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Conditional and Looping Constructs

This document discusses conditional and looping constructs in Python. It covers the three types of control statements: decision making statements (if, if-else, nested if-else), iteration statements (while loops, for loops, nested for loops), and jump statements (break, continue, pass). Specific examples are provided for each statement type to illustrate their syntax and usage. Key looping constructs like range(), else with loops, and infinite loops are also explained.

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Sonika Dogra
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159 views

Conditional and Looping Constructs

This document discusses conditional and looping constructs in Python. It covers the three types of control statements: decision making statements (if, if-else, nested if-else), iteration statements (while loops, for loops, nested for loops), and jump statements (break, continue, pass). Specific examples are provided for each statement type to illustrate their syntax and usage. Key looping constructs like range(), else with loops, and infinite loops are also explained.

Uploaded by

Sonika Dogra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4 :

Computer Science
Class XI ( As per
CBSE Board)
Conditional
&
Looping
Constructs

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Control Statements
Control statements are used to control the flow
of execution depending upon the specified
condition/logic.

There are three types of control statements.

1. Decision Making Statements


2. Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. Jump Statements (break, continue, pass)

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Decision Making Statement
Decision making statement used to control the
flow of execution of program depending upon
condition.

There are three types of decision making statement.


1. if statements
2. if-else statements
3. Nested if-else statement

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Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
An if statement is a programming conditional
statement that, if proved true, performs a
function or displays information.

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Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
Syntax:
if(condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g.
noofbooks = 2
if (noofbooks == 2):
print('You have ')
print(‘two books’)
print(‘outside of if statement’)
Output
You have two books
Note:To indicate a block of code in Python, you must indent each
line of the block by the same amount. In above e.g. both print
statements are part of if condition because of both are at same
level indented but not the third print statement.
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Decision Making Statement
1. if statements
Using logical operator in if statement
x=1
y=2
if(x==1 and y==2):
print(‘condition matcing the criteria')

Output :-
condition matcing the criteria
-----------------------------------------------------------
a=100
if not(a == 20):
print('a is not equal to 20')

Output :-
a is not equal to 20

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Decision Making Statement
2. if-else Statements
If-else statement executes some code if the test expression is true
(nonzero) and some other code if the test expression is false.

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Decision Making Statement
2. if-else Statements
Syntax:
if(condition):
statements
else:
statements
e.g.
a=10
if(a < 100):
print(‘less than 100')
else:
print(‘more than equal 100')

OUTPUT
less than 100

*Write a program in python to check that entered numer is


even or odd
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Decision Making Statement
3. Nested if-else statement
The nested if...else statement allows you to check for multiple test
expressions and execute different codes for more than two
conditions.

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Decision Making Statement
3. Nested if-else statement
Syntax
If (condition):
statements
elif (condition):
statements
else:
statements
E.G.
num = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
OUTPUT
Enter a number: 5
Positive number

* Write python program to find out largest of 3 numbers.

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
Iteration statements(loop) are used to execute a block
of statements as long as the condition is true.
Loops statements are used when we need to run same
code again and again.

Python Iteration (Loops) statements are of three type :-

1. While Loop

2. For Loop

3. Nested For Loops

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
1. While Loop
It is used to execute a block of statement as long as a
given condition is true. And when the condition become
false, the control will come out of the loop. The
condition is checked every time at the beginning of the
loop.
Syntax
while (condition):
statement
[statements]
e.g.
x=1 Output
while (x <= 4): 1
print(x) 2
3
x=x+1 4

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
While Loop continue
While Loop With Else
e.g.

x=1
while (x < 3):
print('inside while loop value of x is ',x)
x=x+1
else:
print('inside else value of x is ', x)

Output
inside while loop value of x is 1
inside while loop value of x is 2
inside else value of x is 5

*Write a program in python to find out the factorial of a given


number
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Iteration Statements (Loops)
While Loop continue
Infinite While Loop
e.g.
x=5
while (x == 5):
print(‘inside loop')

Output
Inside loop
Inside loop
…
…

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop
It is used to iterate over items of any sequence, such
as a list or a string.
Syntax
for val in sequence:
statements

e.g.
for i in range(3,5):
print(i)

Output
3
4

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
Example programs
for i in range(5,3,-1):
print(i)

Output
5
4
range() Function Parameters
start: Starting number of the sequence.
stop: Generate numbers up to, but not including this number.
step(Optional): Determines the increment between each numbers
in the sequence.

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
For Loop With Else
e.g.
for i in range(1, 4):
print(i)
else: # Executed because no break in for
print("No Break")

Output
1
2
3
4
No Break

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
2. For Loop continue
Nested For Loop
e.g.
for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,11):
k=i*j
print (k, end=' ')
print()

Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. Jump Statements

Jump statements are used to transfer


the program's control from one location to another.
Means these are used to alter the flow of a loop like - to
skip a part of a loop or terminate a loop

There are three types of jump statements used in


python.
1.break
2.continue
3.pass

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
1.break
it is used to terminate the loop.
e.g.
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)

print("The end")

Output
s
t
r
The end
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Iteration Statements (Loops)
2.continue
It is used to skip all the remaining statements in
the loop and move controls back to the top of the loop.
e.g.
for val in "init":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")

Output
n
t
The end

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. pass Statement
This statement does nothing. It can be used when a
statement is required syntactically but the program
requires no action.
Use in loop
while True:
pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C)
In function
It makes a controller to pass by without executing any code.
e.g.
def myfun():
pass #if we don’t use pass here then error message will be shown
print(‘my program')

OUTPUT
My program

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Iteration Statements (Loops)
3. pass Statement continue
e.g.
for i in 'initial':
if(i == 'i'):
pass
else:
print(i)

OUTPUT
n
t
a
L
NOTE : continue forces the loop to start at the next
iteration while pass means "there is no code to execute
here" and will continue through the remainder or the loop
body.
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