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Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams: Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook (Reynolds and Steedman, 1981

Deep Beam 02

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100 views2 pages

Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams: Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook (Reynolds and Steedman, 1981

Deep Beam 02

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CF W Fredy
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS 3

Figure 1.1 Test on a large deep beam (after Kong and Kubik, 1991)

The solution of deep-beam type problem using plasticity concepts was


reported by Nielsen (1971) and Braestrup and Nielsen (1983); shear
strength prediction by the plastic method is covered in Chapter 8 of this
book. Kong and Robins (1971) reported that inclined web reinforcement
was highly effective for deep beams; this was confirmed by Kong and
Singh (1972) and Kong et al. (1972a) who also proposed a method for
comparing quantitatively the effects of different types of web
reinforcement (Kong et al., 1972b). Kong and Sharp (1973) reported on
the strength and failure modes of deep beams with web openings; the
proposed formula for predicting the ultimate load was subsequently
refined (Kong and Sharp, 1977; Kong et al., 1978) and adopted by the
Reinforced Concrete Designer’s Handbook (Reynolds and Steedman, 1981
and 1988). The topic has been followed up by Ray (1980) and others and
is the subject of Chapter 3. Robins and Kong (1973) used the finite
element method to predict the ultimate loads and crack patterns of deep
beams; Taner et al. (1977) reported that the finite element method gave
good results when applied to flanged deep beams. The finite element
method is now covered in Chapter 9 and flanged deep beams in Chapter 5.
Serviceability and failure under repeated loading was studied by Kong and
Singh (1974). Garcia (1982) was among the first to carry out buckling tests
on a substantial series of slender concrete deep beams; these and the
subsequent tests by Kong et al. (1986) and others are discussed in Chapter
10. The effects of top and bottom loadings, the subject of Chapter 6, was

© 2002 Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.


4 REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS

studied by Cusens and Besser (1985) and, less systematically, by a few


others earlier (CIRIA, 1977). Rogowsky et al, (1986) carried out extensive
tests on continuous deep beams, which is the subject of Chapter 4. Mau
and Hsu (1987) applied the softened truss model theory to deep beams; see
Chapter 7 for details. Kotsovos (1988) studied deep beams in the light of a
comprehensive investigation into the fundamental causes of shear failure;
Chapter 2 gives further details.
The major contributions of other active workers are referred to elsewhere
in this volume; mention need only be made here of Barry and Ainso (1983),
Kubik (1980), Mansur and Alwis (1984), Regan and Hamadi (1981),
Rasheeduzzafar and Al-Tayyib (1986), Roberts and Ho (1982), Shanmugan
(1988), Singh et al. (1980), Smith and Vantsiotis (1982), Subedi (1988), and
Swaddiwudhipong (1985).
With reference to Chapter 8, plastic methods have valuable applications
in structural concrete. However, their more general acceptance has probably
been hindered by the widespread confusion over the fundamental plastic
theorems themselves (Kong and Charlton, 1983). For example, the plastic
truss model proposed by Kumar (1976) could be shown to violate the lower
bound theorem (Kong and Kubik, 1977). The difficulties are unlikely to be
overcome until the currently widespread misunderstanding of the principle
of virtual work can somehow be cured (Kong et al., 1983b).

1.3 Current design practice

The subsequent sections of this chapter will summarise the main design
recommendations of: the CIRIA Guide 2, the (draft) Eurocode and the
CEBFIP Model Code, the ACI Code 318–83 (revised 1986) and the
Canadian Code CAN-A23.3-M84

1.4 CIRIA Guide 2

The CIRIA Guide (CIRIA, 1977) applies to beams having an effective span/
depth ratio l/h of less than 2 for single-span beams and less than 2.5 for
continuous beams. The CIRIA Guide was intended to be used in conjunction
with the British Code CP110:1972; however, the authors have done some
comparative calculations (Kong et al., 1986) and believe that the CIRIA
Guide could safely be used with BS 8110:1985.
The Guide defines the effective span l and the active height ha as follows
(see meanings of symbols in Figure 1.2.)

l=lo+[lesser of (c1/2 and 0.1 lo]+[lesser of (c2/2) and 0.1 lo] (1.1)

ha=h or l whichever is the lesser (1.2)

© 2002 Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

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