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202 18 wk2

This document provides an overview and schedule for ECTE202 Circuits and Systems, an Autumn Session 2018 course at the University of Wollongong. It covers the following topics in the first 7 weeks: 1. DC Circuits including node analysis, mesh analysis, and analysis of circuits with energy storage elements like capacitors and inductors 2. Solving simultaneous equations using Cramer's Rule is reviewed 3. Methods of circuit analysis including node analysis based on Kirchhoff's Current Law and mesh analysis based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law are introduced 4. Examples of applying node analysis and mesh analysis to circuits with independent and dependent sources are provided

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143 views15 pages

202 18 wk2

This document provides an overview and schedule for ECTE202 Circuits and Systems, an Autumn Session 2018 course at the University of Wollongong. It covers the following topics in the first 7 weeks: 1. DC Circuits including node analysis, mesh analysis, and analysis of circuits with energy storage elements like capacitors and inductors 2. Solving simultaneous equations using Cramer's Rule is reviewed 3. Methods of circuit analysis including node analysis based on Kirchhoff's Current Law and mesh analysis based on Kirchhoff's Voltage Law are introduced 4. Examples of applying node analysis and mesh analysis to circuits with independent and dependent sources are provided

Uploaded by

TuanHung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECTE202 Circuits and Systems

Autumn Session 2018


Wollongong Campus

Week 2
Dr Jeff Moscrop
Email: [email protected]
Room: 35.G40

Course Outline - Section 1

✤ DC Circuits (Weeks 1-7)


✤ Review of fundamental quantities, concepts and basic laws - This Week;
✤ Node Analysis and fundamental Mesh Analysis - Week 2;
✤ Further Mesh Analysis, Superposition, Thévenin and Norton’s Theorems, and
Source Transformations - Week 3;
✤ Energy Storage Elements (capacitors and inductors) and first order circuits -
Week 4;
✤ Second Order Circuits, source-free series and parallel circuits, step-responses -
Week 5;
✤ No Lecture in Week 6;
✤ General Second Order Circuits and mid-session exam - Week 7;

✤ Note that the main objective of this course is the development of circuit theory skills. This
cannot be achieved by just reading - it requires sustained problem solving exercises.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 2


This Week:

Node Analysis and Fundamental Mesh Analysis

Cramer’s rule, node analysis with independent current sources, node analysis with dependent and
independent voltage sources, method of super-node, method of mesh analysis, mesh analysis with
dependent voltage sources, mesh analysis with dependent and independent current sources.

Chapter 3 of Text.

Methods of Analysis

✤ There are two basic techniques that we are interested in using:


✤ Node Analysis
✤ Mesh Analysis
✤ Node Analysis is based on the systematic application of KCL;
✤ Mesh Analysis is based on the systematic application of KVL;

✤ Node analysis techniques were introduced in first-year circuit


theory courses;
✤ First though, we will quickly revise how to solve simultaneous
equations using Cramer’s Rule.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 4


Solving Simultaneous Equations - Cramer’s Rule

✤ Circuit analysis will often require the solution of simultaneous


equations of the form:
a 1 x + b1 y = c 1
a 2 x + b2 y = c 2

✤ These may be expressed in matrix form as:


  
a1 b1 x c1
=
a2 b2 y c2
✤ Consider the determinant:
a1 b1
D= = a 1 b2 a 2 b1
a2 b2

Circuits and Systems Week 2 5

Solving Simultaneous Equations - Cramer’s Rule


✤ Using Cramer’s Rule x and y can be calculated via:

c1 b1 a1 c1
c2 b2 a2 c2
x= y=
D D
✤ Note that the determinants shown on each numerator are formed by replacing
the column of D that relates to the variable of interest with the solution vector.
✤ Hence: x = (c1b2 - c2b1)/D and y = (a1c2 - a2c1)/D
✤ This approach can be extended to higher order equations (such as those in the
tutorials).
✤ For orders higher than 3 though, a spreadsheet or Matlab should be used.
✤ Appendix A1 of the textbook presents an overview of Cramer’s Rule and matrix
inversion.
Circuits and Systems Week 2 6
Node Analysis

✤ Node Analysis provides us with a mechanism for determining the


voltages of the nodes in the circuit being analysed.

✤ Steps to determining node voltages:


✤ Select a node as the reference node - you should always try to use
a node with v = 0 V.
✤ Assign voltages v1, v2, … , vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes.
✤ Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law
to express the branch currents in terms of the node voltages
(labelling the currents and voltages can often help.).
✤ Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown
node voltages.

✤ Both independent and dependent sources will be encountered.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 7

Node Analysis

✤ Expressing branch currents in terms of node voltages:


✤ You can choose the direction of current from one node to
another. If you choose incorrectly, you will just get an answer
with the opposite sign.
✤ The value of the current depends on the difference between
the two node voltages and the branch resistance.
✤ The voltage difference is also influenced by any other sources
that may be in the branch.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 8


Node Analysis Example 1: What are the node voltages?

Circuits and Systems Week 2 9

Node Analysis Example 2: Solve for ix using nodal analysis.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 10


Node Analysis with Voltage Sources
✤ If a voltage source appears between the reference node and a non-
reference node, then we use the value of the voltage source to
determine the voltage at the non-reference node.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 11

Node Analysis with Voltage Sources


✤ If the voltage source is connected between two non-reference nodes
(like the 5 V source is), the two non-reference nodes form a supernode.
✤ The supernode also encloses any elements connected in parallel with
the voltage source.
✤ Both KCL and KVL are then applied to the supernode to determine
the node voltages.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 12


Properties of the Supernode

✤ The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint


equation needed to solve for the node voltages.
✤ A supernode has no voltage of its own.
✤ The application of both KCL and KVL is required when a supernode
exists.

Applying KCL to the


supernode:

i1 + i4 = i2 + i3
v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 v3
+ = +
2 4 8 6

Circuits and Systems Week 2 13

Properties of the Supernode


✤ To apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law to the supernode, the circuit can be
redrawn thus:

✤ Applying KVL in the direction shown gives v2 - v3 = 5


✤ If two or more supernodes appear side-by-side, combine them into
one supernode.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 14


Node Analysis with VS - Version 1

✤ Determine i and v in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 15

Node Analysis with VS - Version 2

✤ Arbitrary current assignment

Circuits and Systems Week 2 16


Node Analysis with VS

✤ Determine v1 and v2 in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 17

Node Analysis with VCVS

✤ Determine vx in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 18


Node Analysis with CCVS

✤ Determine i in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 19

Method of Mesh Analysis

✤ Mesh Analysis provides another general procedure for analysing


circuits.
✤ provides a means of calculating the mesh currents;
✤ is based on the application of Kirchhof’s Voltage Law
(KVL) to determine the unknown mesh currents.
✤ Recall that a ‘loop’ (in a circuit) is a closed path with no node
passed more than once (Week 1).
✤ A mesh is a loop that doesn’t contain any other loop.
✤ Mesh analysis is only applicable to planar circuits!!

Circuits and Systems Week 2 20


Planar versus Non-Planar Circuits

(a) Non-planar (b) Planar

Circuits and Systems Week 2 21

Mesh Analysis

✤ In the figure abefa and bcdeb


are meshes, but abcdefa is not.

✤ The currents i1 and i2 are


known as mesh currents.

The Mesh Analysis Method:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, … , in to the n meshes.


2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes, using Ohm’s law to express the
voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
3. Solve the n simultaneous equations.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 22


Mesh Analysis Example 1

✤ Determine i1 and i2 in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 23

Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

✤ If a current source appears in one mesh, we set the mesh current


to the value of the current source and solve in the usual way.

✤ Here we set i2 = -5A and write out the KVL equation for Mesh 1:
10 = 4i1 + 6 (i1 i2 )
✤ Hence: i1 = -2A and i2 = -5A

Circuits and Systems Week 2 24


Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
✤ When a current source exists between two meshes, we create a super-
mesh by excluding the common current source and any elements in
series with it.

✤ Applying KVL to the super-mesh gives:


20 = 6i1 + 10i2 + 4i2
✤ Note that: i2 - i1 = 6 A.
✤ Hence: i1 = -3.2 A and i2 = 2.8 A.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 25

Properties of the Super-Mesh

✤ The properties of the super-mesh are:


✤ The current source in the super-mesh provides the
constraint equation.
✤ The super-mesh has no current of its own.
✤ A super-mesh requires the application of both KVL and
KCL.
✤ If a circuit has two or more super-meshes that intersect, they
should be combined to form a larger super-mesh.

Circuits and Systems Week 2 26


Mesh Analysis with CS
✤ Determine i1, i2 and i3 in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 27

Mesh Analysis with CS


✤ Determine I0 in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 28


Mesh Analysis with CCCS
✤ Determine v0 and i0 in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 29

Mesh Analysis with VCCS


✤ Determine vx in the following circuit:

Circuits and Systems Week 2 30

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