Anatomy and Physiology

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Respiration
 Function
 Move air in and out of lungs (ventilation)
 Delivers oxygen (O2)
 Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
 In addition to respiration
 Regulation of blood pH
 Voice production
 Olfaction
 Innate Immunity
 Divisions of the Respiratory System
 Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax)
 Nose
 Nasal Cavity
 Pharynx
 Nose
- Consist of external nose and nasal cavity
- Nares are the external openings of the nose
- Choanae are the opening into the pharynx
- Nasal cavity extends from the nares to the choanae
- Nasal Septum diving the nasal cavity into right and left parts
Function of the Nose
- The only externally visible part of the respiratory system that functions by:
- Providing an airway for respiration
- Moistening (humidifying) and warming the entering air
- Filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
- Housing the olfactory receptors
- Resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
 Pharynx
- Pharynx - (throat)
3 divisions
 Nasopharynx – joins the nasal cavity through the choanae and contains the
opening to the auditory tube and the pharyngeal tonsils
 Oropharynx – joins the oral cavity and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils.
 Laryngopharynx – opens into the larynx and the esophagus
 Divisions of the Respiratory System

 Lower respiratory tract (within thorax)
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial
 Lungs
 Larynx
 Larynx – “voice box”
- Located in the anterior throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the
trachea.
- It is a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
- Made of 9 cartilage
 2 pairs of folds
 Vestibular - false vocal cords
 vocal cords – true vocal cords
3 unpaired cartilage:
 Thyroid cartilage “adam’s apple”- the largest cartilage unpaired and is attached
superiorly to the hyoid bone.
 Cricoid cartilage –inferior cartilage unpaired forms the base of the larynx on which the
other cartilages rest
 Epiglottis – it differs from the other cartilages in that it consist of elastic cartilage rather
than hyaline cartilage
Six paired cartilage consist of three cartilage:
 Cuneiform cartilage
 Corniculate cartilage
 Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal Cords
 Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
 Upper – false cords
 Lower – true vocal cords
 Glottis – the opening between the vocal cords
 Laryngitis – inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal

folds
 Trachea
- or windpipe
- Is a membranous tube attached to the larynx
- Tubular organ made of connective tissue and smooth muscle
- The adult trachea is about 1.4-1.6 cm in diameter and about 10-11cm long
- Lined with cells possessing cilia (microscopic hair-like projections)
Bronchi
- divided into left and right bronchi
 Bronchi
- Tubes that branch off trachea and enter into lungs
- Gas exchange with blood occurs in sacs.
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary
 Bronchioles
 Branch off tertiary bronchi
Bronchi
 Alveoli
 Thin sacs of cells

surrounded by
capillaries
 Secrete surfactant
 Fatty substance
 Helps maintains the inflation

of the alveoli between inspirations
Lungs
- Principal organs of respiration
- Cone-shaped organs
- Right lung – three lobes : superior, middle, inferior lobes
- Left lung – two lobes: superior and inferior
- Pleura – membranes surrounding the lungs
- Bronchopulmonary segment
- Separated by deep, prominent fissures on the lung surface
- Left lung : 9 bronchopulmonary segment
- Right lung : 10 bronchopulmonary segment
- The main bronchi, branch many times to form Tracheobronchial tree, each divides into
lobar bronchi as they enter their respective lungs.
 Lobar bronchi : 2 left lung and 3 right lung
 Segmental bronchi – which extend to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs
 Bronchioles – also subdivide numerous times to give rise to terminal bronchioles
 Respiratory Bronchioles
- Each subdivides to form alveolar ducts, which are like long branching hallways with
many open doorways.
- the doorways open into alveoli which are small air sacs
- there are about 300 million alveoli in the lungs
 The Mechanisms of Breathing
Inspiration
- Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere
- The diaphragm contracts or flattens
- The intercostal muscles raise

the ribs
Expiration
- Air rich in C02 exits the lungs
- The diaphragm relaxes
- The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
- Most of the oxygen

binds to hemoglobin
- Oxyhemoglobin
- Bright red in color
- Some oxygen remains
dissolved in plasma
- If CO2 combines with hemoglobin at O2 sites, it forms carboxyhemoglobin
- Carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream
- Reacts with water in plasma and forms carbonic acid
- Carbonic acid ionizes and releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
- Bicarbonate ions attach to hemoglobin
- Exhaled as waste product in the lungs

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 Move air in and out of lungs (ventilation)

 Delivers oxygen (O2)

 Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Divisions of the Respiratory System

 Upper respiratory tract (outside thorax)

- Nares are the external openings of the nose

- Choanae are the opening into the pharynx

- Nasal cavity extends from the nares to the choanae

Function of the Nose

 Laryngopharynx – opens into the larynx and the esophagus

 Divisions of the Respiratory System

 Larynx – “voice box”

- It is a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea

 Vestibular - false vocal cords

 vocal cords – true vocal cords

Six paired cartilage consist of three cartilage:

 Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

 Upper – false cords

 Lower – true vocal cords

 Glottis – the opening between the vocal cords

 Laryngitis – inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal

- Is a membranous tube attached to the larynx

- Tubular organ made of connective tissue and smooth muscle

- Lined with cells possessing cilia (microscopic hair-like projections)

- divided into left and right bronchi

- Tubes that branch off trachea and enter into lungs

- Gas exchange with blood occurs in sacs.

 Branch off tertiary bronchi

 Thin sacs of cells

 Helps maintains the inflation

- Principal organs of respiration

- Right lung – three lobes : superior, middle, inferior lobes

- Left lung – two lobes: superior and inferior

- Pleura – membranes surrounding the lungs

- Separated by deep, prominent fissures on the lung surface

- Left lung : 9 bronchopulmonary segment

- Right lung : 10 bronchopulmonary segment

 Lobar bronchi : 2 left lung and 3 right lung

 Segmental bronchi – which extend to the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs

 Bronchioles – also subdivide numerous times to give rise to terminal bronchioles

- there are about 300 million alveoli in the lungs

 The Mechanisms of Breathing

- Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere

- The diaphragm contracts or flattens

- The intercostal muscles raise

- Air rich in C02 exits the lungs

- The diaphragm relaxes

- The intercostal muscles lower the ribs

 The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood

- Most of the oxygen

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