Appendix D

Concept Dewatering, Hydrotest Water and

Land Release Management Plan
(DHWLRMP)
Concept Dewatering, Hydrotest, Water and
Land Release Management Plan
Marine Crossing – Gas Transmission Pipeline

CLIENT:
GLNG Operations P/L

STATUS:
FINAL

REPORT NUMBER:
SC12-0029/R001688

ISSUE DATE:
June 2012

O2 ENVIRONMENT + ENGINEERING Level 1/48 Wharf St Kangaroo Point QLD 4169

ACN 136 340 924 www.o-2.com.au
Important Note
This report and all its components (including images, audio, video, text) is copyright. Apart from fair dealing
for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968,
no part may be reproduced, copied, transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical or
graphic) without the prior written permission of O2 Environment + Engineering.

This report has been prepared for the sole use of the GLNG Operations P/L (herein, ‘the client’), for a
specific site (herein ‘the site’, the specific purpose specified in Section 1 of this report (herein ‘the
purpose’). This report is strictly limited for use by the client, to the purpose and site and may not be used
for any other purposes.

Third parties, excluding regulatory agencies assessing an application in relation to the purpose, may not
rely on this report. O2 Environment + Engineering waives all liability to any third party loss, damage, liability
or claim arising out of or incidental to a third party publishing, using or relying on the facts, content,
opinions or subject matter contained in this report.

O2 Environment + Engineering waives all responsibility for loss or damage where the accuracy and
effectiveness of information provided by the Client or other third parties was inaccurate or not up to date
and was relied upon, wholly or in part in reporting.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 2
1.1. Environmental Approvals and Legislative Requirements 2
1.2. Objectives and Targets 2
1.3. Proposed Works 2
2. Site Description 7
2.1. Site Drainage 7
2.2. Acid Sulphate Soils 8
3. Methodology 9
3.1. Tunnel Boring 9
3.2. Hydrotesting 10
3.2.1. Water Supply for Hydrotests 10
3.2.2. Water Quality 11
3.2.3. Water Treatment 11
3.3. Water Disposal 11
3.3.1. Water Balance 11
3.3.2. Controlled Land Release 12
4. Dewatering, Hydrotesting and Land Disposal Management 15
4.1. Dewatering 15
4.2. Hydrotesting 15
4.2.1. Monitoring and Performance Criteria 15
4.2.2. Contingency Plans 16
4.3. Controlled Land Release 16
4.3.1. Monitoring and Performance Criteria 17
4.3.2. Contingency Plans 17
5. Reporting and Notification 18
6. References 19

Figures
Figure 1: Site Layout Plan 4
Figure 2: Launch pad infrastructure draft drawing 5
Figure 3: Receptor pad infrastructure draft drawing 6
Figure 4: Photo and inspection points 7
Figure 5: A schematic for water around the site 12
Figure 6: Water schematic 12

Tables
Table 1: Water quality limits for disposal of hydrostatic water to land 16

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1. Introduction
O2 was commissioned by Downes Group on behalf of GLNG Operations P/L (herein the Client) to prepare a
Dewatering, Hydrotest Water and Land Release Management Plan for the proposed works associated with
the Gas Transmission Pipeline Narrows Marine Crossing construction.

The area of interest is located approximately 16km north of Gladstone. The location is commonly called the
‘Narrows’.

This plan describes physical controls and processes that are expected to result in general compliance with
the objectives in Section 1.2. Should the controls indicated in this document not achieve the identified
performance criteria for any reason, it is the responsibility of the operator to notify the nominated
specialist so that a revision of the plan can be undertaken.

This plan should be read in conjunction with the O2 Marine Crossing – Gas Transmission Pipeline:
Stormwater Management and Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Document Number R001631).

1.1. Environmental Approvals and Legislative Requirements

This plan is provided to meet the following requirements:

Dewatering – Relating to dewatering tunnelling operations to meet requirements as set out in 5.2 (a) & 5.3
of the DERM additional information request (375042/BNE45992) and Condition 32 (e), (m) & (n) of the
EPBC Approval (22/10/2010).

Hydrotest water – To meet requirements as set out in 5.1 of the DERM additional information request
(375042/BNE45992), Appendix 3 Part 3 Condition 3 e) of the CG (May 2010) Report and Condition 37 (d) of
the EPBC Approval (22/10/2010).

Land Release – In accordance with 5.1 (Hydrotest Water) of the DERM additional information request
(375042/BNE45992) and 5.3 (Dewatering) in accordance with 5.1 (Hydrotest Water) of the DERM additional
information request (375042/BNE45992)

1.2. Objectives and Targets

This Dewatering, Hydrotest Water and Land Release plan has been developed in accordance with the
following guidelines:

 Queensland Water Quality Guidelines (Department of Environment and Resource Management,

2009)
 Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (ANZECC & ARMCANZ,
2000)

The objective of this plan is to minimise harmful impacts on receiving land and waters during the
operational period.

1.3. Proposed Works

The summary of relevant works below is based on information provided by GLNG Operations Pty Ltd in a
File Note titled ‘Preliminary Narrows Crossing Information for Environmental Studies (Ref: 3301-GLNG-3-4-
3.3-0004).

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The Marine Crossing Project is the construction of a 4.3km long, 3.4m internal diameter tunnel from the
mainland to Curtis Island across a channel of tidal sea water to provide access for an LNG pipe to connect to
the processing facility on Curtis Island near Gladstone, QLD.

The Areas of Interest associated with the project include the following:

 Launch pad and receptor pad for tunnel boring activities located on the mainland and Curtis Island
respectively
 Tunnel between the mainland and Curtis Island
 Pipeline laid within the tunnel

The draft site layout plan provided by client is shown below in Figure 1, with layout details of the launch
and receptor pads provided in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively.

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 Figure 1: Site Layout Plan

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 Figure 2: Launch pad infrastructure draft drawing

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 Figure 3: Receptor pad infrastructure draft drawing

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2. Site Description
The site was inspected on the 4th and 13th of April 2012. Most areas were able to be accessed with the
exception of the pipeline from the launch pad to Humpy Creek (marked in yellow dotted line). Figure 4
displays all photo points and sites inspected (red dots).

Figure 4: Photo and inspection points

2.1. Site Drainage

Downes Group provided a report ‘Site Value Assessment and Water Mouse Habitat Assessment Report
(2012)’. The following information is an extract from their findings in regard to aquatic values.

The site has four constructed waterholes / dams which are all very stable and mostly well vegetated with a
range of macrophytes and aquatic plants (native and exotic).

Areas from the access gate and southern parts of the “orchard” appear to drain towards a drainage line.
This drainage line was flowing at the time of inspection following significant rainfall in the week prior to the
site visit. This drainage line flows into the southern dam.

The second dam will be bypassed (in fairly close proximity) by the proposed access track with no impacts
anticipated. This area is open and relatively flat with good opportunities to manage surface erosion and
stormwater impacts.

The third larger central dam capture runoff from areas from within and to the south of the proposed pad
and is a large and well established landscape feature. Drainage patterns for the pad area appear to flow
mostly from the east either north to the small Baumea articulata and Eleaocharis packed waterhole, or
south to the large third central dam. Areas draining to the southern dam are presently wet on the site with
numerous sedges and wetland plants interspersed with grazing grasses.

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Water birds and ducks were observed in all dams and an active and inquisitive population of Double Barred
Finches (Taeniopygia bichenovi) observed in the northern Baumea dam. The northern dam is unique in that
it remains freshwater despite the estuarine influence observable in lower lying areas around the landscape
feature to the east and north.

The existing proposed location of the pad is well positioned avoiding both drainage features (dams) to the
north and south, and positioned such that the seaward edge of the clearing is perched on the top of the
existing natural ridgeline. Due to the topography and possibly soil type there is minimal intertidal zone with
the open forest dropping immediately into tidal mudflats. A mangrove community is located approximately
50m from the edge of the mudflats

2.2. Acid Sulphate Soils

An investigation of acid sulphate soils (ASS) carried out for the Environmental Impact Statement for the
project indicates that both Actual ASS (AASS) and Potential ASS (PASS) occur within the upper levels of the
estuarine sediments in the area. Further details can be found in the Acid Sulfate Soil Management Plan
(ASSMP) prepared by Golder as part of the Environmental Management Plan.

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3. Methodology
The summarised methodology in relation to dewatering and hydrotesting below is based on information
provided by Downes Group in the following reports:

 Preliminary Narrows Crossing Information For Environmental Studies (Document Number: 3301-GLNG-
4-3.3-0004)
 Hydrotest Conceptual Plan – Marine Crossing (Company Doc. No. 3380-SAIP-4-1.3-XXXX)
 Hydrotest Water Management Plan (Company Doc. No. 3380-SAIP-4-1.3-1840)

The tunnel construction will be carried out by a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) beginning at the launching
pad on the mainland and concluding at the receptor pad on Curtis Island.

Once the tunnel construction is complete, the pipe will be installed with welding taking place immediately
before the tunnel entrance.

Hydrotesting will then be carried out on the pipe section.

The water for the tunnel construction will be sourced, treated and discharged separately from the water
for the hydrotesting.

Each of these activities is described in more detail in the following sections.

3.1. Tunnel Boring

The tunnel will be constructed by a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) that will place waterproof concrete
segments as it progresses through to the receptor pad on Curtis Island.

The concrete segmental rings and the grout placed between them is substantially watertight, however a
small quantity of water is expected to infiltrate the tunnel. Over the period of 13 months the estimated
total infiltration of water is expected to be between 2,500m3 to 5,000m3. Infiltration of water into the
tunnel will cease when the tunnel is flooded.

The client advises that, based on past experience with similar tunnels, water imported by tankers from
approved Gladstone Area Water Board sources will be used at the commencement of tunnelling and
periodically during operations.

Water is considered a valuable resource and will be recycled to the greatest practical extent for use in
tunnel construction. Water for this purpose will be processed through a dedicated site water treatment
plant located at the launch pad and stored in tanks for reuse.

The majority of this water will ultimately be returned to the tunnel either as a component of the 6000 m3 of
grout required or when the tunnel is flooded.

Water will also be used during construction for dust suppression and housekeeping on the pad.

On completion the tunnel will be flooded with any water remaining in the tanks holding (treated) tunnel
water, and the balance made up with seawater sourced from the Narrows.

If it is considered inappropriate to use this water to flood the tunnel once it has been completed, the water
will be treated to a standard suitable for discharge.

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A small amount of Bentonite may be stored and used on site as a contingency measure to lubricate parts of
the tunnelling operation and will be used as a component of the grout which will be fixed between the
segments.

The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR
Convention) regulates international cooperation on environmental protection in the North-East Atlantic
region. The OSPAR Commission is the mechanism by which the European Community and fifteen
Governments of the western coasts and catchments of Europe co-operate to protect the marine
environment of the North-East Atlantic. Bentonite is listed in the OSPAR Commission’s List of
Substances/Preparations Used and Discharged Offshore which Are Considered to Pose Little or No Risk to
the Environment (PLONOR). (OSPAR Commission, 2012)

3.2. Hydrotesting
The tunnel section will be constructed from the mainland end in the direction of Curtis Island. During the
tunnel construction, pipe will be welded and pretested in readiness for installation. Installation of the pipe
will not take place until the tunnel is completed and the tunnelling infrastructure that is not required for
the pipe installation has been removed.

Hydrotesting, or hydrostatic pressure testing, is the testing of a section of pipeline with water to establish
the strength and leak tightness of the test section and to confirm the maximum allowable operating
pressure.

All sections of pipe to be tested are cleaned with a pig and compressed air to remove any construction
debris prior to filling with water for hydrotesting.

The hydrotest water will be water that has been used for testing inland sections of pipe. Once testing of
the upstream sections is complete, the water will be transferred to the pond at the pad and testing of the
mainland sections of pipe will be carried out. When the tunnel is complete and the pipe has been installed,
hydrotesting of the pipe in the tunnel and on Curtis Island will be carried out. Water will then be returned
to the pond at the pad for land release.

3.2.1. Water Supply for Hydrotests

Water for hydrotesting the mainland section of the pipeline will be transferred from the adjoining mainland
pipeline sections. This water will be reused water from hydrotesting of inland sections of pipe and will
originally have been raw water sourced from bores to the west in the Arcadia Valley or near Bauhinia
Downs.

On completion of the adjoining mainline test section, water will be transferred into a pond constructed at
the launch pad. The pond will be approximately 15,000 m3 in capacity with a maximum water depth of
approximately 5 to 6 metres and freeboard of approximately 1m to manage the risk of uncontrolled
release, based on a Q10 event. The pond will be lined to prevent losses due to infiltration and avoid
contamination from groundwater infiltration or interception of any acid sulphate soils at the location. A
sump will allow most of the water to be removed.

Water cannot be passed through the mainline test section once it has been dewatered and dried. Any
additional water (if required) must be obtained via road tankers from the Gladstone Area Water Board or
other available water sources of suitable quality.

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3.2.2. Water Quality
The desired water quality for hydrotest water is essentially fresh water with dissolved solids of less than
2,000 ppm. There is no intention of using biocide or corrosion inhibitors and the pipe will be cleaned by a
pig and compressed air prior to hydrotesting.

A study conducted by the CSIRO (G. Tjandraatmadja, 2005) found that the quality of the used hydrotest
water did not represent a hazard to the environment, provided that the source water was of adequate
quality. The source water quality was identified as the primary driver of the quality of used hydrotest
water.

The water will need to be assessed for Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) and turbidity prior to use for
hydrotesting.

If both SRB and sufficient sulphate availability is detected in the water, measures will be taken to prevent
the growth of SRB. The preferred method is to increase the pH to a minimum of pH10 by the addition of
sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide.

The presence of suspended solids encourages the growth of SRB. Removal of suspended solids by
settlement will assist in controlling SRB. Aeration of the water also reduces SRB activity.

3.2.3. Water Treatment

If any pH adjustment has been carried out prior to hydrotesting, pH correction to pH6.5 – pH8.5 will be
carried out in the pond by acid dosing prior to disposal.

3.3. Water Disposal

The water associated with tunnelling activities will be treated by the site treatment plant and ultimately
either used to flood the tunnel or be discharged appropriately according to the ASSMP.

The hydrotest water will essentially be raw fresh water and should require minimal treatment before
discharge. Any treatment that is required, such as pH correction in the case that SRB are found in the
source water, will occur within the pond. The hydrotest water is anticipated to be ultimately discharged to
land.

3.3.1. Water Balance

The following information was provided by the Client on 30 May 2012 in Santos GLNG Project – Marine
Crossing Comment Sheet – Water packages: Hydrotest, Dewatering, Land Release.

The volume of pipeline to be hydrotested is approximately 10,000m3. An extra 5,000m3 of water will
account for evaporation and pre-testing. 15,000m3 of water will be collected and stored over a period of 6
months in the pond lined with impervious lining. The hydrotesting will be carried out over a 6 month period
and final disposal of hydrotesting water will be via controlled discharge to land at the end of the 12
months.

The design groundwater infiltration into the tunnel is 1L/hr/100m, resulting in approximately 2,500m3 to
5,000m3 over 13 months being passed through the treatment plant. Some of this water may be lost in the
spoil that is being exported from the site.

The volume of water required for the drilling operations is unknown. This water will also be passed through
the treatment plant.

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5,000m3 of water from the treatment plant will be used to create 6,000m3 of grout for the tunnel. Some
water from the treatment plant will be used to wash down the surrounds and for dust suppression. Any
remaining treated water will either be used to flood the tunnel or will be realeased via control release, as
appropriate.

Groundwater Intrusion
Drilling operations water 1L/hr/100m of tunnel
imported from approved sources 3
2,500 to 5,000 m over 13
months

Treatment Plant Drilling operations water re-used Tunnel

2,500 to 5,000
3
m groundwater Gas Transmission
over 13 months Pipeline
plus drilling
operations water 3
2,500 to 5,000 m groundwater over 13 months
Loss within
3
tunnel spoil
10,000 m exported offsite
Loss from dust suppression Hydrotest water
3
and wash down 5,000m water
used for grout Net evaporation Average annual rainfall
5,000 m3 1.0m/yr; evaporation
Residual drilling operations 1.8m/yr (BOM, 2012)
and intrusion water used to
flood the tunnel or
controlled release

Hydrotest Water Pond

15,000 m3 water from

upstream Hydrotesting

10,000 m3 Hydrotest water

disposed via controlled
release
Figure 5: A schematic for water around the site

At this stage, it is understood that at least 10,000m3 of water will require controlled release to land.

3.3.2. Controlled Land Release

Possible locations for land release are shown in

Figure and include areas that are at least 100m from water courses, 100m landward of Highest
Astronomical Tide (HAT) and avoid areas of significant vegetation.

The most appropriate site for discharge will be selected prior to discharge. Key considerations for site
selection include:

 Locations must be a minimum 100m from watercourses and 100m landward of (HAT)
 Areas of saturated soil or high ground water table will be avoided - simple permeability tests will be
carried out to confirm the existing groundwater level and the permeability of the soil

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 Soil erosivity – sites will be chosen to minimise erosion and erosion and sediment control techniques
will be employed where necessary
 Discharge or infiltration into disturbed grassland is preferred and areas of significant vegetation will be
avoided
 Minimisation of flows into existing dams
The method, rate, surface area and timing of discharge will be determined based on the volume of water to
be released, soil properties of the chosen location and the weather conditions. Discharge events will be
planned for appropriate weather conditions and forecasts. If applicable, release areas may be rotated to
minimise impacts.

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Figure 6: Suggested locations for controlled land release

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4. Dewatering, Hydrotesting and Land Disposal Management
The following sections contain recommendations for monitoring, performance criteria and contingency
planning for tunnelling water, hydrotest water and controlled land release.

4.1. Dewatering
Any dewatering activity should strive to minimise the radius of influence of the cone of depression and any
impacts on sensitive surface water receptors near the operation. It is anticipated that there will be minimal
dewatering relating to the project’s tunnelling operations.

Given the likelihood that groundwater will be acidic or otherwise need treatment, the Acid Sulphate Soil
Management Plan produced by Golder Associates will describe the management and treatment of all
groundwater. Refer to the following for the dewatering details:

 Draft Acid Sulphate Soil Management Plan, GLNG Pipeline Route

 Phase 1 Acid Sulphate Soil Investigation

Prior to discharge, the groundwater would be field tested and treated in accordance with the Golder
ASSMP. In the event the volume of tunnelling water generated is higher than anticipated, the number of
temporary holding and treatment tanks may be increased or other contingencies will need to be
considered.

According to the Golder ASSMP, groundwater levels will be monitored prior to and during tunnel
construction via installed groundwater wells adjacent to the launch pad. If drawdown is found to be
excessive, a contingency strategy can be implemented to recharge the aquifer by circulating groundwater
from dewatering operations back behind the sheet piles. This would negate the possible impacts of
lowered groundwater levels and the potential oxidation of surrounding sediments.

4.2. Hydrotesting
Any hydrotesting activity should strive to minimise any impacts on the environment.

The cleanest and most practical water source for hydrotesting water will be chosen to minimise treatment
requirements prior to disposal via controlled land release.

Hydrotesting water will essentially be raw water from bores to the west of the site.

There is no intention of chemically treating the water prior to hydrotesting. However, if sulphate, SRB and
turbidity levels are found to be high enough to encourage SRB growth, the water will require pH correction
prior to hydrotesting to minimise the risk of corrosion. The pH will then be corrected post-hydrotesting to
the range of pH6.5 – pH8.5.

4.2.1. Monitoring and Performance Criteria

Water quality analysis will be carried out upon completion of the hydrotesting.

If necessary, the water will be treated to conform with the limits set out in Table 1 for disposal of water to
land. The water will be monitored on the release line to ensure that these criteria are met. Water will be
returned for treatment if the criteria are not met.

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Table 1: Water quality limits for disposal of hydrostatic water to land

Parameter Parameter Maximum

Value
pH pH 6.5 - 8.5 (Range)
Arsenic (mg/L) 2
Cadmium (mg/L) 0.05
Chromium (mg/L) 1
Copper (mg/L) 5
Iron (mg/L) 10
Lead (mg/L) 5
Manganese (mg/L) 10
Zinc (mg/L) 5
Nitrogen (mg/L) 5
Phosphorus (mg/L) 1
Electrical Conductivity
2000
(μS/cm)

4.2.2. Contingency Plans

Contingency plans will be developed once more is known about the site to address actions required if
performance criteria are not met. Contingency plans will include but are not limited to implementation of
the following:

 Additional treatment methods in the event that performance criteria are not met

4.3. Controlled Land Release

Controlled land release relates primarily to the hydrotest water but may also apply to residual water from
tunnelling operations if this water is not fully used to produce the grout or to flood the tunnel.

Land discharge of appropriate water could be undertaken either via infiltration or irrigation of a nearby
orchard. The controlled discharge will be to appropriate discharge structures 100m from water course and
100m landward of Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) to dissipate energy to reduce erosion, protect the
water quality of nearby water bodies and reduce the potential for the introduction of new species.

There is no intention of chemically treating the water prior to hydrotesting. However, if pH correction or
flocculation is required to minimise the risk of corrosion, the requirements for discharge water quality will
be taken into consideration when determining dosing procedures.

Disposal to land will require erosion protection, runoff controls and sediment interception to minimise
impacts on the receiving environment. Refer to Marine Crossing – Gas Transmission Pipeline: Stormwater
Management and Erosion and Sediment Control Plan for more details.

Control measures will be used to maintain stable landforms. The energy dissipation technique can be
selected with reference to section 8.06 of Queensland Urban Drainage Manual (Natural Resources and
Water, 2007). Suggested energy dissipation techniques could include a Rock Pad, Rock Mattress or Riprap
Basin (See Figure 7).

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Figure 7: Riprap basin (QUDM pg 8-28) (Natural Resources and Water, 2007)

4.3.1. Monitoring and Performance Criteria

Sampling will be carried out on all outgoing streams prior to discharge in order to verify compliance with
the water quality criteria in Table 1 (above) and any specific conditions of relevant environmental permits.

Discharge locations and downstream land and water bodies will be visually inspected for signs of erosion or
increased turbidity on a daily basis. Groundwater and surface water quality sampling will be carried out
during discharge activities to monitor for adverse changes to the environment. Refer to section 4.1.

4.3.2. Contingency Plans

Contingency plans will be developed once more is known about the site to address actions required if
performance criteria are not met. Contingency plans will include but are not limited to implementation of
the following:

 Additional treatment methods in the event that performance criteria are not met
 Alternative disposal options if the preferred method is considered to be causing environmental harm
 A reduction of discharge rates if the discharge is considered to be causing environmental harm
 Addition of further erosion protection, runoff controls and sediment interception measures if adverse
changes are observed at or downstream of the controlled discharge location
 Reviewing and updating the surface water quality sampling requirements upon the advice of the Site
Environmental Officer, such as in the case where the initial round of sampling indicates that there may
be an issue with the hydrotest discharge water quality
 Addition of a comprehensive suite of monitoring at an appropriate frequency if discharge, groundwater
or surface water quality adversely varies significantly compared to pre-dishcharge conditions
 Additional assessment of the causes of water quality deterioration if long term water quality is
considered to have degraded for reasons directly attributable to discharge activities. This may include
assessment of soil and groundwater quality, and development of a suitable management strategy

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5. Reporting and Notification
Operators shall record and report the results of all monitoring sampling and surveys monthly.

If any non-compliance or adverse environmental effects are observed, the operator will notify the Client
immediately and include suggestions for additional mitigation and management measures.

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6. References
ANZECC & ARMCANZ. (2000). Volume 1 The Guidelines. Environment Australia.

BOM. (2012). Climate Data Online. Retrieved June 1, 2012, from Bureau of Meteorology:
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/index.shtml

Department of Environment and Conservation. (2011). Treatment and Management of Soils and Water in
Acid Sulfate Soil Landscapes. Department of Environment and Conservation.

Department of Environment and Resource Management. (2009). Queensland Water Quality Guidelines
2009 Version 3. Queensland Government.

Department of Environment and Resource Management. (2010). State Planning Policy 4/10 Healthy
Waters. State of Queensland.

G. Tjandraatmadja, S. G. (2005). Analysis of Hydrostatic Test Water. Victoria: CSIRO.

IECA. (2008). Best Practice Erosion and Sediment Control - for building and construction sites. Picton, NSW:
International Erosion Control Association (Australasia).

Natural Resources and Water. (2007). Queensland Urban Drainage Manual Volume 1 Second Edition.
Brisbane: Queensland Government.

OSPAR Commission. (2012, May 21). Offshore Chemicals. Retrieved May 21, 2012, from OSPAR
Commission:
http://www.ospar.org/content/content.asp?menu=00120000000058_000000_000000

Swan River Trust. (2001). Policy SRT/DE6 Dewatering. Swan River Trust.

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