Analytical Section Logical Reasoning

NTS GAT Analytical Section : Logical Reasoning

Directions : Each CAT sample logical reasoning question in this part of the assessment starts with
a reading passage containing the information to be used to choose between correct and incorrect
logical conclusions. These conclusions are based on the information in the passage. After this
reading passage, you are given a lead-in phrase that tells you to choose from among five different
responses. These possible responses are generated by correctly or incorrectly applying logical
thought to the information in the passage at the beginning of the question. They can be thought of
as different ways of completing a sentence that begins with the lead-in phrase.

Each reading passage is based on actual Bureau of Labor Statistics documents but is not necessarily
a completely accurate representation of BLS work. It is important that you accept every fact in the
reading passage as true, when you evaluate the response choices offered. You should use only the
information in the passage as the basis for accepting or rejecting any response choices. Be careful
not to allow any “facts” that are not clearly stated in the reading passage, or any outside knowledge
you may have of the “facts”, to influence your thinking.

Following are some CAT sample logical reasoning questions.

1. Testifying before the Senate committee investigating charges that cigarette manufacturers had
manipulated nicotine levels in cigarettes in order to addict consumers to their products, tobacco
executives argued that cigarette smoking is not addictive. The primary reason they gave in support
of this claim was that cigarette smoking was not regulated by the Federal Drug Administration.

For the tobacco executives’ argument to be logically correct, which of the following must be
assumed?

1. Substances that are not addictive are not regulated by ………..the Federal Drug
Administration.
2. The tobacco executives lied when they claimed that ………..cigarette smoking was not
addictive.
3. Some addictive substances are not regulated by the ………..Federal Drug Administration.
4. There is no scientific proof that cigarette smoking is ………..addictive.
5. Substances that are not regulated by the Federal Drug ………..Administration are not
addictive.

2. People should be held accountable for their own behavior, and if holding people accountable
for their own behavior entails capital punishment, then so be it. However, no person should be held
accountable for behavior over which he or she had no control.

Which of the following is the most logical conclusion of the argument above?

1. People should not be held accountable for the ………..behavior of other people.
 2. People have control over their own behavior.
3. People cannot control the behavior of other people.
4. Behavior that cannot be controlled should not be ………..punished.
5. People have control over behavior that is subject ………..to capital punishment.

3. There is clear evidence that the mandated use of safety seats by children under age four has
resulted in fewer child fatalities over the past five years. Compared to the five-year period prior to
the passage of laws requiring the use of safety seats, fatalities of children under age four have
decreased by 30 percent.

Which one of the following, if true, most substantially strengthens the argument above?

1. The number of serious automobile accidents involving ………..children under age four has
remained steady over the ………..past five years.
2. Automobile accidents involving children have decreased ………..sharply over the past five
years.
3. The use of air bags in automobiles has increased by ………..30 percent over the past five
years.
4. Most fatal automobile accidents involving children under ………..age four occur in the
driveway of their home.
5. The number of teenage drivers has increased by 30 ………..percent over the past five years.

4. Lycopene, glutathione, and glutamine are powerful antioxidants that neutralize the free radicals
that are produced in the body as a result of routine bodily processes. An excess of these free radicals
in your system causes rapid aging because they accelerate the rate of cellular damage. Aging is
simply the result of this damage. Thus, to slow down aging it is necessary to supplement your diet
with these antioxidants on a daily basis.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the author’s contention?

1. Most persons aren’t concerned with the effects of aging ………..until it is too late to do
anything.
2. Exercise associated with normal daily activities effectively ………..neutralizes and
dissipates the free radicals that are ………..produced as a result of routine bodily processes.
3. The cost of antioxidants is exorbitantly high and well ………..beyond the budget of most
consumers.
4. Only overweight people who do not exercise on a daily ………..basis are likely to have an
excess of free radicals in their ………..systems.
5. Smoking cigarettes is one of the main causes of cellular ………..damage in humans.

5. Is it wrong for doctors to lie about their patients’ illnesses? Aren’t doctors just like any other
people we hire to do a job for us? Surely, we would not tolerate not being told the truth about the
condition of our automobile from the mechanic we hired to fix it, or the condition of our roof from
the carpenter we employed to repair it. Just as these workers would be guilty of violating their
good faith contracts with us if they were to do this, doctors who lie to their patients about their
illnesses violate these contracts as well, and this is clearly wrong.
The conclusion of the argument is best expressed by which of the following?

1. Doctors who lie to their patients about their illnesses ………..violate their good faith
contracts with their patients.
2. Doctors often lie to their patients about their illnesses.
3. Doctors are just hired workers like mechanics and ………..carpenters.
4. It is wrong for doctors to lie about their patients’ ………..illnesses.
5. Doctors, like mechanics and carpenters, enter into good ………..faith contracts with us
when we hire them.

6. As any economist knows, healthy people pose less of an economic burden to society than
unhealthy people. Not surprisingly, then, every dollar our state government spends on prenatal
care for undocumented immigrants will save taxpayers of this state three dollars.

Which of the following, if true, would best explain why the statistics cited above are not surprising?

1. The state’s taxpayers pay for prenatal care of all ………..immigrants.

2. Babies born in this state to undocumented immigrant ………..parents are entitled to infant
care benefits from ………..the state.
3. State benefits for prenatal care serve to promote ………..undocumented immigration.
4. Babies whose mothers did not receive prenatal care ………..are just as healthy as other
babies.
5. Pregnant women who do not receive prenatal care are ………..more likely to experience
health problems than ………..other pregnant women.

7. Beautiful beaches attract people, no doubt about it. Just look at this city’s beautiful beaches,
which are among the most overcrowded beaches in the state.

Which of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to the one exhibited in the
argument above?

1. Moose and bear usually appear at the same drinking ………..hole at the same time of day.
Therefore, moose and ………..bear must grow thirsty at about the same time.
2. Children who are scolded severely tend to misbehave ………..more often than other
children. Hence if a child is ………..not scolded severely that child is less likely to
………..misbehave.
3. This software program helps increase the work ………..efficiency of its users. As a result,
these users ………..have more free time for other activities.
4. During warm weather my dog suffers from fleas ………..more so than during cooler
weather. Therefore, ………..fleas must thrive in a warm environment.
5. Pesticides are known to cause anemia in some people. ………..However, most anemic
people live in regions where ………..pesticides are not commonly used.

8. Our school district should not spend its money on the new Verbal Advantage reading program.
After all, our students get all the reading practice they need by studying history and science.
The argument above depends on which the following assumptions?

1. The Verbal Advantage program would not help the ………..students learn history and
science.
2. Other reading programs are just as effective but ………..less expensive than the Verbal
Advantage program.
3. The Verbal Advantage program involves only reading ………..practice.
4. Teaching students history and science is more ………..important than teaching them
reading skills.
5. The students can already read well enough to ………..study history and science

9. A study of native born residents in Newland found that two-thirds of the children developed
considerable levels of nearsightedness after starting school, while their illiterate parents and
grandparents, who had no opportunity for formal schooling, showed no signs of this disability.

If the above statements are true, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by
them?

1. Only people who have the opportunity for formal ………..schooling develop
nearsightedness.
2. People who are illiterate do not suffer from ………..nearsightedness.
3. The nearsightedness in the children is caused by the ………..visual stress required by
reading and other class work.
4. Only literate people are nearsighted.
5. One-third of the children are illiterate.

10. Newspaper publishers earn their profits primarily from advertising revenue, and potential
advertisers are more likely to advertise in newspapers with a wide circulation—a large number of
subscribers and other readers—than with other newspapers. But the circulation of the newspaper
that is currently the most profitable one in this city has steadily declined during the last two years,
while the circulation of one of its competitors has steadily increased.

Any of the following, if true, would help explain the apparent discrepancy between the two
statements above EXCEPT:

1. Advertisers generally switch from the most widely ………..circulated newspaper to

another one only when the ………..other one becomes the most widely circulated
………..newspaper instead.
2. Advertising rates charged by the most profitable ………..newspaper in the city are
significantly higher than ………..those charged by its competitors.
3. The most profitable newspaper in the city receives ………..revenue from its subscribers as
well from advertisers.
4. The circulation of the most profitable newspaper ………..in the city is still greater than
than of any of its ………..competitors.
5. The number of newspapers competing viably with the ………..most profitable newspaper
in the city has increased ………..during the last two years.
11. Although most of the fastest growing jobs in today’s economy will require a college degree,
many of the new jobs being created-from home health aide to desktop publisher-require knowledge
other than that gained from earning a degree. For workers in those jobs, good basic skills in
reading, communication, and mathematics play an important role in getting a job and developing
a career.

From the information given above it can be validly concluded that, in today’s economy,

1. skills in reading, communication, and mathematics play an important role in developing a

career as a desktop publisher
2. the majority of the new jobs being created require knowledge other than that gained from
earning a college degree
3. a job as a home health aide will rely more on communication skills than on basic skills in
reading and mathematics
4. if a job is one of the fastest growing jobs, it will require a college degree
5. desktop publisher jobs and home health aide jobs are not among the fastest growing jobs

12. According to the National Agricultural Aviation Society (NAAS), without the use of crop
protection products to control insects, weeds, and diseases, crop yields per acre will drop by more
than 50 percent. The first aerial application of insecticide occurred in 1921, and it was a huge
success. By contrast, in today’s economy all aircraft that are classified as aerial applicators do
more than just apply insecticide; today, they also spread seed and apply fertilizer.

From the information given above it CANNOT be validly concluded that

1. in today’s economy, if an aerial applicator is used, then it will be able to spread seed and
to apply fertilizer
2. according to the NAAS, if crop yields per acre never drop by more than 50 percent, then
crop protection products have been used to control insects, weeds, and diseases
3. in today’s economy, any aircraft that cannot be used to apply fertilizer cannot be classified
as an aerial applicator
4. in 1921, if an aircraft was used for the application of insecticide, then it was not also used
to spread seed
5. according to the NAAS, if crop yields per acre drop by more than 50 percent, then crop
protection products have not been used to control insects, weeds, and diseases.

13. No national productivity measures are available for underground industries that may exist but
remain unreported. On the other hand, at least some industries that are run entirely by self-
employed industrialists are included in national productivity measures.

From the information given above, it can be validly concluded that

1. there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are
underground industries
2. no industries that are run entirely by self-employed industrialists operate underground
 3. there are at least some industries other than those run entirely by self-employed
industrialists that are underground industries
4. there are at least some industries run entirely by self-employed industrialists that are not
underground industries
5. there are at least some underground industries for which national productivity measures
are available

14. Lou observes that if flight 409 is canceled, then the manager could not possibly arrive in time
for the meeting. But the flight was not canceled. Therefore, Lou concludes, the manager will
certainly be on time. Evelyn replies that even if Lou’s premises are true, his argument is fallacious.
And therefore, she adds, the manager will not arrive on time after all.

Which of the following is the strongest thing that we can properly say about this discussion?

1. Evelyn is mistaken in thinking Lou’s argument to be fallacious, and so her own conclusion
is unwarranted.
2. Evelyn is right about Lou’s argument, but nevertheless her own conclusion is unwarranted.
3. Since Evelyn is right about Lou’s argument, her own conclusion is well supported.
4. Since Evelyn is mistaken about Lou’s argument, her own conclusion must be false.
5. Evelyn is right about Lou’s argument, but nevertheless her own conclusion is false.

15. Sally has never received a violation from the Federal Aviation Administration during her 16-
year flying career. Sally must be a great pilot.

Which of the following can be said about the reasoning above?

1. The definitions of the terms create ambiguity.

2. The argument uses circular reasoning.
3. The argument works by analogy.
4. The argument is built upon hidden assumptions.
5. This is an example of an argument that is directed against the source of the claim rather
than the claim itself.

16. The Japanese economic model created strong domestic industries through subsidies from its
Ministry of Trade and by closing off competitive foreign firms to its domestic market. This strategy
promised to help economic growth by incubating domestic industries. New Japanese industries
could count on a known local demand and would be protected from competition by tariffs and
other barriers. The program could reduce the amount of imports and therefore improve the nation’s
balance of trade.

Which of the following, based on the passage above, is a weakness in this economic strategy?

1. A protectionist policy will create animosity among other nations.

2. Fast growth of small industries will create a class of millionaires and increase the inequality
of income.
 3. Subsidies and import constraints keep domestic prices high and impose a burden on
consumers.
4. Quotas are more regressive than tariffs.
5. The demand for the products made by the incubated industries would not be known.

17. Historically, famines have generally been followed by periods of rising wages, because when
a labor force is diminished, workers are more valuable in accordance with the law of supply and
demand. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s is an exception; it resulted in the death or emigration
of half of Ireland’s population, but there was no significant rise in the average wages in Ireland in
the following decade.

Which one of the following, if true, would LEAST contribute to an explanation of the exception
to the generalization?

1. Improved medical care reduced the mortality rate among able-bodied adults in the decade
following the famine to below prefamine levels.
2. Eviction policies of the landowners in Ireland were designed to force emigration of the
elderly and infirm, who could not work, and to retain a high percentage of able-bodied
workers.
3. Advances in technology increased the efficiency of industry and agriculture, and so
allowed maintenance of economic output with less demand for labor.
4. The birth rate increased during the decade following the famine, and this compensated for
much of the loss of population that was due to the famine.
5. England, which had political control of Ireland, legislated artificially low wages to provide
English-owned industry and agriculture in Ireland with cheap labor.

18. Cars are safer than planes. Fifty percent of plane accidents result in death, while only one
percent of car accidents result in death.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?

1. Planes are inspected more often than cars.

2. The number of car accidents is several hundred thousand times higher than the number of
plane accidents.
3. Pilots never fly under the influence of alcohol, while car drivers often do.
4. Plane accidents are usually the fault of air traffic controllers, not pilots.
5. Planes carry more passengers than cars do.

19. The body of anyone infected by virus X will, after a week, produce antibodies to fight the
virus; the antibodies will increase in number for the next year or so. There is now a test that reliably
indicates how many antibodies are present in a person’s body. If positive, this test can be used
during the first year of infection to estimate to within a month how long that person has had the
virus.

Which one of the following conclusions is best supported by the statements above?
 1. Antibodies increase in number only until they have defeated the virus.
2. Without the test for antibodies, there is no way of establishing whether a person has virus
X.
3. Antibodies are produced only for viral infections that cannot be fought by any other body
defenses.
4. If a person remains infected by virus X indefinitely, there is no limit to the number of
antibodies that can be present in the person’s body.
5. Anyone infected by virus X will for a time fail to exhibit infection if tested by the antibody
test.

20. Ever since I arrived at the college last week, I’ve been shocked by the poor behavior of the
students. The student population is completely lacking in proper social skills.

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the above conclusion?

1. Students who are away from their parents often exhibit rude behavior.
2. The college numbers over 50,000 students.
3. The narrator is a student and has interacted with many students.
4. Social skills should not be expected of college students.
5. The narrator was reluctant to stay at the college.

21. A study of a math program implemented in several pre-schools indicates that children who
received the specialized Math Plus math education between the ages three and five had
significantly higher math scores in 3rd and 4th grade than their classmates who did not receive this
instruction. The proponents of the math argue that the introduction of this program for all children
age three to five will significantly improve their chances for success in school.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the above argument?

1. Most parents send their children to preschool for social development and do not have a
clear idea about what types of education they want for their children.
2. Cognitive abilities of 3- to 5-year-old children are constantly changing.
3. The children in the pre-schools that were studied had previously been exposed to another
math enrichment program.
4. Children are not really interested in enrichment programs in preschool.
5. The cost factor needs to be specified and established before a large scale program can be
undertaken.

22. The symptoms of mental disorders are behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems. Some
patients with mental disorders can be effectively treated with psychotherapy, but it is now known
that in some patients’ mental disorders result from chemical imbalances affecting the brain. Thus,
these patients can be effectively treated only with medication that will reduce or correct the
imbalance.

The argument depends on assuming which one of the following?

 1. Treatment by psychotherapy can produce no effective reduction in or correction of
chemical imbalances that cause mental disorders.
2. Treatment with medication always shows faster results for patients with mental disorders
than does treatment with psychotherapy
3. Most mental disorders are not the result of chemical imbalances affecting the brain.
4. Medication is always more effective in treating patients with mental disorders than is
psychotherapy.
5. Treatment with psychotherapy has no effect on mental disorders other than a reduction of
the symptoms.

23. Dear Editor: I feel obliged to comment on the unfair review you published last week written
by Robert Duxbury. Your readers should know that Mr. Duxbury recently published his own book
that covered the same topic as my book, which you asked him to review. It is regrettable that Mr.
Duxbury should feel the need to belittle a competing work in the hope of elevating his own book.

The author of the letter above makes her point by employing which method of argument?

1. Attacking the motives of the author of the unfavorable review.

2. Attacking the book on the same topic written by the author of the review.
3. Contrasting her own book with that written by the author of the review.
4. Questioning the judgment of the author of the unfavorable review.
5. Stating that her book should not have been reviewed by the author of a competing work.

24. The government of Zunimagua has refused to schedule free elections, release political
prisoners, or restore freedom of speech; therefore, no more financial aid from the United States
should be provided to Zunimagua.

Which of the following is an assumption made in the argument above?

1. Withdrawal of U.S. aid from Zunimagua will force a change in the policies of its
government.
2. The people of Zunimagua would be better off if their present despotic government were
overthrown.
3. The government of Zunimagua is dependent on continued U.S. aid for its existence.
4. U.S. aid should be given only to countries willing to adopt policies in line with U.S.
interests and goals.
5. U.S. aid should be withdrawn from any country that refuses to operate its government along
democratic lines.

25. Many people argue that the death penalty deters murder. However, the notorious killer Ned
Grandy deliberately moved to a state that imposes the death penalty just before embarking on a
series of ferocious murders. Thus, it seems clear that the existence of the death penalty does not
serve as a deterrent to murder.

The argument above may best be characterized as:

 1. an appeal to emotion.
2. a flawed analogy.
3. a general conclusion based on a specific example.
4. circular reasoning.
5. an application of a general principle to a specific example.

26. Steve and JoAnne are both members of a certain club, though they are not speaking to each
other and refuse to work with each other. Cecily, the club president, is appointing members to the
fundraising committee, but she has resolved that she will not appoint anyone without his or her
explicit consent. Steve tells Cecily, “I will not consent to appointment on that committee unless I
know whether JoAnne is to be a member of it.” And JoAnne says, “I will not consent to be a
member of that committee unless I know whether Steve will be appointed to it.”

If all three of these people stick by these resolutions, then:

1. Neither of them can be appointed to the committee.

2. The situation described in the scenario cannot arise, because it is inherently incoherent.
3. They must either both be appointed or both be left out.
4. The committee may finally have one of them, both of them, or neither of them as members.
5. Either one of them can be appointed, but not both.

27. Russia’s aggressive fishing in the prime fishing grounds of the Northern Pacific has led to a
sharp decline in the populations of many fish and a general increase in the retail price of fish. This
same pattern has occurred with far too many of our scarce vital natural resources, resulting in high
prices for many products. It is likely then, that fish prices will continue to rise in the near future.

In making the argument above, the author relies on all of the following assumptions EXCEPT:

1. The scarcity of fish is a determining factor in its price.

2. The decline in the number of fish available will result in higher prices for fish in stores.
3. There will not be any substantial decrease in other costs involved in the fishing process
that could keep the price of fish from increasing.
4. Fish populations will not recover in the near future.
5. Fishing practices can substantially influence the demand for fish.

28. During the past year, Boz Corporation, a cigarette manufacturer, has engaged in a “corporate
image” advertising campaign. One executive now urges that the advertising be extended for
another year because profits have increased by 29% over the previous year. Another executive,
however, is skeptical. She observes that the increases are typical for the industry over the past year,
although none of their competitors have used corporate image advertising.

The most accurate way of summarizing the second executive’s point would be:

1. She argues that the effect may not really be due to its supposed cause because there has not
been a sufficient lapse of time between the cause and the effect.
 2. She argues that the assignment of a cause for this effect is premature, because there is as
yet no well-established theory of such interactions.
3. She argues that corporate image advertising is unprofitable, since it has evidently benefited
competitors as much as the corporation that paid for it.
4. She knows that effective advertising requires a constant influx of new ideas and
approaches, and she argues that one year of corporate image advertising is enough for
awhile.
5. She argues that the effect may not be due to its alleged cause since the same effect is found
elsewhere without that cause.

29. The senate candidate expressed outrage that few judges have any background in technology,
yet they try to resolve cases involving high tech companies. He stated that not one federal judge
has a degree or any experience in computer technology.

A promising response to this concern, arguing that things are not as bad as they might seem, could
involve which of the following claims?

1. Most of the public policy questions in this area are really about the morality and the value
of scientific and technological developments. They do not require much technical
understanding beyond that of a layperson.
2. Computer scientists, by and large, have little interest in politics and public policy. It would
be difficult to find scientists with the degree of commitment required for a serious
contribution to the judicial system.
3. There is a lack of people who are qualified in both technical and legal areas of expertise.
4. There is very little opportunity for, and indeed little need for, technical expertise in the
judicial branch. There is therefore almost no way for a technical specialist to rise through
the ranks to a top-level position in government.
5. The rewards of a life as a judge, in terms of both money and prestige, are not high enough
to attract top-flight technical experts to this area.

30. There has been a sharp increase in the subscription prices of many professional and scholarly
journals in the past seven years. Many publishers ascribe the necessity for these increases to the
easy availability of photocopying facilities, which enable people simply to copy the articles they
want rather than buying the journal.

Which of the following, if it is true, would make this explanation more plausible?

1. The great majority of professional and scholarly journals have a massive backlog of papers
awaiting publication.
2. Over the past five years there has been a substantial decline in the number of individual
subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library subscriptions have
remained fairly stable.
3. In the five years immediately preceding the price surge, there was a substantial decline in
the number of individual subscriptions to professional and scholarly journals, while library
subscriptions remained fairly stable.
 4. Many libraries have recently begun cutting back on subscriptions to professional and
scholarly journals.
5. In almost every field, several new professional and scholarly journals have begun
publication in the past few years.

31. Smoking in bed has long been the main cause of home fires. Despite a significant decline in
cigarette smoking in the last two decades, there has been no comparable decline in the number of
people killed in home fires.

Each one of the following statements, if true over the last two decades, helps to resolve the apparent
discrepancy above EXCEPT:

1. Compared to other types of home fires, home fires caused by smoking in bed usually cause
relatively little damage before they are extinguished.
2. Home fires caused by smoking in bed often break out after the home’s occupants have
fallen asleep.
3. Smokers who smoke in bed tend to be heavy smokers who are less likely to quit smoking
than are smokers who do not smoke in bed.
4. An increasing number of people have been killed in home fires that started in the kitchen.
5. Population densities have increased, with the result that one home fire can cause more
deaths than in previous decades.

32. Mrs. Mason is gifted with psychic powers that enable her to foretell future events. In the past,
Mrs. Mason has predicted such actual events as the election of President Clinton, the stock market
crash of 1987, and the St. Louis Cardinals’ 1982 World Series victory. These are just a few of Mrs.
Mason’s accurate predictions.

The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the strength
of the argument above?

1. What percentage of Mrs. Mason’s predictions has come true?

2. Could the election of President Reagan have been predicted without the help of psychic
powers?
3. What is the actual mechanism by which Mrs. Mason’s psychic powers are supposed to
operate?
4. How long before the events in question did Mrs. Mason make her accurate predictions?
5. Do most scientists accept the idea that the power to predict the future through psychic
means really exists?

33. An ingredient in coffee, known as RTC, has been found to inactivate common cold viruses in
experiments. In previous experiments, researchers found that inactivated common cold viruses can
convert healthy cells into cancer cells. It can be concluded that the use of coffee can cause cancer.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
 1. Several teams of scientists performed the various experiments, and all of the teams had
similar results.
2. The carcinogenic effect of RTC could be neutralized by the other ingredients found in
coffee.
3. When RTC kills common cold viruses it weakens the immune system, and it might thus
diminish the body’s ability to fight other viruses, including viruses linked to cancers.
4. If chemists modify the structure of RTC, RTC can be safely incorporated into medications
to prevent the common cold.
5. To lessen the undesirable side effects of chemotherapy, the use of coffee has been
recommended for cancer patients who are free of the common cold virus.

34. Jack Bygrave is an executive at a major South African diamond company that produces 2%
of the world’s total annual diamond production. The CFO is anxious to maximize revenues and
increase sales. Bygrave, however, believes that increased production would only drive down the
world price of diamonds and lower revenues.

Which of the following represents the logical flaw in Bygrave’s reasoning?

1. Jack connects the price of unrefined diamonds and the price of jewelry-quality diamonds.
2. He assumes that production goals are similar to financial goals.
3. He assumes that the supply produced by a single company can significantly alter the
aggregate supply for the market.
4. He assumes that seasonal and long term supply are proportional.
5. He correlates long-term and short-term demand.

35. The crux of creativity resides in the ability to manufacture variations on a theme. If we look
at the history of science, for instance, we see that every idea is built upon a thousand related ideas.
Careful analysis leads us to understand that what we choose to call a new theme or a new discovery
is itself always and without exception some sort of variation, on a deep level, of previous themes.

If all of the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT:

1. A lack of ability to manufacture a variation on a previous theme connotes a lack of

creativity
2. No scientific idea is entirely independent of all other ideas.
3. Careful analysis of a specific variation can reveal previous themes of which it is a variation.
4. All great scientific discoverers have been able to manufacture a variation on a theme.
5. Some new scientific discoveries do not represent, on a deep level, a variation on previous
themes.

36. Studies of fatal automobile accidents reveal that, in the majority of cases in which one
occupant of an automobile is killed while another survives, it is the passenger, not the driver, who
is killed. It is ironic that the innocent passenger should suffer for the driver’s carelessness, while
the driver often suffers only minor injuries or none at all.

Which of the following is an assumption underlying the reasoning in the passage above?
 1. In most fatal automobile accidents, the driver of a car in which an occupant is killed is at
fault.
2. Drivers of automobiles are rarely killed in auto accidents.
3. Most deaths in fatal automobile accidents are suffered by occupants of cars rather than by
pedestrians.
4. Auto safety experts should increase their efforts to provide protection for those in the
passenger seats of automobiles.
5. Automobile passengers sometimes play a contributing role in causing auto accidents.

37. The editors of Business Today magazine conducted a poll of its readers regarding the proposed
increase in the rate of income tax paid on profits from the sale of stocks. More than 60% of the
readers opposed the proposed tax. The editors announced that the majority of Americans opposed
any increase in the tax on profits from stock sales.

Which one of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the editor’s conclusion?

1. Some readers of Business Today magazine are citizens of countries other than the United
States.
2. Decisions concerning the income tax laws are made by the Congress rather than directly
by the people.
3. Most of those who earn profits from stock sales are wealthy and can afford to pay higher
taxes.
4. The viewpoints of the vast majority of the readers of Business Today magazine differ from
the views of most Americans.
5. Not all readers of Business Today magazine responded to the editors’ poll.

38. Several movie versions of Charles Dickens’ Tale of Two Cities have been made. The original
movie version made in 1939 is the best because it is closest in spirit to the original novel.

An underlying assumption of the argument above is that a movie based on a novel should:

1. reflect the director’s original interpretation of the main themes of the novel.
2. accurately depict the time and place in which the novel is set.
3. feature actors and actresses who closely resemble the characters in the novel both in body
and spirit.
4. faithfully render the details of the plot from the narrator’s point of view.
5. capture the true meaning and intention of the novel.
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1 5 14 2 27 5
2 2 15 4 28 5
3 1 16 3 29 1
4 2 17 4 30 3
5 4 18 2 31 2
6 5 19 5 32 1
7 4 20 2 33 2
8 3 21 3 34 3
9 3 22 1 35 5
10 5 23 1 36 1
11 1 24 5 37 4
12 5 25 3 38 5
13 4 26 5