For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Topic 2: Particulate Pollution and Control ENEN 641/ENCH 643

Outline

• Terminal settling velocity of particles

Lecture 2 – Force balance on a Spherical Particle
Particle Terminal Settling Velocity – Drag coefficient, Reynolds Number, Stokes
region, Transition region, Newton’s region,
– Cunningham correction factor, Knudsen
Number, mean speed of gas molecules
• Example problem

1 2

Terminal Settling Velocity for Use Newton's 2nd Law of motion

Spherical Particles 
  d(Vp )
Force Balance  Fz  mp ap  mp
d(t)

where ap  acceleration of particle
Fd  
Assume steady state conditions (Vp  Vtp )
Fb
F d = drag force constant mass of particle, and positive
F b = buoyancy force in downward direction.

Z  mp d(Vtp )
F g = gravitational force  Fz  0
d(t)

   
particle Fg  Fz   Fb  Fd  Fg  0
3 4

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Time required for a particle to reach its terminal

velocity*   g  
Fb  m p   g

Particle diameter Time to reach terminal  p 
(m) velocity (ms)
0.01 0.00002 
 g Ap Vtp2 CD
0.1 0.00027 Fd 
1.0 0.011
2

10 0.94  
Fg  m p g
100 92

Assuming p = 1g/cm3, T= 20oC, P=1 atm Hinds, 1999 5 6

Where, 
Solving for Vtp ,
mp  mass of particle 1/ 2
   g  
g  density of gas mpg1   

Vtp    p  
p  density of particle  1 

g  gravitational force constant  2 gApCD 
 
A p  front cross-sectional area of particle
 
Vtp  terminal settling velocity of particle Difficult to solve for Vtp because :
CD  drag coefficient 
CD  f ( Vtp , dp ,  g ,  g )

  g    g A p Vtp2 CD  CD  f (Rep )
 mp   g   mp g  0
 p  2
7 8

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Drag Coefficient Versus Reynolds Number for

in general, Spheres, Disks, and Cylinders
Velocity.length.density
Re 
dynamic viscosity

Drag Coefficient, CD [-]

for our case,

Vtp dpg
Rep 
g
where,
g = dynamic viscosity of the gas (g/cm-sec)
g = g/g = kinematic viscosity
Reynolds Number, ReP [-]
9 SOURCE: Adapted from Lapple and Shepherd (1940). Ind. Eng. Chem., 32, 605. 10

Cunningham Correction Factor

We need to correct the drag force term with the
Regions Describing Fluid Flow Around a
Particle and Corresponding Reynolds Number Cunningham Correction Factor (Kc) when the gas
and Drag Coefficient no longer acts as a continuous medium.
   
Region Rep CD K c  1  Kn    exp  
Stokes   Kn  
Rep  0.1 24/Rep
(viscous flow)
where,
 24    3  9 
0.1  Rep  2   1   16  Rep  160 (Rep ) n(2Rep )
2
 Rep 
      Kn= Knudsen Number = f(T,P, gas composition)
Transition
 24 
 = 1.257
 1  0.15(Rep )
0.687 
2  Rep  500 
 
 Rep 
  = 0.40
Newton 500  Rep  2 x 105 0.44  = 1.10
11 12

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Criterion to determine if Kc needs to be g

g 
determined is based on the Knudsen 0.499 g ug,molecule
Number, Kn.  0.066 m at 20  C and 1 atm for air
2 g
if Kn   0.01
dp
where,
then Kc should be calculated because Kc will
be >1.013 according to K c  1  Kn    exp  

  Kn   g  dynamic gas vis cos ity
where,  g  gas density
g = mean free path of the gas ug,molecule  mean speed of the gas molecules
dp = particle diameter
13 14

The drag force term can now be corrected

1/ 2
 8RT  with Kc as presented below.
ug,molecule     2
  MW g    g A p Vtp CD
Fd 
2K c
where,

R  ideal gas law constant Solving for Vtp
1/ 2
   g  
T  temperatur e mpg 1   K c 

Vtp    p  
 1 
MW g  mean molecular weight of gas  2 g ApCD 
 
15 16

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

 1
Let' s simplify the equation for Vtp , assuming m p  d 3pp
6
p   g , spherical particles, and Stokes' 1
Ap  d 2p
region. 4
24 24 g
   g  
1/ 2 CD  
Re p Vtp d p g
mp g 1   K c 

Vtp    p  
 1 
  g A p CD   
 2    1 d 3    
 2   6 p p 
g (1) K c

where, Vtp   
 24 g 
g  1   1 d 2     
1 1  2 g  4 p   tp p g  
V d 
p 
17 18

Vtp of spherical
particles in
atmosphere at
 room
 dp2pK c g
Vtp  temperature
18 g

Conditions for using this equation ???

Wark et al (1998)
19 20

5
 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Time For Particles to Fall 1 km Example Problem

Diameter (m) Time to Fall 1 km

0.02 228 years Calculate the terminal settling velocity of a

0.1 36 years 0.2 m diameter particle that results from

1.0 328 days gravity. The density of the particle is 2
10 3.6 days g/cm3. Air temperature and pressure are
100 1.1 hours 400 K and 1.01 atm, respectively.
1,000 4 minutes
5,000 1.8 minutes
Jacobson, M. (2002) Atmospheric Pollution: History, Science, and Regulation. 21 22

where,
g
p  2
cm3
Assume Stokes' Region dp  0.2 x 10  4 cm
  g  f(T, P, compositio n)
 dp2pK c g
Vtp   assume  g  f(T) for air at 1 atm
18 g
kg g
 g  0.0825  2.292 x 10  4
m hr (cm sec)
 cm 
g  980 k
sec 2
23 24

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

P MW g
Calculate Kn g 
RT
 g 
2 g 1.01atm   29 
Kn   g  mole 
dp 
 atm  
g  0.0821  (400K)
g  moleK 
.

g  
0.499 g ug,molecule
g
 0.89

g
 0.89  103
cm3
25 26

1/ 2
 8RT   g 
ug,molecule   4
 MW g   2.292 x 10 
g   cm sec 
1/ 2
  kg m 2    g  cm 
 3 ( 400K )  (0.499)  0.89 x 10 3 3 
540.4 x 102 
 ( 8 ) 8 . 314 x 10
sec 2 kg  mole K   cm   sec 
  
 9.55 x 10 6 cm
  kg  
 ( ) 29  
  kg  mole  
2 g (2)(9.55 x 10 6 cm)
 540.4
m Kn  
sec dp (0.2 x 10 4 cm)
cm  0.955  0.01
 540.4 x 10 2
sec
27 28

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 For 2018 Fall Semester ENCH643/ENEN641 course use only. No further distribution allowed.

Calculate Kc

Now calculate Vtp
   
K c  1  Kn   exp  - 
  Kn    cm  -4 2 g 
 980 2  (0.2 x 10 cm)  2 3  (2.32)
Vtp  
sec   cm 
  1.1    g 
K c  1  0.955 1.257  0.4 exp (18)  2.292 x 10-4 
-   cm sec 
  0.955  
cm
 4.41 x 10-4 (positive downward)
sec
K c  2.32

29 30

Check Rep

Vtp d p g
Re p 
g
 -4 cm  -4  -3 g 
 4.41 x 10  (0.2 x 10 cm)  0.89 x 10 
   
sec cm3 
 -4 g 
 2.292 x 10 (cm sec) 
 
 3.43 x 10-8  0.1

Therefore, Stokes' Law assumption is appropriate.

31