Vacuum Triode PDF
Vacuum Triode PDF
Vacuum Triode PDF
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Electronics devices and circuits >> Vacuum tubes >> Vacuum triode
Vacuum tubes
Vacuum triode
What is
The basic vacuum tube (vacuum diode) is used to convert the alternating
vacuum tube
current into direct current. However, they cannot amplify the electric
Vacuum diode
signal. In other words, they cannot amplify the voltage or power. To
Vacuum triode
Vacuum tetrode amplify the electrical signal, an extra electrode is required. When the extra
Vacuum electrode is placed between the cathode and anode, the resulting
pentode electronic device is called vacuum triode.
The name itself indicates that, it has three electrodes: cathode, anode,
and control grid. American electrical engineer Lee De Forest invented the
first electronic amplifying device (vacuum triode) in 1906 by adding an
extra electrode (control grid) between the cathode and anode. Vacuum
triode is a 3electrode device that amplifies the electrical signal.
Electrodes of vacuum triode
Vacuum triode consists of three electrodes: anode, cathode and control
grid. The anode, cathode and control grid are enclosed in an empty glass
envelope. The cathode is surrounded by a control grid, which is in turn
surrounded by anode. The construction of vacuum triode is similar to
vacuum diode. However, vacuum triode contains an extra electrode
(control grid).
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Cathode emits the free electrons when it is heated. Hence, cathode is
also called as emitter. The process by which cathode emits the free
electrons when it is heated is called thermionic emission. Anode collects
the free electrons that are emitted by the cathode. Hence, anode or plate
is also called as collector.
In between the anode and cathode, control grid is present. Control grid is
placed more nearer to the cathode than anode to increase the electric
current efficiently. Control grid will control the flow of electrons between
the cathode and anode. Hence, control grid is also called as electron
controller or electric current controller.
Control grid is made of network of wires that controls the electrons flow
between the cathode and anode. The space between the network of wires
in the grid is very large. Hence, the free electrons move easily from
cathode to anode through the opening of the control grid. Free electrons
that are moving from cathode to anode will carry the electric current.
Electric field
Electric field is the region around a charged particle within which other
charged particle will experience a force. Positively charged particles have
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positive electric field around them whereas negatively charged particles
have negative electric field around them.
If two opposite charged particles are placed close to each other, they get
attracted. On the other hand, if two like or same charged particles are
placed close to each other they get repelled.
In vacuum triode, if positive voltage is applied to the anode or plate, it
becomes positively charged. Hence, anode produces positive electric field
towards the free electrons. On the other hand, free electrons emitted from
the cathode are negatively charged. Hence, free electrons produce
negative electric field towards the anode.
The positive electric field of anode has more strength than the negative
electric field of free electrons. Hence, free electrons are attracted towards
the anode. However, the distance between the anode and cathode is
high. Therefore, if small voltage is applied, small number of free electrons
is attracted towards the anode.
On the other hand, the distance between the control grid and the cathode
is less (control grid is much closer to the cathode than anode). Hence, a
small positive voltage applied to the control grid is enough to attract the
free electrons. The free electrons that are attracted towards the control
grid will easily move towards the anode.
What is meant by electrode?
The conductor through which free electrons enter or leaves is called
electrode. In vacuum triode, cathode is an electrode, which emits the free
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electrons. In other words, free electrons leave or go away from cathode
and enter into vacuum. Anode is an electrode, which collects the free
electrons emitted by the cathode. In other words, free electrons that are
emitted by the cathode are entered into plate or anode. Control grid is
also called as electrode because, it increases the flow of electrons
between the cathode and anode.
Directly and indirectly heated cathode
In the vacuum triode, the cathode is heated to emit the free electrons.
This can be done in two ways: by directly heating the cathode or indirectly
heating the cathode.
If the heat is supplied directly to the cathode, the cathode is said to be
directly heated. In this method, the cathode itself is a heater or heating
element or filament. Hence, a small amount of heat energy will provides
enough energy for the free electrons to escape from the cathode.
The free electrons that are escaped from the cathode will enter into
vacuum. These free electrons in the vacuum are attracted towards the
anode. In the directly heated cathode, the amount of heat energy required
to emit the free electrons is less compared to the indirectly heated
cathode.
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If the heat is supplied indirectly to the cathode, the cathode is said to be
indirectly heated. In the indirectly heated cathode, there is no electrical
connection between the heater and the cathode.
When the heat is supplied to the heater, it gains heat energy. The heat
energy gained by the heater is supplied to the cathode. Thus, heat is
indirectly supplied to the cathode. When the free electrons in the cathode
gain enough energy in the form of heat, they break the bonding with the
cathode and jumps into vacuum.
Electrons emitted from the cathode depends on the amount of heat
applied and work function
The number of free electrons escaped from the cathode depends on the
amount of heat applied to the cathode and the work function of the
cathode
If large amount of heat energy is supplied to the cathode, large number of
free electrons is emitted from the cathode. Similarly, if small amount of
heat energy is supplied to the cathode, less number of free electrons is
emitted from the cathode.
Work function is the minimum amount of heat energy required to remove
the free electrons from the metal. Low work function metals require less
amount of heat energy to emit the free electrons. On the other hand, high
work function metals require large amount of heat energy to emit the free
electrons.
Vacuum triode with zero grid voltage
If no voltage is applied to the control grid and positive voltage is applied to
the plate, the vacuum triode behaves like normal vacuum diode, because
control grid will not shows any effect on the free electrons emitted from
the cathode.
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If voltage is applied to the control grid, it produces electric field. In this
case, no voltage is applied to the control grid. Hence, control grid will not
produce the electric field to attract or repel the free electrons. Therefore,
the free electrons emitted from the cathode will easily moves towards the
anode or plate from the openings of control grid.
Vacuum triode with negative grid voltage
If negative voltage is applied to the control grid without changing the
positive plate voltage, no electric current flows in the vacuum triode,
because the control grid opposes or repels the free electrons that try to
move towards the anode.
Because of this supply of negative voltage, the control grid becomes
negatively charged. Hence, it produces negative electric field. On the
other hand, free electrons emitted from the cathode are also negative
charged. Hence, free electrons also produce negative electric field.
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We know that, if two like or same charges are placed close to each other
they get repelled. Hence, the control grid opposes or repels the free
electrons emitted from the cathode. However, a small number of free
electrons overcome the negative electric field of the grid and move
towards the anode.
If the negative voltage applied to the control grid is increased, no
electrons will move towards the anode. Hence, no electric current flows in
the vacuum triode.
Vacuum triode with positive grid voltage
If positive voltage is applied to the control grid without changing the
positive plate voltage, electric current flows in the vacuum triode, because
the control grid attracts large number of free electrons. The free electrons
that are attracted towards the control grid will move easily towards the
anode.
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If positive voltage is applied to the control grid, it becomes positively
charged. Hence, it produces positive electric field towards the free
electrons. On the other hand, free electrons emitted from the cathode are
negatively charged. Hence, free electrons produce negative electric field
towards the control grid.
We know that, if two opposite charged particles are placed close to each
other they get attracted. Hence, the control grid attracts the free electrons.
The free electrons that are attracted towards the control grid will easily
move towards the anode. The free electrons carry the electric current
while moving from cathode to anode.
If the positive voltage applied to the control grid is further increased then
even more number of free electrons are attracted towards the control grid.
Therefore, electric current increases with increase in the grid voltage.
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