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs
Bronchioles – also subdivide numerous times to give rise to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
- Each subdivides to form alveolar ducts, which are like long branching hallways with many open doorways. - the doorways open into alveoli which are small air sacs
- there are about 300 million alveoli in the lungs
The Mechanisms of Breathing
Inspiration
- Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere
- The diaphragm contracts or flattens
- The intercostal muscles raise
the ribs
Expiration
- Air rich in C02 exits the lungs
- The diaphragm relaxes
- The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
- Most of the oxygen
binds to hemoglobin
- Oxyhemoglobin - Bright red in color - Some oxygen remains dissolved in plasma - If CO2 combines with hemoglobin at O2 sites, it forms carboxyhemoglobin - Carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream - Reacts with water in plasma and forms carbonic acid - Carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions - Bicarbonate ions attach to hemoglobin - Exhaled as waste product in the lungs
