1. This document outlines various formulas and theorems related to calculus including: trigonometric formulas, differentiation formulas, integration formulas, properties of even and odd functions, horizontal and vertical asymptotes, the definition of a derivative, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, continuity, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, inverse functions, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions, the fundamental theorem of calculus, volumes of revolution, particles moving in a line, and the average value of a function.
2. Key formulas are presented for differentiation, integration, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, volumes of
1. This document outlines various formulas and theorems related to calculus including: trigonometric formulas, differentiation formulas, integration formulas, properties of even and odd functions, horizontal and vertical asymptotes, the definition of a derivative, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, continuity, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, inverse functions, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions, the fundamental theorem of calculus, volumes of revolution, particles moving in a line, and the average value of a function.
2. Key formulas are presented for differentiation, integration, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, volumes of
1. This document outlines various formulas and theorems related to calculus including: trigonometric formulas, differentiation formulas, integration formulas, properties of even and odd functions, horizontal and vertical asymptotes, the definition of a derivative, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, continuity, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, inverse functions, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions, the fundamental theorem of calculus, volumes of revolution, particles moving in a line, and the average value of a function.
2. Key formulas are presented for differentiation, integration, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, volumes of
1. This document outlines various formulas and theorems related to calculus including: trigonometric formulas, differentiation formulas, integration formulas, properties of even and odd functions, horizontal and vertical asymptotes, the definition of a derivative, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, continuity, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, inverse functions, properties of exponential and logarithmic functions, the fundamental theorem of calculus, volumes of revolution, particles moving in a line, and the average value of a function.
2. Key formulas are presented for differentiation, integration, finding maxima and minima, the mean value theorem, L'Hopital's rule, area between curves, volumes of
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Trigonometric formulas
Differentiation formulas Integration formulas
Formulas and theorems
1. A function y=f(x) is continuous at x=a if
i. f(a) exists ii. exists, and iii. 2. Even and odd functions 1. A function y = f(x) is even if f(-x) = f(x) for every x in the function's domain. Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis. 2. A function y = f(x) is odd if f(-x) = −f(x) for every x in the function's domain. Every odd function is symmetric about the origin. 3. Horizontal and vertical asymptotes
1. A line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of y = f(x) if either
or . 2. A line x =a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of y =f(x) if either
or .
4. Definition of a derivative
5. To find the maximum and minimum values of a function y = f(x), locate
1. . the points where f'(x) is zero or where f'(x) fails to exist
2. the end points, if any, on the domain of f(x).
Note: These are the only candidates for the value of x where f(x) may have a maximum or a minimum
6. Let f be differentiable for a < x < b and continuous for a ≤ x ≤ b.
a. If f'(x) > 0 for every x in (a,b), then f is increasing on [a,b]. b. If f'(x) < 0 for every x in (a,b), then f is decreasing on [a,b]. 7. Suppose that f''(x) exists on the interval (a,b). a. If f''(x) > 0 in (a,b), then f is concave upward in (a,b). b. If f''(x) < 0 in (a,b), then f is concave downward in (a,b).
To locate the points of inflection of y = f(x), find the points where f''(x) = 0 or where f''(x) fails to exist. These are the only candidates where f(x) may have a point of inflection. Then test these points to make sure that f''(x) < 0 on one side and f''(x) > 0 on the other.
8. Mean value theorem
If f is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), then there is at least one
number c
in (a,b) such that .
9. Continuity
If a function is differentiable at a point x = a, it is continuous at that point. The
converse is false, i.e. continuity does not imply differentiability.
10. L'Hôpital's rule
If is of the form or , and if exists, then .
11. Area between curves
If f and g are continuous functions such that f(x) ≥ g(x) on [a,b], then the area between
the curves is .
12. Inverse functions
a. If f and g are two functions such that f(g(x)) = x for every x in the domain of g, and, g(f(x)) = x, for every x in the domain of f, then, f and g are inverse functions of each other. b. A function f has an inverse if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once. c. If f is either increasing or decreasing in an interval, then f has an inverse. d. If f is differentiable at every point on an interval I, and f'(x) ≠ 0 on I, then g = f- 1 (x) is differentiable at every point of the interior of the interval f(I) and
13. Properties of y = ex a. The exponential function y = ex is the inverse function of y = ln x. b. The domain is the set of all real numbers, −∞ < x < ∞. c. The range is the set of all positive numbers, y > 0. d.
e. 14. Properties of y = ln x a. The domain of y = ln x is the set of all positive numbers, x > 0. b. The range of y = ln x is the set of all real numbers, −∞ < y < ∞. c. y = ln x is continuous and increasing everywhere on its domain. d. ln(ab) = ln a + ln b. e. ln(a / b) = ln a − ln b. f. ln ar = r ln a. 15. Fundamental theorem of calculus
, where F'(x) = f(x), or .
16. Volumes of solids of revolution
a. Let f be nonnegative and continuous on [a,b], and let R be the region bounded above by y = f(x), below by the x-axis, and the sides by the lines x = a and x = b. b. When this region R is revolved about the x-axis, it generates a solid (having circular cross sections) whose volume . c. When R is revolved about the y-axis, it generates a solid whose volume
. 17. Particles moving along a line a. If a particle moving along a straight line has a positive function x(t), then its instantaneous velocity v(t) = x'(t) and its acceleration a(t) = v'(t). b. v(t) = ∫ a(t)dt and x(t) = ∫ v(t)dt. 18. Average y-value
