ENHANCING SCHOOL SERVICES THROUGH

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

IN A CENTRALIZED DATABASE

STUDENT NAME: Romeo E. Balcita, MIT

STUDENT NUMBER: 9805316
COURSE NAME: Doctor in Information Technology
COLLEGE: College of Information Technology and Computer
Science
COURSE CODE: DIT D1 – Dissertation 1

PROFESSOR: Thelma D. Palaoag, DIT

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 31-03-2019

 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 4
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 4
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT ISSUES ......................................................................................................................... 5
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM........................................................................................................................ 5
PROBLEM STATEMENT................................................................................................................................... 6
OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
RESEARCH QUESTION....................................................................................................................................... 6
OBJECTIVES AND AIMS .................................................................................................................................. 6
OVERALL OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 6
SPECIFIC AIMS.................................................................................................................................................. 6
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE ............................................................................................................. 7
EXISTING SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 8
SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM........................................................................................................................ 9
Features.................................................................................................................................................... 10
Importance ................................................................................................................................................ 11
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS........................................................................................................... 12
OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
POPULATION AND STUDY SAMPLE.................................................................................................................... 12
SAMPLE SIZE AND SELECTION OF SAMPLE ....................................................................................................... 12
SOURCES OF DATA ......................................................................................................................................... 13
COLLECTION OF DATA ..................................................................................................................................... 15
DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGIES .......................................................................................................................... 15
ETHICS AND HUMAN SUBJECTS ISSUES ............................................................................................................ 16
TIMEFRAMES .................................................................................................................................................. 16
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 18
BUDGET AND MOTIVATION .......................................................................................................................... 19
APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................. 21
APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE ......................................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 23

2
 ABSTRACT

Background. Modernizing school services with the use of technology greatly

influences its success. Schools are now required to give the most efficient
services not only to the students but also to the students’ guardian or parents and
to its employees. School services that concerns with attendance, grades, fees,
security, tracking of students, files and report generation. Students, parents,
teachers, staff, and the school administration all want a fast service. This can be
done by computerization of the services provided by the school.

Methods. This study is a qualitative research using Agile methodology of system

development. Literature review, interviewing of school personnel and analysis of
school management systems from different institutions will be taken to formulate
the framework of the study.

Results. With this School Management System in a Centralized Database,

inquiries of everyone concerning the school can now have the services they want
anytime anywhere. With the use of biometrics for attendance and security, using
mobile phones as a tool for teaching, computerization of library system,
computerization of student grading system, computerization of faculty evaluation
system, computerization of enrolment system, computerization of daily time record
system, and using online transactions for people that seek school services.
Furthermore, the system has an online integration which widens its services and
extends school operations. It also provides availability of real-time up to date
information. Better management of school academic process and administration.
This system provides instant access to required information and activities of the
school. Moreover this system provides better interaction between parents,
teachers and school management.

Discussion and Conclusion. The use of School Management System improves

school services satisfying concerned people about their needs. Moreover, the use
of technological innovations like smartphones and biometric devices makes the
system more efficient.

Keywords
School Management System, Centralized Database, Information Technology.
 INTRODUCTION

Schools Management
Schools services are continuously in need of a growing pace and aiming to
the most efficient result. The education sector has always been in need of a
quality solution to manage and serve the school resources efficiently. 1 Information
Technology (IT) sector can provide number of solutions to schools like smart
classroom, digital learning solutions and school management system to make
learning easier and manage school administration effectively2. Today, educational
institution is not limited to imparting education alone, but it is adapting latest trends
in IT for improving the quality of education and handling various activities of school
including admissions, class management, library management, logistics, inventory,
fee management, alumni management, etc.3. Technology has consistently raised
the quality of education and helped, to integrate systems, factions, departments
and various stakeholders. It also enhanced the productivity and performance of
institutions helping employees maximize their potentials or even recognize them.
Implementation of the latest technologies can significantly improve School’s
operations, employee productivity, and student/parent satisfaction. Using
information systems increases managerial effectiveness by directing strategies4.
By installing the right system, institutions are able to offer the “wow” factor and
deliver the key functionalities that make life easier for administrators, faculty,
students and other stakeholders5.
On the other hand, according to the study of Gentry (2015), school
managers defined their frequencies of internet and computer use as medium level.
They described their level of computer use as inefficient. School managers’
commonly uses software like word processor, presentation software, and
spreadsheet. School managers used word processor software more often than
graphic and database software6. School managers stated that the most important
relative effect of information systems to their managerial effectiveness is that it
allows to reach easily the information needed to alter the problems and that the
data input in the computer are effective in making managerial decisions 7. School
managers stated that they made use of their times more effectively through school
management information systems. In conclusion, it can be said that school
managers can make more effective decisions by having more data as well as they
have enough time to implement them8. Manual process surely is an inefficient way.

4
 The inefficiency of manual system requires the need to computerized
School Management System (SMS) in order to efficiently handle services for
students’, employees, and parents. Thus, the proposed SMS is a complete and
customized solution for the school handling regular management work. By going
through the flow of application one can easily maintain student detail, fees,
employee details, time table log both for students and employees, exams and
question paper detail, tracking students and graduates, provide guide in decision
making, grading system for students and library management9. Managing school
are becoming more and more intensive that needs to be effective in order for it to
grow and SMS helps assist administration in the management of school
services.10

Manual School Management Issues

Mostly manual processes of school management include the use of
standalone applications. In manual process, efficiency of time and work is hard to
maximize. From time to time, records need to be check and updated. People
inquiries are expected anytime. And manual process is a tedious way of doing
things. These results to slow processing of transaction, inaccurate records,
miscommunications, time consuming in every process and employees are not
productive enough. Also, students find it low quality service when they are not
satisfied11.

School Management System

SMS is a large database system which can be used for managing school's
day to day business. SMS allows users to store almost all of their school's
information electronically, including information on students, employees,
properties, teaching materials etc. Most importantly, this information can be easily
shared with authorized users, records can be easily searched, and reports can be
easily generated. School Management System could make your school staff's life
easier than ever. Using School Management System, finding student information is
just a few seconds away which might have cost hours, or even days, before. At the
end of the semester, printing students' statement becomes just a few minutes' job
but it could be a nightmare without using School Management System.

5
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The aim of the study is to design and develop a School Management

System in a Centralized Database to enhance school services.

Specifically it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the different services of the school that needs to have a
management system?
2. What are the factors that shall be considered in the integration of school
management system?
3. What framework shall be adopted in the integration of the school
management system?
4. What are the features of the school management system?
5. What is the level of acceptance of the school management system?

OBJECTIVES AND AIMS

The general objective of the study is to design and develop a School

Management System in a Centralized Database that enhances school services.
The specific aims of the study are:
1. To identify the different services of the school that needs to have a
management system.
2. To identify the factors that should be considered in the integration of school
management system
3. To identify the framework that should be adopted in the integration of the
school management system?
4. To identify the features of the school management system.
5. To identify the level of acceptance of the school management system.

6
 BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE

Existing School Management System

Different school management systems will serve as reference for this study
to gain and clarify SMS Features and architecture. The following are SMS that give
insights to this study.

Engage. The Engage School package lies at the heart of our management
information system for independent and international schools. It provides school
administrators, teachers and leadership teams with access to key information
through comprehensive pupil and student, staff and parent databases. Engage
School can be enhanced by a fully featured Website Admissions module. Easily
integrated into your school’s website, this provides automated input of website
admission enquiries, plus login functionality so that prospective parents can work
with you through the application process. The Engage Analytics dashboard is a
further upgrade option, offering a global overview of school performance, at-a-
glance, with drill-down capability. Engage School features are pupil and student,
staff and parent databases, admissions, online parent portal, report creator,
document management system, Alert notification system, recording of medical
data and incidents, and mail merge tool.

ELCEN. ELCEN is a complete school management system that has all

essentials needed for a school. It can work in a networked environment where it
connects to all teachers and users within and also in a standalone computer. In a
networked environment teachers can be able to mark exams online for their
classes and then it will be possible to do electronic ranking for all students. This
method ensures that the records are saved electronically for current referencing
and future queries. It is available for primary and secondary schools or a
combination of both and currently has the following modules. Register Master for
Teachers and Students. Class Management. Fee Management. Library
Management. Inventory Management. Ledger Accounting. Reporting

FeKara. This is an all-around school admin powerhouse, so long as you are

running an operation with 50 students or less. FeKara is a clean and modern
school administration and management software option which covers everything
7
from exams and assignments to budgeting and internal messaging for all staff.
FeKara even includes a mobile app which can work on all tablets and
smartphones for convenient on-the-go use. FeKara is limited by the amount of
students, bandwidth, and storage which can be managed on the free version of its
software. A $10 per month upgrade to premium gives you further options, including
per student pricing model, increased bandwidth, and additional data storage with
all of the previously mentioned features.

MySchool. This is an integrated School Management System for Primary,

Junior and Senior High Schools. mySchool provides a highly personalized portal-
based solutions that captures the school processes and makes all operations
(Students Finance, Admission and Records, Continues Assessment, Terminal
Reports, etc) accessible and managed via the web, thus allowing you to effectively
serve all stakeholders: students, parents, teachers, administrators, and etc. This
solution is based on portal technology, which enables the greatest possible
flexibility and personalization. It is an integrated solution that combines systems to
serve a wide range of key audience and stakeholders of various Schools.
mySchool makes it possible to manage all school’s Dormitory, Subjects,
Classrooms, and Programs of study . Locate teachers, subjects, classes and
students in few seconds. Print Teachers and subjects they teach for any term or
academic year. Know all class teachers for any academic year. Print Class lists,
student in a particular program, level, status, house, etc . Terminal Reports with
subject, class and level positions and an auto generated academic, attitude ,
conduct, and remarks. Print statements of accounts, exam permit, dormitory of
residence report and many others. Know all student debtors at a click of a button.
Print Student Bills, Class Bills, etc. Add Additional Fee Items to a student, gender,
house or level’s bill. Student Academic History from Admission year until now. All
Students under scholarship for any academic year. Student’s admissions list,
Number of Students Admitted for any academic year. Manage the School, from the
library to Stores. Revoke or Grant access to information. Directly monitor
performance of Class and Student. Get access to information easily. Manage the
School from a central point. Parent Access to Ward’s Information. Class
attendance records, etc. Statistics on School growth rate. Statistics on
Scholarships.

8
School Management System Features
SMS consists of tasks such as registering students, attendance record
keeping controlling absentees, producing report cards, producing official transcript,
preparing timetable and producing different reports for teachers, parents, officials.
SMS can replace the paper-based data collection and information exchange
system among the various departments of a particular school. The SMS provides
an innovative solution for today’s school record-keeping challenges.12 These
features provide a lot of benefits to all the people concern.
Information systems support not only information process but also
innovations13. As being adaptable to changes, these systems are helpful to cope
with the demands for change. Therefore, SMS improve the adaptation of the
school to the environment. They enable the school to comprehend and define
inner and outer information transfer. Thereby, school management both meets the
demands and expectations of its inner (teacher, student) and outer members; and
ensures that school activities are arranged accurately and on time14. Introduction
of SMS to schools have caused significant changes in roles and working styles of
managers15. SMS changed school management in the areas of leadership,
decision making, workload, human resource management, communication,
responsibility and planning16. Strategically school management information
systems help the manager in determining the aims of the school, making long term
plans, distributing resources, and forming educational methods of future,
determining performances of teachers and success of the school17. In this way,
school management information systems can also be used as a tool to initiate and
use educational leadership of the manager18. School managers can make more
efficient decisions when they get correct and up-to-date information by school
management information systems19. Decision making is the heart of educational
management. Daily, problematic conditions that require decision making are based
on the complicated and unexpected nature of school environment. For this reason,
as a problem solver, the educational manager has to gather and analyze
information continuously20. In addition, managers have been required to make
more decisions in short times because of the increasing expectations from the
educational system21. Moreover, decision making has been faster, more frequent
and more complicated in schools of today. In order to make decisions under these
conditions, gathering data that is continuous, up-to-date and that can be accessed

9
on time and analyzing and using this data is an obligation22. Success of school
development studies are mostly based on data based decision making. However
school managers are not able to use the data efficiently in this aspect.
School management information systems provide information and various
reports from the database in order to make decisions in line with the aims of the
school and facilitate controlling of the activities to achieve the aims. Information
technology helps the manager to access, manage and report the information
quickly and easily. While telecommunication nets provide the manager with wide
resources of information that can be used in problem solving, written
communication has been grown richer by means of word processors and e-mails.
As we can see information systems have changed the roles of school
managers and have changed their methods of working. One of these is to develop
a database that includes information on student registration and family,
discontinuity, grades, staff and classes, and course information. These are just a
step of school information systems. Other parts of information systems are
management of school library, finance, fixtures, school schedule planning,
standard reports sent to higher levels of school administration, etc. These are
simple data processing activities that increase efficiency of school management.
Moreover, use and analysis of information at schools will not only make managers
realize what should be done in order to develop student performances, but also
will ensure success in accomplishing these changes. When managers use data,
they will start to realize innovation efforts on this issue. As a result, it can be stated
that by means of information systems school managers will be able to determine
required.

Importance of Using School Management System

School managers’ roles and working styles changed significantly with the
Introduction of SMS23. Improvement of school management were found in the
areas of leadership, decision making, workload, human resource management,
communication, responsibility and planning24. Strategically SMS help the manager
in determining the aims of the school, making long term plans, distributing
resources, and forming educational methods of future, determining performances
of teachers and success of the school25. In this way, school management
information systems can also be used as a tool to initiate and use educational
leadership of the manager. School managers can make more efficient decisions
10
when they get correct and up-to-date information. Researches in various countries
confirm that school management information systems increase organizational and
managerial effectiveness. The use of SMS has introduced employees information
technologies and the facilities, lessened their workload and made management
process more efficient, helped them use time more efficiently, made teachers feel
themselves more important, made them and the teachers wish to improve
themselves more, made important changes in education and teaching, and
increased the quality of in-school communication.. According to school managers,
the use of SMS has increased school standards, helped decisions on the level of
control and strategy, increased the quality of teaching programs, facilitated
student-teacher interaction, increased the coordination between teachers,
facilitated systematic and continuous information transfer to parents, and
increased communication with other institutions and the central organization.
Managers stated that a manager who does not use the information systems is not
able to achieve his duties sufficiently anymore. Lastly, technology leadership of
school managers is more important than background in the efficient use of
technology26.
Major benefits of this system include transparency in school operations. The
system provides the availability of real-time up to date information. Better
management of school academic process and administration. Moreover, with its
online feature, the system provides instant access to required information and
activities of the school. Having a centralized system makes reporting possible at
one place. Also, it provides easy access through a web browser having an Internet
connection. It can also keep parents up to date with their ward’s progress in
school. Another is it provides better interaction between parents, teachers and
school management. Furthermore, it also provides efficient computing and fast
process. And it also reinforces accountability and transparency. Lastly,
redundancy is minimized in managing the institutions records.

11
 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Overview
This study is under qualitative research design. The study will describe, find
solution and provide solution to school management problems. The study is
exploratory and will look into some aspects that will enhance the school services
by using computer systems.
Furthermore, this study uses a framework in which the software will be
designed, developed, and maintained which is known as Software Development
Life Cycle (SDLC). It shows the steps, phases, milestones, and evolution of the
software development process.

Population and Study Sample

CICOSAT Colleges composes of offices like the administration, registrar,
cashier and accounting, student services office, security office, alumni office, and
departmental offices. The administration office consists of six personnel.
Registrars’ office has five personnel. Cashier and accounting office has two
personnel. Student services office has three personnel. Security office has four
personnel. Alumni office has three personnel. And departmental offices have
twenty one personnel. The user of the system from the different offices will be the
respondents with a total of forty-four.

Research Instrument
Interviewing personnel of the different offices using pen-ended
questionnaire will be used in this study. This study will also use the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM) by Venkatesh and Davis, 2000, for determining the level
of acceptance of the system. The TAM questionnaire is composed of two sections.
Part I is the questionnaire for perceived usefulness and part II is for the systems
perceived ease of use.

12
Sources of Data
Libraries of different schools will be visited to gather more data about the
study. The following are the sources of data that needs to be considered for the
study.
Questionnaire. Questionnaire from the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM) will be used in this study. Open-ended questionnaire will also be used for
the interview of the different school personnel.
Observation. Observing the actual work procedure of the different offices
can give insights on how to design the system. Knowing exactly how personnel
perform in their work will help clarify issues regarding their performance especially
when work is done manually without the help of computerized systems.
Books. Books related to SMS, school services and management, and
system development will serve as reference for this study.
Journals/articles. Online journals and articles will serve as the main
reference for this study. Related journals and articles will be reviewed and
analysed.

Collection of Data
Interviewing. From time to time, the need to interview school personnel
must be done to gather data and clarify vague statements. The recording of the
interview data must take place by means of note-taking and audio recording.
Personnel from the different offices will be interviewed regarding their office
transaction procedure and their experienced issues in providing school services.
Observation. This is the best way to observe school personnel
performance in natural setting. Identifying what is taken for granted in a situation
and discovering what is going on by watching and listening.
Literature review. Analysing the structure and features of existing systems
can give insights about the system. This will help in designing the structure and
identifying the features of the proposed system.

13
Methodology

This study is under qualitative research which is an interpretive approach to

investigating subjects in their natural surroundings. This method requires
conducting investigations or data gathering in the actual field, spending time in
the organization, attempting to document situations and to garner organization
members’ interpretations of situations27. There is a need also to work closely with
research participants for more productive result.

As for the SDLC, this study use prototyping model. The Prototyping model
is a technique for quickly building a function but incomplete model of the
information system. There are several kinds of prototypes but they all intend to
reduce risk by building a quick and dirty replica or mockup of the intended system.
It can be used to demonstrate technical feasibility when the technical risk is high. It
can also be used to better understand and elicit user requirements. In either case,
the goal is to reduce risk and limit costs by increasing understanding of proposed
solutions before committing more resources. The diagram of the prototyping model
is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1
Prototype Model

14
Using prototyping model reduces development time. Also, it reduces development
costs. Developers receive quantifiable user feedback making it easier in the
development process. Moreover, the use of prototyping model facilitates system
implementation since users know what to expect. It also results to higher user
satisfaction. Furthermore, it exposes developers to potential future system
enhancements. And errors can be detected much earlier.

The process of Prototyping concentrates on the following cycles. First,

identify basic requirement: Determine basic requirements including the input and
output information desired. Details, such us security, can typically be ignored.
Second, develop initial prototype: The initial prototype is developed that includes
only user interfaces. Third, review: The customers, end-users, examine the
prototype and provide feedback on additions or changes. And fourth, revise and
enhancing the prototype: Using the feedback, both the specifications and the
prototype can be improved. This method involves a series of iterations and
refinement until the prototype product is a fully working system, and the user is
satisfied.
Furthermore, this study will use the TAM to identify the users’ acceptability
(see figure 2). School personnel will use the system for several weeks and then
answer the TAM questionnaire after the given duration.

Figure 2:
Technology Acceptance Model (Venkatesh and Davis, 2000)

15
Data Analysis Strategies
All the data that will be collected from the respondents will be gathered
together and analysed using TAM formula for determining level of acceptance. The
analysis includes both descriptive and inferential analysis. To produce a model of
the system which is correct, complete and consistent, the need to construct the
analysis model which focuses on structuring and formalizing the requirements of
the system is needed. Analysis model contains three models: functional, object
and dynamic models. The functional model can be described by use case
diagrams. Class diagrams describe the object model. Dynamic model can also be
described in terms of sequence, state chart and activity diagrams. For the purpose
of this project, the analysis model will be described in terms of the functional model
and dynamic models using use case and sequence diagrams.

Ethical Consideration
Understanding the work of the participants could give insights on how to
identify their availability. In the conduct of the survey, the researcher will seek
permission first of the client before the distribution of the questionnaire. The
confidentiality will be ensured and that all responses solicited will only be
used for the study. The rule on plagiarism will also be highly observed as
references used will be acknowledged.
It is imperative that the manuscript will be submitted to the UC Ethics
Research Committee for evaluation and review before floating the questionnaire to
the respondents.

16
 TIME TABLE OF THE STUDY

Activities February 2019 to November 2019

Feb. Mar. Ap. May Jun. Jul. Aug Sep. Oct. Nov
. .
Proposal Drafting
Proposal Writing

Proposal Defence
Incorporation of
Panel Member’s
Recommendations
System
Development

Data gathering
Testing
Implementation
Feedback
gathering
Documentation

17
 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY

Strength of the Study

The proposed SMS makes institution management easier and provide
guidance to the administration to help future decision making. The proposed SMS
aims to further bridge the gap between parents, students and teachers and creates
a standardized platform for meaningful collaboration to happen. The systems
consist of different modules specifically made for the intended office function.
Modules of the system include students, parents, employees, administration,
accounting, examination, and registrar. Subject Schedule is entered manually but
conflict detection is featured on students’ subject entry.

Weaknesses of the Study

Scheduling system is not included in the system. Manual scheduling must
be done first then entered to the system. The proposed School Management
system will not be registered yet to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) limiting
its functionality to provide official receipt to students. In case the school requires
the printing of receipt, registration fee of the system will be shouldered by the
institution.

18
 BUDGET AND MOTIVATION
Motivation

Coping up with the fast pace of information technology must be taken as

priority for it is the biggest achievement mankind has ever built. A school using
manual services without the use of technology is just like a person living in old
age. Personnel of the different offices of the school are hardly providing a quality
service to the students and parents. The use of School Managements System
helps improve school services giving a big boost in the schools’ success and
satisfaction of students and parents.
As a system developer, seeing my project deployed and used by the
company can proved that I’m successful in my field of specialization and that I’m
reaching up my goals in life. This will serve as a great experience in system
development, deployment and maintenance.

19
 BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

Budget Item Quantity Description Unit Cost Total Cost

(PhP) (PhP)
Operating Cost
Supplies 10 reams Short Bond 150.00 1,500.00
Paper

250 ml Black Printer 800.00 800.00

Ink

1 pc Stapler 50.00 50.00

1 box Staple Wire 20.00 20.00

Documentation 250 pcs Printed 1.00 250.00

Documents

Photocopying 2000 pcs Photocopies 0.50 1,000.00

Professional English 5,000.00

Services Grammar
Proof-reader
System 1 Fingerprint 5000 5,000.00
Development Scanner
1 Barcode 5000
reader 5,000.00
1 High-end 70,000
laptop
Estimated Total Expenses (PhP) 88, 620.00

20
 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Questionnaire

PART I: PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF THE SYSTEM

Direction: Read the following statements carefully then check the appropriate box
that corresponds to your answer.
No Perceived Usefulness Statements Yes No
1 Using School Management System improves the quality  
of the work I do.
2 Using School Management System gives me greater  
control over my work.
3 School Management System enables me to accomplish  
task more quickly.
4 School Management System supports critical aspects of  
my job.
5. Using School Management System increases my  
productivity.
6 Using School Management System improves my job  
performance.
7 Using School Management System allows me to  
accomplish more work than would otherwise be possible.
8 Using School Management System enhances my  
effectiveness on the job
9 Using School Management System makes it easier to do  
my job
10 Overall, I find School Management System useful in my  
job.

21
PART II: PERCEIVED EASE OF USE OF THE SYSTEM
Direction: Read the following statements carefully then check the appropriate box
that corresponds to your answer.

No Perceived Ease of Use Statements Yes No

1 I find it cumbersome to use School Management System.  
2 Learning to operate the School Management System is  
easy for me.
3 Interacting with the School Management System is often  
frustrating.
4 I find it easy to get the School Management System to do  
what I want it to do.
5. The School Management System is rigid and flexible to  
interact with.
6 It is easy for me to remember how to perform task using  
the School Management System.
7 Interacting with School Management System requires a  
lot of my mental effort.
8 My interactions with the School Management System are  
clear and understandable.
9 I find it takes a lot of effort to become skilful at using  
School Management System.
10 Overall, I find School Management System easy to use.  

22
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