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Digital Communication

This document discusses spread spectrum communication techniques. It provides applications of spread spectrum modulation including anti-jamming capabilities, low probability of intercept signals, mobile communications, and secure communication. It explains direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems with block diagrams. Pseudo-random noise sequences are used to spread signals over a wide frequency band in both systems. The document also defines pseudo-random sequences and maximum length sequences. It compares direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum systems and discusses slow and fast frequency hopping.

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Sama Sulfikar
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145 views12 pages

Digital Communication

This document discusses spread spectrum communication techniques. It provides applications of spread spectrum modulation including anti-jamming capabilities, low probability of intercept signals, mobile communications, and secure communication. It explains direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping spread spectrum communication systems with block diagrams. Pseudo-random noise sequences are used to spread signals over a wide frequency band in both systems. The document also defines pseudo-random sequences and maximum length sequences. It compares direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum systems and discusses slow and fast frequency hopping.

Uploaded by

Sama Sulfikar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE V

SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION

1. Give the applications of SS modulation technique.


 Antijamming capacity for military applications.
 In Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) signals.
(LPI signals are those signals transmitted at low power level hiding it in the
background noise. Then the probability to intercept the signal will be low.)
 In mobile communications.
 For secure communication.
 Distance measurements.
 Selective calling.
 CDMA communication.

2. Explain SS communication system with the help of a block diagram.


The block diagram shows the basic elements of a spread spectrum digital
communication system. In addition to the basic building blocks of a digital
communication system, two additional blocks called pseudo-random pattern generator
are used on the transmitter and receiver side. Both these generators are identical to
each other.

Transmitter:
 The binary information sequence is input to the channel encoder on the
transmitter side. The same signal is recovered at the output of the system as
output data signal.
 The channel encoder encodes this input sequence according to some error
control coding technique.
 The coded signal is then given to the modulator. The modulator gets pseudo-
random or pseudo-noise (PN) sequence from the pseudo-random pattern
generator.
 The PN sequence spreads the signal randomly over a wide frequency band.
The output of the modulator is thus a spread spectrum modulated signal.
Receiver

 The PN sequence is removed from the received signal, by the other PN


generator operating at the receiver.
 For this, the PN generator at the transmitter and receiver works in
synchronization with each other.
 The channel decoder at the receiver then gets the binary information sequence
back.
 Thus the receiver can detect the transmitted spread spectrum signals only if it
knows the pseudo-noise sequence. For any arbitrary receiver it is difficult to
know the PN sequence, since it appears like noise.
Modulation Techniques

 The PN sequence at the modulator is used with the PSK modulation to shift
the phase of the PSK signal pseudo-randomly. Such technique is called Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation.
 If binary or M-ary FSK is being used, then the frequency of the FSK signal is
shifted pseudorandomly. The resulting signal at the output of the modulator is
called as Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS) signal.

3. Define PN sequence and Maximum Length (ML) sequence.


A PN sequence can be defined as a coded sequence of 1s and 0s with certain auto-
correlation properties. It is a noise like high frequency signal. The sequence is not
completely random but it is defined by a well defined logic. Since the sequence is
generated by a well defined logic, it is rather ‘pseudo’ random. Hence it is called
pseudo-random or pseudo-noise sequence.
When the PN sequence generated by an m-register linear feedback shift register has
the length of L=2m-1, it is called ML sequence. The ML sequence will be periodic
with a period of L.

4. Mention the applications of DS-SS system.


 To combat the intentional interference (jamming).
 To reject the unintentional interference.
 To minimize the self interference due to multipath propagation.
 In the low probability of intercept (LPI) signal.
 In obtaining message privacy.
 Code division multiple access can be used in combination with DS-SS
method.
5. Give the waveforms of a DS-SS system.

6. Explain different types of frequency hopping.


Hop rate (Rh): The rate of change of frequency hops.
Symbol rate (Rs): The rate at which k-bit symbols of data input sequence are
generated is called symbol rate.
 Slow frequency hopping: When several symbols of data are transmitted in one
frequency hop (slot), then it is called slow frequency hopping. This means symbol
rate is higher than hop rate. Here, hop rate is slower than symbol rate, hence it is
called slow frequency hopping.Rs is an integer multiple of Rh.This means
thatseveral symbols are transmitted corresponding to each frequency hop.
one frequency hop ==> several symbols transmitted
Rs= nRh , where n is an integer

 Fast frequency hopping: When several frequency hops takes place to transmit one
symbol, then it is called fast frequency hopping. This means hop rate is higher than
symbol rate. Here, hop rate is higher than symbol rate, hence it is called fast
frequency hopping. Rh is an integer multiple of Rs.This means thatduring
transmission of one symbol, the carrier frequency will hop several times.
one symbol transmission ==> several frequency hops
Rh= nRs , where n is an integer

7. Mention any two applications of FHSS system.


The two most important applications are:
 Wireless local area networks (WLAN) standard for Wi-Fi.
 Wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard for Bluetooth.
8. Define gold codes.
CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) provides spreading code to each individual user.
Ideally, the cross correlation between spreading codes of any two users should be zero
for all cyclic shifts. PN sequences are not ideally random. Hence, they have poor
correlation properties.
Gold sequences:
A gold code or gold sequence is a type of binary sequence used in telecommunication
or satellite communication. Gold codes are named after Robert Gold. These are
special dam of sequences that have better correlation compared to PN sequences. The
gold sequences satisfy the Gold theorem (A set of gold sequences consists of 2n+1
sequences each with a period of 2n-1).
Pick two ML sequences of same length L=2n-1, such that their correlation function
has a magnitude less than or equal to

where, n is the size of linear feedback shift register used to generate the ML sequence.
Let g1(X) and g2(X) be the two sets of generator polynomials corresponding to each
ML sequence. Then the shift register corresponding to the product g1(X).g2(X) will
generate 2n+1 different sequences. Each sequence has the period of 2n-1 and any pair
of sequences have zero cero cross correlation.

9. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of FH/MFSK system.

Advantages:
1. These systems have very large bandwidth (spreading).
2. They can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum.
3. They have relatively short acquisition time.
4. The distance effect is less.

Disadvantages:

1. These systems need complex frequency synthesizers.


2. They are note useful for range-rate measurement.
3. They need error correction
10. Give the difference between DS-SS and FH-SS system.
Sl. Parameter Direct Sequence spread spectrum Frequency hop spread spectrum
No.
1 Definition

2 Spectrum of
signal

3 Chip rate Rc

4 Modulation
technique
5 Processing
gain
6 Probability
of error

7 Effect of distance relative Distance effect is less


distance
8 Acquisition long short
time

11. Compare slow and fast FHSS system.


Sl. Slow FHSS Fast FHSS
No.
1

2 Symbol rate is equal to chip rate Hop rate is equal to chip rate
3 Hop rate is lower than symbol rate Hop rate is higher than symbol rate
4

5
12. What is synchronization? Explain the different types of synchronization.
Refer text for the following questions:

13. Define Spread spectrum.


14. Explain how a PN sequence is generated with the help of an example.
15. Explain the properties of PN sequences.
16. Explain the DS-BPSK system (transmitter and receiver) with the help of a block
diagram.
17. Explain the different performance parameters of DS-BPSK system.
18. Explain the FH/MFSK system (transmitter and receiver) with the help of a block
diagram.

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