Resolution A.

749(18)
Adopted on 4 November 1993
(Agenda item 11)

CODE ON INTACT STABILITY FOR ALL TYPES OF

SHIPS COVERED BY IMO INSTRUMENTS

THE ASSEMBLY,

RECALLING Article 1S(j) of the Convention on the International Maritime Organization concerning the
functions of the Assembly in relation to regulations and guidelines concerning maritime safety,

RECOGNIZING the need for the development of an internationally agreed code on intact stability for all types
of ships covered by IMO instruments, which would summarize the work carried out by the Organization so
far,
HAVING CONSIDERED the recommendations made by the Maritime Safety Committee at its sixty-second
session,

1. ADOPTS the Code on Intact Stability for All Types of Ships Covered by IMO Instruments, set out in the
annex to the present resolution, which supersedes the following recommendations:

(a) Recommendation on intact stability for passenger and cargo ships under 100 metres in length
(resolution A.167(ES.IV));

(b) Amendments to the recommendation on intact stability for passenger and cargo ships under 100
metres in length (resolution A.167(ES.IV)) with respect to ships carrying deck cargoes (resolution
A.206(VII));

(c) Recommendation on intact stability of fishing vessels (resolution A.168(ES.IV)); and

(d) Recommendation on a severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion) for the intact stability
of passenger and cargo ships of 24 metres in length and over (resolution A.562(14));

2. INVITES Governments concerned to use the provisions of the Code as a basis for relevant safety
standards, unless their national stability requirements provide at least an equivalent degree of safety;

3. RECOMMENDS Governments concerned to ensure that inclining tests are conducted in accordance
with the guidelines specified in the annex to the present resolution;

4. AUTHORIZES the Maritime Safety Committee to amend the Code as necessary in the light of further
studies and experience gained from the implementation of the provisions contained therein.

Resolution A.749(18) - 255

 Annex

CODE ON INTACT STABILITY FOR ALL TYPES OF

SHIPS COVERED BY IMO INSTRUMENTS

Contents

PREAMBLE
CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Application

1.3 Definitions

CHAPTER 2 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AGAINST CAPSIZING AND INFORMATION FOR THE MASTER

2. 1 Stability booklet

2.2 Operating booklets for certain ships

2.3 General precautions against capsizing

2.4 Fixed ballast

2.5 Operational procedures related to weather conditions

CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO ALL SHIPS

3. 1 General intact stability criteria for all ships

3.2 Severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion)

3.3 Effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks

3.4 Assessment of compliance with stability criteria

3.5 Standard loading conditions to be examined

3.6 Calculation of stability curves

CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL CRITERIA FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF SHIPS

4.1 Cargo ships carrying timber deck cargoes

4.2 Fishing vessels

4.3 Special purpose ships

4.4 Cargo ships carrying grain in bulk

4.5 Offshore supply vessels

4.6 Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs)

4.7 Pontoons

4.8 Dynamically supported craft (DSC)

4.9 Containerships greater than 100 m

256 - Resolution A.749(18)

CHAPTER 5 - ICING CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 General
5.2 Cargo ships carrying timber deck cargoes

5.3 Fishing vessels

5.4 Offshore supply vessels 24 m to 100 m in length

5.5 Dynamically supported craft

CHAPTER 6 - CONSIDERATIONS FOR WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY

6.1 Hatchways

6.2 Machinery space openings

6.3 Doors

6.4 Cargo ports and other similar openings

6.5 Sidescuttles, window scuppers, inlets and discharges

6.6 Other deck openings

6.7 Ventilators, air pipes and sounding devices

6.8 Freeing ports

6.9 Miscellaneous

CHAPTER 7 - DETERMINATION OF LIGHT-SHIP DISPLACEMENT AND CENTRES OF GRAVITY

7.1 Application

7.2 Definitions

7.3 Preparations for the inclining test

7.4 Plans required

7.5 Test procedure

7.6 Determination of ships' stability by means of rolling period tests (for ships up to 70 m in length)

7.7 Inclining test for MODUs

7.8 Stability test for pontoons

Annex 1 - Detailed guidance for the conduct of an inclining test

Annex 2 - Recommendations fur skippers of fishing vessels on ensuring a vessel's endurance

in conditions of ice formation

Resolution A.749(18) - 257

 Code on intact stability for all types of ships
covered by IMO instruments

PREAMBLE

1 This Code has been assembled to provide, in a single document, recommended provisions relating to
intact stability, based primarily on existing IMO instruments. Where recommendations in this Code appear
to differ from other IMO Codes, such as the MODU Code or DSC Code, the other Codes should be taken
as the prevailing instrument. For the sake of completeness and for the convenience of the user, this Code
also contains relevant provisions from mandatory IMO instruments. Such requirements have been identified
with an asterisk. However, in all cases, the authoritative text for requirements is contained in the mandatory
instruments.
2 Criteria included in the Code are based on the best "state of art" concepts taking into account sound
design and engineering principles and experience gained from operating such ships. Furthermore, design
technology for modern ships is rapidly evolving and the Code should not remain static but be re-evaluated
and revised, as necessary. To this end, the Organization will periodically review the Code, taking into
consideration both experience and further development.

3 Throughout the development of the Code it was recognized that, in view of a wide variety of types,
sizes of ships and their operating and environmental conditions, problems of safety against accidents related
to stability have generally not yet been solved. In particular, the safety of a ship in a seaway involves
complex hydrodynamic phenomena which up to now have not been adequately investigated and
understood. Ships in a seaway should be treated as a dynamical system and relationships between ship and
environmental conditions like wave and wind excitations are recognized as extremely important elements. It
is recognized that development of stability criteria, based on hydrodynamic aspects and stability analysis of
a ship in a seaway, poses, at present, complex problems which require further research.

258 - Resolution A.749(78)

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of the Code on Intact Stability for All Types of Ships Covered by IMO Instruments, hereinafter
referred to as the Code, is to recommend stability criteria and other measures for ensuring the safe
operation of all ships to minimize the risk to such ships, to the personnel on board and to the environment.

1.2 Application

1.2.1 This Code contains intact stability criteria for the following types of ships and other marine vehicles of
24 m in length and above unless otherwise stated:

cargo ships

cargo ships carrying timber deck cargo

cargo ships carrying grain in bulk

passenger ships

fishing vessels

special purpose ships

offshore supply vessels

mobile offshore drilling units

pontoons

dynamically supported craft

containerships

1.2.2 The coastal State may impose additional requirements regarding the design aspects of ships of novel
design or ships not otherwise covered by the Code.

1.3 Definitions

For the purpose of this Code the definitions given hereunder apply. For terms used, but not defined in this
Code, the definitions as given in the 197 4 SOLAS Convention apply.

1.3.1 Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly.

1.3.2 A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than twelve passengers as defined in regulation 1/2 of
the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended.

1.3.3 A cargo ship is any ship which is not a passenger ship.

1.3.4 A fishing vessel is a vessel used for catching fish, whales, seals, walrus or other living resources of the
sea.

1.3.5 A special purpose ship means a mechanically self-propelled ship which, by reason of its function,
carries on board more than 12 special personnel as defined in paragraph 1.3.3 of the IMO Code of Safety
for Special Purpose Ships (resolution A.534(13)), including passengers (ships engaged in research,
expeditions and survey; ships for training of marine personnel; whale and fish factory ships not engaged in
catching; ships processing other living resources of the sea, not engaged in catching or other ships with
design features and modes of operation similar to ships mentioned above which, in the opinion of the
Administration, may be referred to this group).

Resolution A.749(78) - 259

1.3.6 An offshore supply vessel means a vessel which is engaged primarily in the transport of stores,
materials and equipment to offshore installations and designed with accommodation and bridge erections
in the forward part of the vessel and an exposed cargo deck in the after part for the handling of cargo at sea.

1.3.7 A mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) or unit is a ship capable of engaging in drilling operations for
the exploration or exploitation of resources beneath the sea-bed such as liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons,
sulphur or salt:

.1 a column-stabilized unit is a unit with the main deck connected to the underwater hull or footings
by columns or caissons;

.2 a surface unit is a unit with a ship- or barge-type displacement hull of single or multiple hull
construction intended for operation in the floating condition;

.3 a self-elevating unit is a unit with movable legs capable of raising its hull above the surface of the
sea.

1.3.8 A dynamically supported craft (DSC) is a craft which is operable on or above water and which has
characteristics so different from those of conventional displacement ships, to which the existing international
conventions, particularly SOLAS and Load Line, apply, that alternative measures should be used in order to
achieve an equivalent level of safety. Within the aforementioned generality, a craft which complies with
either of the following characteristics would be considered a DSC:

.1 if the weight, or a significant part thereof, is balanced in one mode of operation by other than
hydrostatic forces;

.2 if the craft is able to operate at speeds such that the Froude number is equal to or greater than 0. 9.

1.3.9 An air-cushion vehicle is a craft such that the whole or a significant part of its weight can be
supported, whether at rest or in motion, by a continuously generated cushion of air dependent for its
effectiveness on the proximity of the surface over which the craft operates.

1.3.10 A hydrofoil boat is a craft which is supported above the water surface in normal operating
conditions by hydrodynamic forces generated on foils.

1.3.11 A side-wall craft is an air-cushion vehicle whose walls extending along the sides are permanently
immersed hard structures.

1.3.12 A containership means a ship which is used primarily for the transport of marine containers.

1.3.13 Freeboard is the distance between the assigned load line and freeboard deckt.

CHAPTER 2 - GENERAL PROVISIONS AGAINST CAPSIZING

AND INFORMATION FOR THE MASTER

2.1 Stability booklet

2.1.1 Stability data and associated plans should be drawn up in the official language or languages of the
issuing country and the language of the master. If the languages used are neither English nor French the text
should include a translation into one of these languages.

Note: When the revision of the Intact Stability Code is undertaken, the standards for dynamically supported craft will be replaced by the
provisions of the High Speed Craft (HSC) Code currently under development.
t For the purposes of application of chapters I and II of annex I of the 1966 LL Convention to open-top containerships, "freeboard deck" is the
freeboard deck according to the 1966 LL Convention as if hatch covers are fitted on top of the hatch cargo coamings.

260 - Resolution A.749(78)

2.1.2* Each ship should be provided with a stability booklet, approved by the Administration, which
contains sufficient information to enable the master to operate the ship in compliance with the applicable
requirements contained in the Code. On a mobile offshore drilling unit, the stability booklet is referred to as
an operating manual.t

2.1.3 The format of the stability booklet and the information included will vary dependent on the ship type
and operation. In developing the stability booklet, consideration should be given to including the following
information:

.1 a general description of the ship;

.2 instructions on the use of the booklet;

.3 general arrangement plans showing watertight compartments, closures, vents, downflooding

angles, permanent ballast, allowable deck loadings and freeboard diagrams;

.4 hydrostatic curves or tables and cross curves of stability calculated on a free-trimming basis, for
the ranges of displacement and trim anticipated in normal operating conditions;

.5 capacity plan or tables showing capacities and centres of gravity for each cargo stowage space;

.6 tank sounding tables showing capacities, centres of gravity, and free surface data for each tank;

.7 information on loading restrictions, such as maximum KG or minimum GM curve or table that

can be used to determine compliance with the applicable stability criteria;

.8 standard operating conditions and examples for developing other acceptable loading conditions
using the information contained in the stability booklet;

.9 a brief description of the stability calculations done, including assumptions;

.10 general precautions for preventing unintentional flooding;

.11 information concerning the use of any special cross-flooding fittings with descriptions of damage
conditions which may require cross-flooding;

.12 any other necessary guidance for the safe operation of the ship under normal and emergency
conditions;

.13 a table of contents and index for each booklet;

.14 inclining test report for the ship, or:

.14.1 where the stability data are based on a sister ship, the inclining test report of that sister ship
along with the light-ship measurement report for the ship in question; or

.14.2 where light-ship particulars are determined by other methods than from inclining of the ship or
its sister, a summary of the method used to determine those particulars;

.15 recommendation for determination of ship's stability by means of an in-service inclining test.

2.1.4 As an alternative to the stability booklet mentioned in 2.1.2, a simplified booklet in an approved form
containing sufficient information to enable the master to operate the ship in compliance with the applicable
provisions of the Code may be provided at the discretion of the authority concerned.

t Refer to regulation 11-1 /22 of the 197 4 SOLAS Convention, as amended, regulation 10 of the 1966 LL Convention and the 1988 LL Protocol
and regulation 111/10 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

Resolution A.749(18) - 261

2.1.5 As a supplement to the approved stability booklet, a loading computer may be used to facilitate the
stability calculations mentioned in paragraph 2.1.3.9.

2.1.6 It is desirable that the input/output form in the computer and screen presentation be similar to the
one in the stability booklet so that the operators will easily gain familiarity with the use of the stability
booklet.

2.1.7 A simple and straightforward instruction manual, written as per sound marine practice and in a
language common to all officers, should be provided with the loading computer.

2.1.8 In order to validate the proper functioning of the computer program, four loading conditions taken
from the stability booklet (final) should be run in the computer periodically and the print-outs should be
maintained on board as check conditions for future reference.

2.2 Operating booklets for certain ships

Special purpose ships, dynamically supported craft and novel craft should be provided with additional
information in the stability booklet such as design limitations, maximum speed, worst intended weather
conditions or other information regarding the handling of the craft that the master needs to operate the ship
safely.

2.3 General precautions against capsizing

2.3.1 Compliance with the stability criteria does not ensure immunity against capsizing, regardless of the
circumstances, or absolve the master from his responsibilities. Masters should therefore exercise prudence
and good seamanship, having regard to the season of the year, weather forecasts and the navigational zone,
and should take the appropriate action as to speed and course warranted by the prevailing circumstances.

2.3.2 Care should be taken that the cargo allocated to the ship is capable of being stowed so that
compliance with the criteria can be achieved. If necessary, the amount should be limited to the extent that
ballast weight may be required.

2.3.3 Before a voyage commences, care should be taken to ensure that the cargo and sizeable pieces of
equipment have been properly stowed or lashed so as to minimize the possibility of both longitudinal and
lateral shifting, while at sea, under the effect of acceleration caused by rolling and pitching.

2.3.4 A ship, when engaged in towing operations, should not carry deck cargo, except that a limited
amount, properly secured, which would neither endanger the safe working of the crew on deck nor impede
the proper functioning of the towing equipment, may be accepted.

2.3.5 The number of partially filled or slack tanks should be kept to a minimum because of their adverse
effect on stability.

2.3.6 The stability criteria contained in chapter 3 set minimum values, but no maximum values are
recommended. It is advisable to avoid excessive values of metacentric height, since these might lead to
acceleration forces which could be prejudicial to the ship, its complement, its equipment and to safe
carriage of the cargo.

2.3.7 Regard should be paid to the possible adverse effects on stability where certain bulk cargoes are
carried. In this connection, attention should be paid to the IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk
Cargoes.

262 - Resolution A.749(78)

2.4 Fixed ballast
If used, fixed ballast should be installed under the supervision of the Administration and in a manner that
prevents shifting of position. Fixed ballast should not be removed from the ship or relocated within the ship
without the approval of the Administration.

2.5 Operational procedures related to weather conditions

2.5.1 All doorways and other openings through which water can enter into the hull or deck-houses,
forecastle, etc., should be suitably closed in adverse weather conditions and accordingly all appliances for
this purpose should be maintained on board and in good condition.

2.5.2 Weathertight and watertight hatches, doors, etc., should be kept closed during navigation, except
when necessarily opened for the working of the ship, and should always be ready for immediate closure and
be clearly marked to indicate that these fittings are to be kept closed except for access. Hatch covers and
flush deck scuttles in fishing vessels should be kept properly secured when not in use during fishing
operations. All portable deadlights should be maintained in good condition and securely closed in bad
weather.

2.5.3 Any closing devices provided for vent pipes to fuel tanks should be secured in bad weather.

2.5.4 Fish should never be carried in bulk without first being sure that the portable divisions in the holds are
properly installed.

2.5.5 Reliance on automatic steering may be dangerous as this prevents ready changes to course which
may be needed in bad weather.

2.5.6 In all conditions of loading, necessary care should be taken to maintain a seaworthy freeboard.

2.5.7 In severe weather, the speed of the ship should be reduced if excessive rolling, propeller emergence,
shipping of water on deck or heavy slamming occurs. Six heavy slammings or 25 propeller emergences
during 100 pitching motions should be considered dangerous.

2.5.8 Special attention should be paid when a ship is sailing in following or quartering seas because
dangerous phenomena such as parametric resonance, broaching to, reduction of stability on the wave crest,
and excessive rolling may occur singularly, in sequence or simultaneously in a multiple combination,
creating a threat of capsize. Particularly dangerous is the situation when the wave length is of the order of
1.0 to 1.5 ship's length. A ship's speed and/or course should be altered appropriately to avoid the above-
mentioned phenomena.

2.5.9 Water trapping in deck wells should be avoided. If freeing ports are not sufficient for the drainage of
the well, the speed of the ship should be reduced or the course changed, or both. Freeing ports provided
with closing appliances should always be capable of functioning and are not to be locked.

2.5.10 Masters should be aware that steep or breaking waves may occur in certain areas, or in certain
wind and current combinations (river estuaries, shallow water areas, funnel-shaped bays, etc.). These waves
are particularly dangerous, especially for small ships.

2.5.11 Use of operational guidelines for avoiding dangerous situations in severe weather conditions or an
on-board computer-based system is recommended. The method should be simple to use.

2.5.12 Dynamically supported craft should not be intentionally operated outside the worst intended
conditions and limitations specified in the Dynamically Supported Craft Permit to Operate, in the
Dynamically Supported Craft Construction and Equipment Certificate, or in documents referred to therein.

Resolution A.749(18) - 263

CHAPTER 3 - DESIGN CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO All SHIPS

3.1 General intact stability criteria for all ships

3.1.1 Scope
The following criteria are recommended for passenger and cargo ships.

3.1.2 Recommended general criteria

3.1.2.1 The area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) should not be less than 0.055 metre-radian up to
e= 30° angle of heel and not less than 0.09 metre-radian up to 9 = 40° or the angle of flooding 9ft if this
angle is less than 40°. Additionally, the area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) between the angles
of heel of 30° and 40° or between 30° and 9f, if this angle is less than 40°, should not be less than 0.03
metre-radian.

3.1.2.2 The righting lever GZ should be at least 0.20 mat an angle of heel equal to or greater than 30°.

3.1.2.3 The maximum righting arm should occur at an angle of heel preferably exceeding 30° but not less
than 25°.

3.1.2.4 The initial metacentric height GM 0 should not be less than 0. 15 m.

3.1.2.5 In addition, for passenger ships, the angle of heel on account of crowding of passengers to one side
as defined in paragraphs 3.5.2.6 to 3.5.2.9 should not exceed 10°.

3.1.2.6 In addition, for passenger ships, the angle of heel on account of turning should not exceed 10°
when calculated using the following formula:

Vo 2 d
MR = 0.02 - (KG - - )
L 2
MR heeling moment (m-t)

V0 service speed (m/s)

L length of ship at waterline (m)

~ displacement (t)

d mean draught (m)

KG height of centre of gravity above keel (m)

3.1.2.7 Where anti-rolling devices are installed in a ship, the Administration should be satisfied that the
above criteria can be maintained when the devices are in operation.

3.1.2.8 A number of influences, such as beam wind on ships with large windage area, icing of topsides,
water trapped on deck, rolling characteristics, following seas, etc., adversely affect stability and the
Administration is advised to take these into account, so far as is deemed necessary.

3.1.2.9 Provisions should be made for a safe margin of stability at all stages of the voyage, regard being
given to additions of weight, such as those due to absorption of water and icing (details regarding ice
accretion are given in chapter 5), and to losses of weight, such as those due to consumption of fuel and
stores.

t 0, is an angle of heel at which openings in the hull, superstructures or deck-houses which cannot be closed weathertight immerse. In
applying this criterion, small openings through which progressive flooding cannot take place need not be considered as open.

264 - Resolution A.749(18)

3.1.2.10 For ships carrying oil-based pollutants in bulk, the Administration should be satisfied that the
criteria given in 3.1.2 can be maintained during all loading and ballasting operations.

3.1.2.11 See also general recommendations of an operational nature given in section 2.5 above.

3.2 Severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion)

3.2.1 Scope
This criterion supplements the stability criteria given in section 3.1. The more stringent criteria of section 3.1
given above and the weather criterion should govern the minimum requirements for passenger or cargo
ships of 24 m in length and over.

3.2.2 Recommended weather criterion

3.2.2.1 The ability of a ship to withstand the combined effects of beam wind and rolling should be
demonstrated for each standard condition of loading, with reference to figure 3.2.2.1 as follows:

.1 the ship is subjected to a steady wind pressure acting perpendicular to the ship's centreline
which results in a steady wind heeling lever UwJ

.2 from the resultant angle of equilibrium (0 0 ), the ship is assumed to roll owing to wave action to
an angle of roll (0 1 ) to windward. Attention should be paid to the effect of steady wind so that
excessive resultant angles of heel are avoidedt;

.3 the ship is then subjected to a gust wind pressure which results in a gust wind heeling lever UwJ;
.4 under these circumstances, area b should be equal to or greater than area a;

.5 free surface effects (section 3.3) should be accounted for in the standard conditions of loading as
set out in section 3.5.

Angle of heel

e,

Figure 3.2.2.1 - Severe wind and rolling

tT-he angle of heel under action of steady wind (6 0 ) should be limited to a certain angle to the satisfaction of the Administration. As a guide,
16 or 80% of the angle of deck edge immersion, whichever is less, is suggested.

Resolution A.749(78) - 265

The angles in figure 3.2.2.1 are defined as follows:

80 angle of heel under action of steady wind (see 3.2.2.1.2 and footnote)

angle of roll to windward due to wave action

angle of downflooding (0f) or 50° or 0c, whichever is less,

where:

ef = angle of heel at which openings in the hull, superstructures or deck-houses which cannot
be closed weathertight immerse. In applying this criterion, small openings through which
progressive flooding cannot take place need not be considered as open.

f\ = angle of second intercept between wind heeling lever Uw) and GZ curves.

3.2.2.2 The wind heeling levers Uw,) and Uw,) referred to in 3.2.2.1.1 and 3.2.2.1.3 are constant values at all
angles of inclination and should be calculated as follows:

PAZ
= lOOOg~ (m) and

1.5/w, (m)

where:
2
P 504 N/m • The value of P used for ships in restricted service may be reduced, subject to the
approval of the Administration;

A projected lateral area of the portion of the ship and deck cargo above the waterline (m 2 );

Z = vertical distance from the centre of A to the centre of the underwater lateral area or
approximately to a point at one half the draught (m);

~ = displacement (t)
2
g 9.81 m/s

3.2.2.3 The angle of roll (8 1 )t referred to in 3.2.2.1.2 should be calculated as follows:

81 109kX1X2.Jrs (degrees)

where:

X1 factor as shown in table 3.2.2.3-1

X2 factor as shown in table 3.2.2.3-2

k = factor as follows:

k 1.0 for a round-bilged ship having no bilge or bar keels

k 0.7 for a ship having sharp bilges

k as shown in table 3.2.2.3-3 for a ship having bilge keels, a bar keel or both

r 0.73 ± 0.6 OG/d

with: OG = distance between the centre of gravity and the waterline (m) (+ if the centre of
gravity is above the waterline, - if it is below)

d = mean moulded draught of the ship (m)

s factor as shown in table 3.2.2.3-4

tThe angle of roll for ships with anti-rolling devices should be determined without taking into account the operation of these devices.

266 - Resolution A.749(78)

 Table 3.2.2.3-1 - Values of factor X1 Table 3.2.2.3-2 Values of factor X2

B/d x, Cs X2
~2.4 1.0 ~0.45 0.75
2.5 0.98 0.50 0.82
2.6 0.96 0.55 0.89
2.7 0.95 0.60 0.95
2.8 0.93 0.65 0.97
2.9 0.91 ~0.70 1.0
3.0 0.90
3.1 0.88
3.2 0.86
3.4 0.82
~3.5 0.80

Table 3.2.2.3-3 - Values of factor k Table 3.2.2.3-4 - values of factor s

Ak x 100 T s
k
LxB
~6 0.100
0 1.0 7 0.098
1.0 0.98 8 0.093
1.5 0.95 12 0.065
2.0 0.88 14 0.053
2.5 0.79 16 0.044
3.0 0.74 18 0.038
3.5 0.72 ~20 0.035
~4.0 0.70

(Intermediate values in these tables should be obtained by linear interpolation)

. . 2CB
Rolling period T = rr.:, (s)
vGM
where: C = 0.373 + 0.023(8/d) - 0.043(L/100).

The symbols in the above tables and formula for the rolling period are defined as follows:

L waterline length of the ship (m)

B moulded breadth of the ship (m)

d mean moulded draught of the ship (m)

Cs block coefficient

Ak total overall area of bilge keels, or area of the lateral projection of the bar keel, or sum of
these areas (m 2 )

GM metacentric height corrected for free surface effect (m).

3.3 Effect of free surfaces of liquids in tanks

For all conditions, the initial metacentric height and the stability curves should be corrected for the effect of
free surfaces of liquids in tanks in accordance with the following assumptions.

Resolution A.749(18) - 267

3.3.1 Tanks which are taken into consideration when determining the effect of liquids on the stability at all
angles of inclination should include single tanks or combinations of tanks for each kind of liquid (including
those for water ballast) which according to the service conditions can simultaneously have free surfaces.

3.3.2 For the purpose of determining this free surface correction, the tanks assumed slack should be those
which develop the greatest free surface moment, M 1.5 ., at a 30° inclination when in the 50% full condition.

3.3.3 The values of Mt.s. for each tank may be derived from the formula:

where:

is the free surface moment at any inclination (m-t)

3
V is the tank total capacity (m )

b is the tank maximum breadth (m)

3
is the specific weight of liquid in the tank (t/m )

V
8 is equal to blh (the tank block coefficient)

h is the tank maximum height (m)

is the tank maximum length (m)

k is the dimensionless coefficient to be determined from table 3.3.3 according to the ratio b/h.
The intermediate values are determined by interpolation.

3.3.4 Small tanks, which satisfy the following condition using the value of k corresponding to the angle of
inclination of 30°, need not be included in computation:

where:

~min = minimum ship displacement in tonnes.

3.3.5 The usual remainder of liquids in the empty tanks is not taken into account in computation.

3.4 Assessment of compliance with stability criteria

3.4.1 For the purpose of assessing in general whether the stability criteria are met, stability curves should be
drawn for the main loading conditions intended by the owner in respect of the ship's operations.

3.4.2 If the owner of the ship does not supply sufficiently detailed information regarding such loading
conditions, calculations should be made for the standard loading conditions.

268 - Resolution A.749(78)

 Table 3.3.3 - Values for coefficient k for calculating free surface corrections

2 cos() 2
k =sin() (
l +tan
-2 -()) X b/h
k =cos() (
+
tan ()) - +cot
-2 -())
12 8 l b/h 12(b/h)2 (1
where cot () ';3 b/ h where cot() ~b/h

~ 50 100 15° 20° 30° 40° 45° 50° 60° 70° 75° 80° 90°
I~
20 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 20

10 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 10

5 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 5

3 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.04 3

2 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 2

1.5 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.08 1.5

1 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 1

0.75 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.75

0.5 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.5

0.3 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.19 0.27 0.42 0.3

0.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.27 0.63 0.2

0.1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.14 1.25 0.1

3.5 Standard loading conditions to be examined

3.5.1 Loading conditions

The standard loading conditions referred to in the text of the present Code are as follows.

3.5.1.1 For a passenger ship:

.1 ship in the fully loaded departure condition with full stores and fuel and with the full number of
passengers with their luggage;

.2 ship in the fully loaded arrival condition, with the full number of passengers and their luggage but
with only 10% stores and fuel remaining;

.3 ship without cargo, but with full stores and fuel and the full number of passengers and their
luggage;

.4 ship in the same condition as at .3 above with only 10% stores and fuel remaining.

3.5.1.2 For a cargo ship:

.1 ship in the fully loaded departure condition, with cargo homogeneously distributed throughout
all cargo spaces and with full stores and fuel;

.2 ship in the fully loaded arrival condition with cargo homogeneously distributed throughout all
cargo spaces and with 10% stores and fuel remaining;

Resolution A.749(78) - 269

 .3 ship in ballast in the departure condition, without cargo but with full stores and fuel;

.4 ship in ballast in the arrival condition, without cargo and with 10% stores and fuel remaining.

3.5.1.3 For a cargo ship intended to carry deck cargoes:

.1 ship in the fully loaded departure condition with cargo homogeneously distributed in the holds
and with cargo specified in extension and weight on deck, with full stores and fuel;

.2 ship in the fully loaded arrival condition with cargo homogeneously distributed in holds and with
a cargo specified in extension and weight on deck, with 10% stores and fuel.

3.5.2 Assumptions for calculating loading conditions

3.5.2.1 For the fully loaded conditions mentioned in 3.5.1.2.1, 3.5.1.2.2, 3.5.1.3.1 and 3.5.1.3.2, if a dry
cargo ship has tanks for liquid cargo, the effective deadweight in the loading conditions therein described
should be distributed according to two assumptions, i.e. with cargo tanks full and with cargo tanks empty.

3.5.2.2 In the conditions mentioned in 3.5.1.1.1, 3.5.1.2.1 and 3.5.1.3.1 it should be assumed that the ship
is loaded to its subdivision load line or summer load line or, if intended to carry a timber deck cargo, to the
summer timber load line with water ballast tanks empty.

3.5.2.3 If in any loading condition water ballast is necessary, additional diagrams should be calculated
taking into account the water ballast. Its quantity and disposition should be stated.

3.5.2.4 In all cases, the cargo in holds is assumed to be fully homogeneous unless this condition is
inconsistent with the practical service of the ship.

3.5.2.5 In all cases, when deck cargo is carried, a realistic stowage weight should be assumed and stated,
including the height of the cargo.

3.5.2.6 A weight of 75 kg should be assumed for each passenger except that this value may be reduced to
not less than 60 kg where this can be justified. In addition, the weight and distribution of the luggage should
be determined by the Administration.

3.5.2.7 The height of the centre of gravity for passengers should be assumed equal to:
.1 1.0 m above deck level for passengers standing upright. Account may be taken, if necessary, of
camber and sheer of deck;

.2 0.30 m above the seat in respect of seated passengers.

3.5.2.8 Passengers and luggage should be considered to be in the spaces normally at their disposal when
assessing compliance with the criteria given in 3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.4.

3.5.2.9 Passengers without luggage should be considered as distributed to produce the most unfavourable
combination of passenger heeling moment and/or initial metacentric height which may be obtained in
practice when assessing compliance with the criteria given in 3.1.2.5 and 3.1.2.6, respectively. In this
connection, it is anticipated that a value higher than four persons per square metre will not be necessary.

3.6 Calculation of stability curves

3.6.1 General

3.6.1.1 Hydrostatic and stability curves should normally be prepared on a designed trim basis. However,
where the operating trim or the form and arrangement of the ship are such that change in trim has an
appreciable effect on righting arms, such change in trim should be taken into account.

3.6.1.2 The calculations should take into account the volume to the upper surface of the deck sheathing. In
the case of wood ships, the dimensions should be taken to the outside of the hull planking.

270 - Resolution A.749(18)

3.6.2 Superstructures, deck-houses, etc. which may be taken into account

3.6.2.1 Enclosed superstructures complying with regulation 3(10)(b) of the 1966 Load Line Convention
may be taken into account.

3.6.2.2 The second tier of similarly enclosed superstructures may also be taken into account.

3.6.2.3 Deck-houses on the freeboard deck may be taken into account, provided that they comply with the
conditions for enclosed superstructures laid down in regulation 3(1 O)(b) of the 1966 Load Line Convention.

3.6.2.4 Where deck-houses comply with the above conditions, except that no additional exit is provided to
a deck above, such deck-houses should not be taken into account; however, any deck openings inside such
deck-houses should be considered as closed even where no means of closure are provided.

3.6.2.5 Deck-houses the doors of which do not comply with the requirements of regulation 12 of the 1966
Load Line Convention should not be taken into account; however, any deck openings inside the deck-house
are regarded as closed where their means of closure comply with the requirements of regulations 15, 1 7 or
18 of the 1966 Load Line Convention.

3.6.2.6 Deck-houses on decks above the freeboard deck should not be taken into account, but openings
within them may be regarded as closed.

3.6.2.7 Superstructures and deck-houses not regarded as enclosed can, however, be taken into account in
stability calculations up to the angle at which their openings are flooded (at this angle, the static stability
curve should show one or more steps, and in subsequent computations the flooded space should be
considered non-existent).

3.6.2.8 In cases where the ship would sink due to flooding through any openings, the stability curve should
be cut short at the corresponding angle of flooding and the ship should be considered to have entirely lost
its stability.

3.6.2.9 Small openings such as those for passing wires or chains, tackle and anchors, and also holes of
scuppers, discharge and sanitary pipes should not be considered as open if they submerge at an angle of
inclination more than 30°. If they submerge at an angle of 30° or less, these openings should be assumed
open if the Administration considers this to be a source of significant flooding.

3.6.2.10 Trunks may be taken into account. Hatchways may also be taken into account, having regard to
the effectiveness of their closures.

CHAPTER 4 - SPECIAL CRITERIA FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF SHIPS

4.1 Cargo ships carrying timber deck cargoes

4.1.1 Scope
The provisions given hereunder apply to all ships of 24 m in length and over engaged in the carriage of
timber deck cargoes. Ships that are provided with and make use of their timber load line should also comply
with the requirements of regulations 41 to 45 of the Load Line Convention.

4.1.2 Definitions
The following definitions apply for the purposes of the present section:

.1 timber means sawn wood or lumber, cants, logs, poles, pulpwood and all other types of timber in
loose or packaged forms. The term does not include wood pulp or similar cargo;

.2 timber deck cargo means a cargo of timber carried on an uncovered part of a freeboard or
superstructure deck. The term does not include wood pulp or similar cargo;t

t Refer to regulation 42(1) of the 1966 LL Convention.

Resolution A.749(18) - 277

 .3 timber load line means a special load line assigned to ships complying with certain conditions
related to their construction set out in the International Convention on Load Lines and used
when the cargo complies with the stowage and securing conditions of the Code of Safe Practice
for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 1991 (resolution A. 715( 1 7) ).

4.1.3 Recommended stability criteria

For ships loaded with timber deck cargoes and provided that the cargo extends longitudinally between
superstructures (where there is no limiting superstructure at the after end, the timber deck cargo should
extend at least to the after end of the aftermost hatchway)t transversely for the full beam of ship after due
allowance for a rounded gunwale not exceeding 4% of the breadth of the ship and/or securing the
supporting uprights and which remains securely fixed at large angles of heel, the Administration may apply
the following criteria which substitute those given in 3. 1.2.1 to 3. 1.2.4:

.1 The area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) should not be less than 0.08 metre-radian up
e
to = 40° or the angle of flooding if this angle is less than 40° .

.2 The maximum value of the righting lever (GZ) should be at least 0.25 m .

.3 At all times during a voyage, the metacentric height GM 0 should be positive after correction for
the free surface effects of liquid in tanks and, where appropriate, the absorption of water by the
deck cargo and/or ice accretion on the exposed surfaces. (Details regarding ice accretion are
given in chapter 5). Additionally, in the departure condition the metacentric height should be not
less than 0.10 m.

4.1.4 Stability booklet

4.1.4.1 * The ship should be supplied with comprehensive stability information which takes into account
timber deck cargo. Such information should enable the master, rapidly and simply, to obtain accurate
guidance as to the stability of the ship under varying conditions of service. Comprehensive rolling period
tables or diagrams have proved to be very useful aids in verifying the actual stability conditions.t

4.1.4.2 For ships carrying timber deck cargoes, the Administration may deem it necessary that the master
be given information setting out the changes in deck cargo from that shown in the loading conditions when
the permeability of the deck cargo is significantly different from 25% (see 4.1.6 below).

4.1.4.3 For ships carrying timber deck cargoes, conditions should be shown indicating the maximum
permissible amount of deck cargo, having regard to the lightest stowage rate likely to be met in service.

4.1.5 Operational measures

4.1.5.1 The stability of the ship at all times, including during the process of loading and unloading timber
deck cargo, should be positive and to a standard acceptable to the Administration. It should be calculated
having regard to:

.1 the increased weight of the timber deck cargo due to:

.1.1 absorption of water in dried or seasoned timber, and

.1.2 ice accretion, if applicable (chapter 5);

.2 variations in consumables;

.3 the free surface effect of liquid in tanks; and

.4 weight of water trapped in broken spaces within the timber deck cargo and especially logs.

t Refer to regulation 44(2) of the 1966 LL Convention.

t Refer to regulation 11-1/22 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended, and regulation 10(2) of the 1966 LL Convention and the 1988 LL
Protocol.

272 - Resolution A.749(78}

4.1.5.2 The master should:

.1 cease all loading operations if a list develops for which there is no satisfactory explanation and it
would be imprudent to continue loading;

.2 before proceeding to sea, ensure that:

.2.1 the ship is upright;

.2.2 the ship has an adequate metacentric height; and

.2.3 the ship meets the required stability criteria.

4.1.5.3 The masters of ships having a length less than 100 m should also:

.1 exercise good judgement to ensure that a ship which carries stowed logs on deck should have
sufficient additional buoyancy so as to avoid overloading and loss of stability at sea;

.2 be aware that the calculated GM 0 in the departure condition may decrease continuously owing
to water absorption by the deck cargo of logs and consumption of fuel, water and stores and
ensure that the ship has adequate GM 0 throughout the voyage;

.3 be aware that ballasting after departure may cause the ship's operating draught to exceed the
timber load line. Ballasting and deballasting should be carried out in accordance with the
guidance provided in the Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 1991
(resolution A.715(17)).

4.1.5.4 Ships carrying timber deck cargoes should operate, as far as possible, with a safe margin of stability
and with a metacentric height which is consistent with safety requirements but such metacentric height
should not be allowed to fall below the recommended minimum, as specified in 4.1.3.

4.1.5.5 However, excessive initial stability should be avoided as it will result in rapid and violent motion in
heavy seas which will impose large sliding and racking forces on the cargo, causing high stresses on the
lashings. Operational experience indicates that metacentric height should preferably not exceed 3% of the
breadth in order to prevent excessive accelerations in rolling provided that the relevant stability criteria
given in 4.1.3 are satisfied. This recommendation may not apply to all ships and the master should take into
consideration the stability information obtained from the ship's stability booklet.

4.1.6 Calculation of stability curves

In addition to the provisions given in 3.6, the Administration may allow account to be taken of the buoyancy
of the deck cargo, assuming that such cargo has a permeability of 25% of the volume occupied by the
cargo. Additional curves of stability may be required if the Administration considers it necessary to
investigate the influence of different permeabilities and/or assumed effective height of the deck cargo.

4.1.7 Loading conditions to be considered

The loading conditions which should be considered for ships carrying timber deck cargoes are specified in
3.5.1.3. For the purpose of these loading conditions, the ship is assumed to be loaded to the summer timber
load line with water ballast tanks empty.

4.1.8 Assumptions for calculating loading conditions

The following assumptions are to be made for calculating the loading conditions referred to in 4.1.7: the
amount of cargo and ballast should correspond to the worst service condition in which all the relevant
stability criteria of 3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.4 or the optional criteria given in 4.1.3 are met. In the arrival condition, it
should be assumed that the weight of the deck cargo has increased by 10% due to water absorption.

Resolution A.749(78) - 273

4.1.9* Stowage of timber deck cargoes

The stowage of timber deck cargoes should comply with the provisions of chapter 3 of the Code of Safe
Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 1991 (resolution A.715(17)).t

4.2 Fishing vessels

4.2.1 Scope

The provisions given hereunder apply to decked seagoing fishing vessels as defined in 1.3.4. The stability
criteria given in 4.2.3 and 4.2.4 below should be complied with for all conditions of loading as specified in
4.2.5, unless the Administration is satisfied that operating experience justifies departures therefrom.

4.2.2 General precautions against capsizing

Apart from general precautions referred to in sections 2.3 and 2.5, the following measures should be
considered as preliminary guidance on matters influencing safety as related to stability:

.1 all fishing gear and other large weights should be properly stowed and placed as low as possible;

.2 particular care should be taken when pull from fishing gear might have a bad effect on stability,
e.g., when nets are hauled by power-block or the trawl catches obstructions on the sea-bed;

.3 gear for releasing deck load in fishing vessels carrying catch on deck, e.g., herring, should be kept
in good working condition for use when necessary;

.4 when the main deck is prepared for the carriage of deck load by division with pound boards,
there should be slots between them of suitable size to allow easy flow of water to freeing ports to
prevent trapping of water;

.5 fish should never be carried in bulk without first being sure that the portable divisions in the holds
are properly installed;

.6 reliance on automatic steering may be dangerous as this prevents changes to course which may
be needed in bad weather;

.7 in all conditions of loading, necessary care should be taken to maintain a seaworthy freeboard .

.8 particular care should be taken when the pull from fishing gear results in dangerous heel angles.
This may occur when fishing gear fastens onto an underwater obstacle or when handling fishing
gear, particularly on purse seiners, or when one of the trawl wires tears off. The heel angles
caused by the fishing gear in these situations may be eliminated by employing devices which can
relieve or remove excessive forces applied through the fishing gear. Such devices should not
impose a danger to the vessel through operating in circumstances other than those for which
they were intended.

4.2.3* Recommended general criteriat

4.2.3.1 The general intact stability criteria given in section 3.1.2 (paragraphs 3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.3) should apply
to fishing vessels having a length of 24 m and over, with the exception of requirements on the initial
metacentric height GM 0 (paragraph 3.1.2.4), which, for fishing vessels, should not be less than 0.35 m for
single-deck vessels. In vessels with complete superstructure or vessels of 70 m in length and over the
metacentric height may be reduced to the satisfaction of the Administration but in no case should be less
than 0.15 m.

t Refer to regulation 44 of the 1966 LL Convention and the 1988 LL Protocol.

t Refer to regulation 111/2 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

274 - Resolution A.749(18)

4.2.3.2 The adoption by individual countries of simplified criteria which apply such basic stability values to
their own types and classes of vessels is recognized as a practical and valuable method of economically
judging the stability.

4.2.3.3 Where arrangements other than bilge keels are provided to limit the angle of roll, the
Administration should be satisfied that the stability criteria referred to in 4.2.3.1 are maintained in all
operating conditions.

4.2.4 Severe wind and rolling criterion (weather criterion) for fishing vessels

4.2.4.1 Fishing vessels of 45 m in length and over having large windage area should comply with the
provisions of section 3.2 of the Code.

4.2.4.2 For fishing vessels in the length range between 24 m and 45 m the value of wind pressure (see
3.2.2.2) is to be taken from the following table:

h (m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 and over

2
P (N/m ) 316 386 429 460 485 504
i

where h is the vertical distance from the centre of the projected vertical area of the ship above the waterline
to the waterline.

4.2.5* Loading conditions to be consideredt

4.2.5.1 The standard loading conditions referred to in 4.2.1 are as follows:

.1 departure conditions for the fishing grounds with full fuel, stores, ice, fishing gear, etc.;

.2 departure from the fishing grounds with full catch;

.3 arrival at home port with 10% stores, fuel, etc. remaining and full catch;

.4 arrival at home port with 10% stores, fuel, etc. and a minimum catch, which should normally be
20% of full catch but may be up 40% provided the Administration is satisfied that operating
patterns justify such a value.

4.2.5.2 Assumptions for calculating loading conditions should be as follows:

.1 allowance should be made for the weight of the wet fishing nets and tackle, etc. on deck;

.2 allowance for icing, where this is anticipated to occur, should be made in accordance with the
provisions of section 5.3;

.3 in all cases the cargo should be assumed to be homogeneous unless this is inconsistent with
practice;

.4 in conditions referred to in 4.2.5.1.2 and 4.2.5.1.3 deck cargo should be included if such a
practice is anticipated;

.5 water ballast should normally only be included if carried in tanks which are specially provided for
this purpose.

tRefer to regulation 111/7 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

Resolution A.749(78) - 275

4.2.6 Recommendation for an interim simplified stability criterion for decked fishing vessels
under 24 m in length

4.2.6.1 For decked vessels with a length less than 30 m, the following approximate formula for the
minimum metacentric height GMmin (in metres) for all operating conditions should be used as the criterion:

where:

L is the length of the vessel on the waterline in maximum load condition (m)

15 is the actual length of enclosed superstructure extending from side to side of the vessel (m)

B is the extreme breadth of the vessel on the waterline in maximum load condition (m)

O is the depth of the vessel measured vertically amidships from the base line to the top of the upper
deck at side (m)

f is the smallest freeboard measured vertically from the top of the upper deck at side to the actual
waterline (m)

The formula is applicable for vessels having:

.1 f /B between 0.02 and 0.20;

.2 /5 /L smaller than 0.60;

.3 8/0 between 1.75 and 2.15;

.4 sheer fore and aft at least equal to or exceeding the standard sheer prescribed in regulation 38(8)
of the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966;

.5 height of superstructure included in the calculation not less than 1.8 m.

For ships with parameters outside of the above limits the formula should be applied with special care.

4.2.6.2 The above formula is not intended as a replacement for the basic criteria given in 4.2.3 and 4.2.4
but is to be used only if circumstances are such that cross curves of stability, KM curve and subsequent GZ
curves are not and cannot be made available for judging a particular vessel's stability.

4.2.6.3 The calculated value of GMmin should be compared with actual GM values of the vessel in all
loading conditions. If a rolling test (see section 7.6), an inclining experiment based on estimated
displacement, or another approximate method of determining the actual GM is used, a safety margin should
be added to the calculated GMmin·

4.3 Special purpose ships

4.3.1 Application

The provisions given hereunder apply to special purpose ships, as defined in 1.3.5, of not less than 500 tons
gross tonnage. The Administration may also apply these provisions as far as reasonable and practicable to
special purpose ships of less than 500 tons gross tonnage.

4.3.2 Stability criteria

The intact stability of special purpose ships should comply with the provisions given in 3.1.2 except that the
alternative criteria given in 4.5.6.2 which apply to offshore supply vessels may be used for special purpose
ships of less than 100 m in length of similar design and characteristics.

276 - Resolution A.749(18)

4.4* Cargo ships carrying grain in bulk

The intact stability of ships engaged in the carriage of grain should comply with the requirements of the
International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk adopted by resolution MSC.23(59).t

4.5 Offshore supply vessels

4.5.1 Application

4.5.1.1 The provisions given hereunder apply to offshore supply vessels, as defined in 1.3.6, of 24 m in
length and over. The alternative stability criteria contained in 4.5.6 apply to vessels of not more than 100 m
in length.

4.5.1.2 For a vessel engaged in near-coastal voyages, as defined in 4.5.2, the principles given in 4.5.3
should guide the Administration in the development of its national standards. Relaxations from the
requirements of the Code may be permitted by an Administration for vessels engaged in near-coastal
voyages off its own coasts provided the operating conditions are, in the opinion of that Administration, such
as to render compliance with the provisions of the Code unreasonable or unnecessary.

4.5.1.3 Where a ship other than an offshore supply vessel, as defined in 1.3.6, is employed on a similar
service, the Administration should determine the extent to which compliance with the provisions of the
Code is required.

4.5.2 Definitions
Near-coastal voyage means a voyage in the vicinity of the coast of a State as defined by the Administration of
that State.

4.5.3 Principles governing near-coastal voyages

4.5.3.1 The Administration defining near-coastal voyages for the purpose of the present Code should not
impose design and construction standards for a vessel entitled to fly the flag of another State and engaged in
such voyages in a manner resulting in a more stringent standard for such a vessel than for a vessel entitled to
fly its own flag. In no case should the Administration impose, in respect of a vessel entitled to fly the flag of
another State, standards in excess of the Code for a vessel not engaged in near-coastal voyages.

4.5.3.2 With respect to a vessel regularly engaged in near-coastal voyages off the coast of another State the
Administration should prescribe design and construction standards for such a vessel at least equal to those
prescribed by the Government of the State off whose coast the vessel is engaged, provided such standards
do not exceed the Code in respect of a vessel not engaged in near-coastal voyages.

4.5.3.3 A vessel which extends its voyages beyond a near-coastal voyage should comply with the present
Code.

4.5.4 Constructional precautions against capsizing

4.5.4.1 Access to the machinery space should, if possible, be arranged within the forecastle. Any access to
the machinery space from the exposed cargo deck should be provided with two weathertight closures.
Access to spaces below the exposed cargo deck should preferably be from a position within or above the
superstructure deck.

4.5.4.2 The area of freeing ports in the side bulwarks of the cargo deck should at least meet the
requirements of regulation 27 of the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966. The disposition of the
freeing ports should be carefully considered to ensure the most effective drainage of water trapped in pipe

t Refer to chapter VI of the 1974 SOLAS Convention and to part C of chapter VI of the 1974 SOLAS Convention as amended by resolution
MSC.22(59).

Resolution A.749(18) - 277

deck cargoes or in recesses at the after end of the forecastle. In vessels operating in areas where icing is
likely to occur, no shutters should be fitted in the freeing ports.

4.5.4.3 The Administration should give special attention to adequate drainage of pipe stowage positions,
having regard to the individual characteristics of the vessel. However, the area provided for drainage of the
pipe stowage positions should be in excess of the required freeing port area in the cargo deck bulwarks and
should not be fitted with shutters.

4.5.4.4 A vessel engaged in towing operations should be provided with means for quick release of the
towing hawser.

4.5.5 Operational procedures against capsizing

4.5.5.1 The arrangement of cargo stowed on deck should be such as to avoid any obstruction of the freeing
ports or of the areas necessary for the drainage of pipe stowage positions to the freeing ports.

4.5.5.2 A minimum freeboard at the stern of at least 0.005L should be maintained in all operating
conditions.

4.5.6 Stability criteria

4.5.6.1 The stability criteria given in 3.1.2 should apply to all offshore supply vessels except those having
characteristics which render compliance with 3.1.2 impracticable.

4.5.6.2 The following equivalent criteria are recommended where a vessel's characteristics render com-
pliance with 3.1.2 impracticable:

.1 The area under the curve of righting levers (GZ curve) should not be less than 0.070 metre-
radian up to an angle of 15° when the maximum righting lever (GZ) occurs at 15° and 0.055
metre-radian up to an angle of 30° when the maximum righting lever (GZ) occurs at 30° or
above. Where the maximum righting lever (GZ) occurs at angles of between 15° and 30°, the
corresponding area under the righting lever curve should be:

0.055 + 0.001 (30° - emaxl metre-radiant

.2 The area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) between the angles of heel of 30° and 40°, or
between 30° and 91 if this angle is less than 40°, should be not less than 0.03 metre-radian .

.3 The righting lever (GZ) should be at least 0.20 mat an angle of heel equal to or greater than 30° .

.4 The maximum righting lever (GZ) should occur at an angle of heel not less than 15° .

.5 The initial transverse metacentric height (GM 0 ) should not be less than 0.15 m.

4.5.6.3 Reference is made also to recommendations contained in section 2.3 and paragraphs 3.1.2.7 to
3.1.2.9.

4.5.7 Loading conditions

The standard loading conditions should be as follows:

.1 Vessel in fully loaded departure condition with cargo distributed below deck and with cargo
specified by position and weight on deck, with full stores and fuel, corresponding to the worst
service condition in which all the relevant stability criteria are met.

.2 Vessel in fully loaded arrival condition with cargo as specified in .1, but with 10% stores and fuel.

.3 Vessel in ballast departure condition, without cargo but with full stores and fuel.

t &max is the angle of heel in degrees at which the righting lever curve reaches its maximum.

278 - Resolution A.749(78)

 .4 Vessel in ballast arrival condition, without cargo and with 1O°/c, stores and fuel remaining .

.5 Vessel in the worst anticipated operating condition.

4.5.8 Assumptions for calculating loading conditions

The assumptions for calculating loading conditions should be as follows:

.1 If a vessel is fitted with cargo tanks, the fully loaded conditions of 4.5.7.1 and 4.5.7.2 should be
modified, assuming first the cargo tanks full and then the cargo tanks empty .

.2 If in any loading condition water ballast is necessary, additional diagrams should be calculated,
taking into account the water ballast, the quantity and disposition of which should be stated in
the stability information .

.3 In all cases when deck cargo is carried a realistic stowage weight should be assumed and stated
in the stability information, including the height of the cargo and its centre of gravity .

.4 Where pipes are carried on deck, a quantity of trapped water equal to a certain percentage of
the net volume of the pipe deck cargo should be assumed in and around the pipes. The net
volume should be taken as the internal volume of the pipes, plus the volume between the pipes.
This percentage should be 30 if the freeboard amidships is equal to or less than 0.015L and 10 if
the freeboard amidships is equal to or greater than 0.03L. For intermediate values of the
freeboard amidships the percentage may be obtained by linear interpolation. In assessing the
quantity of trapped water, the Administration may take into account positive or negative sheer
aft, actual trim and area of operation .

.5 If a vessel operates in zones where ice accretion is likely to occur, allowance for icing should be
made in accordance with the provisions of chapter 5.

4.6 Mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs)

4.6.1 Application

4.6.1.1 The provisions given hereunder apply to mobile offshore drilling units as defined in 1.3.7, the keels
of which are laid or which are at a similar stage of construction on or after 1 May 1991. For MODUs
constructed before that date, the corresponding provisions of chapter 3 of resolution A.414(XI) should
apply.

4.6.1.2 The coastal State may permit any unit designed to a lesser standard than that of this chapter to
engage in operations, having taken account of the local environmental conditions. Any such unit should,
however, comply with safety requirements which in the opinion of the coastal State are adequate for the
intended operation and ensure the overall safety of the unit and the personnel on board.

4.6.2 Definitions

For the purposes of this section, the terms used herein have the meanings defined 111 the following
paragraphs:

.1 coastal State means the Government of the State exercising administrative control over the
drilling operations of the unit;

.2 mode of operation means a condition or manner in which a unit may operate or function while
on location or in transit. The modes of operation of a unit include the following:

.2.1 operating conditions - conditions wherein a unit is on location for the purpose of conducting
drilling operations, and combined environmental and operational loadings are within the
appropriate design limits established for such operations. The unit may be either afloat or
supported on the sea-bed, as applicable;

Resolution A.749(78) - 279

 .2.2 severe storm conditions - conditions wherein a unit may be subjected to the most severe
environmental loadings for which the unit is designed. Drilling operations are assumed to have
been discontinued due to the severity of the environmental loadings, the unit may be either
afloat or supported on the sea-bed, as applicable;

.2.3 transit conditions - conditions wherein a unit is moving from one geographical location to
another.

4.6.3 Righting moment and heeling moment curves

4.6.3.1 Curves of righting moments and of wind heeling moments similar to figure 4.6-1 with supporting
calculations should be prepared covering the full range of operating draughts, including those in transit
conditions, taking into account the maximum deck cargo and equipment in the most unfavourable position
applicable. The righting moment curves and wind heeling moment curves should be related to the most
critical axes. Account should be taken of the free surface of liquids in tanks.

'E
Q) Extent of
E weathertight
0
~ integrity
1 Righting moment

Wind heeling moment

**

_........__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _........,_ _+-_ _..,__Angle of

inclination

First intercept Second intercept

* **/* ;;, 2
Figure 4.6-1 - Righting moment and wind heeling moment curves

4.6.3.2 Where equipment is of such a nature that it can be lowered and stowed, additional wind heeling
moment curves may be required and such data should clearly indicate the position of such equipment.

4.6.3.3 The curves of wind heeling moment should be drawn for wind forces calculated by the following
formula:

F = 0.5CsCHpV2 A
where:

F is the wind force (N)

Cs is the shape coefficient depending on the shape of the structural member exposed to the wind
(see table 4.6.3.3-1)

CH is the height coefficient depending on the height above sea level of the structural member
exposed to wind (see table 4.6.3.3-2)

p is the air mass density (1.222 kg/m 3 )

V is the wind velocity (m/s)

A is the projected area of all exposed surfaces in either the upright or the heeled condition (m 2 )

280 - Resolution A.749(18)

 Table 4.6.3.3-1 - Values of the coefficient C5

Shape C,

Spherical 0.4
Cylindrical 0.5
Large flat surface (hull, deck-house, smooth under-deck areas) 1.0
Drilling derrick 1.25
Wires 1.2
Exposed beams and girders under deck 1.3
Small parts 1.4
Isolated shapes (crane, beam, etc.) 1.5
Clustered deck-houses or similar structures 1.1

Table 4.6.3.3-2 - Values of the coefficient CH

Height above sea level (m) CH

0-15.3 1.00
15.3-30.5 1.10
30.5-46.0 1.20
46.0-61.0 1.30
61.0-76.0 1.37
76.0-91.5 1.43
91.5-106.5 1.48
106.5-122.0 1.52
122.0-13 7.0 1.56
13 7.0-152.5 1.60
152.5-167.5 1.63
167.5-183.0 1.67
183.0- 198.0 1.70
198.0-213.5 1.72
213.5-228.5 1.75
228.5-244.0 1.77
244.0-256.0 1.79
above 256 1.80

4.6.3.4 Wind forces should be considered from any direction relative to the unit and the value of the wind
velocity should be as follows:

.1 In general, a minimum wind velocity of 36 m/s (70 knots) for offshore service should be used for
normal operating conditions and a minimum wind velocity of 51.5 m/s (100 knots) should be
used for the severe storm conditions .

.2 Where a unit is to be limited in operation to sheltered locations (protected inland waters such as
lakes, bays, swamps, rivers, etc.), consideration should be given to a reduced wind velocity of not
less than 25.8 m/s (50 knots) for normal operating conditions.

Resolution A.749(78) - 281

4.6.3.5 In calculating the projected areas to the vertical plane, the area of surfaces exposed to wind due to
heel or trim, such as under decks, etc., should be included, using the appropriate shape factor. Open truss
work may be approximated by taking 30% of the projected block area of both the front and back section,
i.e. 60% of the projected area of one side.

4.6.3.6 In calculating the wind heeling moments, the lever of the wind overturning force should be taken
vertically from the centre of pressure of all surfaces exposed to the wind to the centre of lateral resistance of
the underwater body of the unit. The unit is to be assumed floating free of mooring restraint.

4.6.3.7 The wind heeling moment curve should be calculated for a sufficient number of heel angles to
define the curve. For ship-shaped hulls the curve may be assumed to vary as the cosine function of ship heel.

4.6.3.8 Wind heeling moments derived from wind-tunnel tests on a representative model of the unit may
be considered as alternatives to the method giv~n in 4.6.3.3 to 4.6.3.7. Such heeling moment determination
should include lift and drag effects at various applicable heel angles.

4.6.4 Intact stability criteria

4.6.4.1 The stability of a unit in each mode of operation should meet the following criteria (see also figure
4.6-2):

.1 For surface and self-elevating units the area under the righting moment curve to the second
intercept or downflooding angle, whichever is less, should be not less than 40% in excess of the
area under the wind heeling moment curve to the same limiting angle .

.2 For column-stabilized units the area under the righting moment curve to the angle of downflood-
ing should be not less than 30% in excess of the area under the wind heeling moment curve to the
same limiting angle .

.3 The righting moment curve should be positive over the entire range of angles from upright to the
second intercept.

Righting moment
/
Downflooding
angle
Second
intercept

Angle of inclination

Figure 4.6-2 - Righting moment and heeling moment curves

4.6.4.2 Each unit should be capable of attaining a severe storm condition in a period of time consistent with
the meteorological conditions. The procedures recommended and the approximate length of time required,
considering both operating conditions and transit conditions, should be contained in the operating manual,
as referred to in 2.1.2. It should be possible to achieve the severe storm condition without the removal or
relocation of solid consumables or other variable load. However, the Administration may permit loading a

282 - Resolution A.749(18)

unit past the point at which solid consumables would have to be removed or relocated to go to severe
storm condition under the following conditions, provided the allowable KG requirement is not exceeded:

.1 in a geographic location where weather conditions annually or seasonally do not become

sufficiently severe to require a unit to go to severe storm condition; or

.2 where a unit is required to support extra deckload for a short period of time that is well within the
bounds of a favourable weather forecast.

The geographic locations and weather conditions and loading conditions when this is permitted should be
identified in the operating manual.

4.6.4.3 Alternative stability criteria may be considered by the Administration provided an equivalent level of
safety is maintained and if they are demonstrated to afford adequate positive initial stability. In determining
the acceptability of such criteria, the Administration should consider at least the following and take into
account as appropriate:

.1 environmental conditions representing realistic winds (including gusts) and waves appropriate for
world-wide service in various modes of operation;

.2 dynamic response of a unit. Analysis should include the results of wind-tunnel tests, wave tank
model tests, and non-linear simulation, where appropriate. Any wind and wave spectra used
should cover sufficient frequency ranges to ensure that critical motion responses are obtained;

.3 potential for flooding taking into account dynamic responses in a seaway;

.4 susceptibility to capsizing considering the unit's restoration energy and the static inclination due
to the mean wind speed and the maximum dynamic response;

.5 an adequate safety margin to account for uncertainties.

An example of alternative criteria for twin-pontoon column-stabilized semi-submersible units is given in

section 4.6.5.

4.6.5 An example of alternative intact stability criteria for twin-pontoon column-stabilized

semi-submersible units

4.6.5.1 The criteria given below apply only to twin-pontoon column-stabilized semi-submersible units in
severe storm conditions which fall within the following ranges of parameters:

Vp/V1 is between 0.48 and 0.58

213
Awp/(Vc) is between 0.72 and 1.00

is between 0.40 and 0. 70

The parameters used in the above equations are defined in paragraph 4.6.5.3.

4.6.5.2 Intact stability criteria

The stability of a unit in the survival mode of operation should meet the following criteria:

.1 Capsize criteria

These criteria are based on the wind heeling moment and righting moment curves calculated as
shown in section 4.6.3 of the Code at the survival draught. The reserve energy area 'B' must be
greater than 10% of the dynamic response area 'A' as shown in figure 4.6-3.

Resolution A.749(78) - 283

 ----1.15 edyn - - -...

c
Q)
E
0 Righting
~
moment
/

Angle of
inclination

Figure 4.6-3 - Righting moment and heeling moment curves

Area 'B'/Area 'A' ~ 0.10

where:

Area 'A' is the area under the righting arm curve measured from 9 1 to (9 1 + 1.159dyn)

Area 'B' is the area under the righting arm curve measured from (9 1 + 1.159dyn) to 92

9 1 is the first intercept with the 100 knot wind moment curve

92 is the second intercept with the 100 knot wind moment curve

edyn is the dynamic response angle due to waves and fluctuating wind

edyn = (10.3 + 17.SC)/(1 + GM/(1.46 + 0.28BM))

C= (Lpt// 3 X VCPw1 X Aw X VP X Vc 113 )/(/w/13 XV,)
Parameters used in the above equations are defined in paragraph 4.6.5.3 .

.2 Downflooding criteria

These criteria are based on the physical dimensions of the unit and the relative motion of the unit
about a static inclination due to a 75 knot wind measured at the survival draught. The initial
downflooding distance (DFD 0 ) should be greater than the reduction in downflooding distance at
the survival draught as shown in figure 4.6-4.

Upright waterline

-.i Downflooding
distance

Relative motion

Figure 4.6-4 - Definition of downffooding distance and relative motion

284 - Resolution A.749(78)

 OF0 0 - ROFO > 0.0

where:

is the initial downflooding distance to Dm (m)

ROFO is the reduction in downflooding distance (m)

equal to SF (k x QS0 1 + RMW)

SF is equal to 1.10, which is a safety factor to account for uncertainties in

the analysis, such as non-linear effects.

k (correlation factor) is equal to 0.55 + O.OS(a - 4.0) + 0.056(1.52 - GM)

(GM cannot be taken to be greater than 2.44 m)

a is equal to (FB0 0 /Dm)(Sp1n X Lccc)/Awp

(a cannot be taken to be less than 4.0)

QSD, is equal to OF0 0 minus quasi-static downflooding distance at e, (m),

but not to be taken less than 3.0 m.

RMW is the relative motion due to waves about e, (m),

equal to 9.3 + 0.11 (X - 12.19)

X is equal to Dm(VJVp)(Aw~/lwp)(Lccc/Lp1n)
(X cannot be taken to be less than 12.19 m)

The parameters used in the above equations are defined in paragraph 4.6.5.3.

4.6.5.3 Geometric parameters

is the waterplane area at the survival draught, including the effects of bracing members as
applicable (m 2 ).

is the effective wind area with the unit in the upright position (i.e. the product of projected
2
area, shape coefficient and height coefficient) (m ).

BM is the vertical distance from the metacentre to the centre of buoyancy with the unit in the
upright position (m).

is the initial survival draught (m).

is the vertical distance from Om to the top of the upper exposed weathertight deck at the
side (m).

GM for paragraph 4.6.5.2.1, GM is the metacentric height measured about the roll or diagonal
axis, whichever gives the minimum restoring energy ratio, 'B'/' A'. This axis is usually the
diagonal axis as it possesses a characteristically larger projected wind area which influences
the three characteristic angles mentioned above.

GM for paragraph 4.6.5.2.2, GM is the metacentric height measured about the axis which gives
the minimum downflooding distance margin (i.e. generally the direction that gives the
largest QSO,) (m).

is the waterplane second moment of inertia at the survival draught, including the effects of
bracing members as applicable (m 4 ).

is the longitudinal distance between centres of the corner columns (m).

Resolution A.749(78) - 285

 is the length of each pontoon (m).

is the transverse distance between the centrelines of the pontoons (m).

is the total volume of all columns from the top of the pontoons to the top of the column
structure, except for any volume included in the upper deck (m 3 ).
3
is the total combined volume of both pontoons (m ).

is the total volume of the structures (pontoons, columns and bracings) contributing to the
buoyancy of the unit, from its baseline to the top of the column structure, except for any
volume included in the upper deck (m 3 ).

VCPw1 is the vertical centre of wind pressure above Dm (m).

4.6.5.4 Capsize criteria assessment form

Input data

GM ....................................................... = ............ m
BM ....................................................... = ............ m
VCPw1 ....................................................... = ............ m
Aw ....................................................... = ............ m2
Vi ....................................................... = ............ m3
Ve ....................................................... = ............ m3
VP ....................................................... = ............ m3
lwp ....................................................... = ............ m4
Lptn ....................................................... = ............ m

Determine

91 ....................................................... = ........... deg

92 ••••••.•••••••.•...•.••••••••••••••••••••..•.••••••...• = ........... deg

C (Lptn 5 / 3 X VCPw1 X Aw X Vp X Ve 113 )/(fwp 5 / 3 X Vt) = ........... m

-1

9dyn (10.3 + 17.BC)/(1.0 + GM/(1.46 + 0.28BM)) .................... = ........... deg

Area 'A' .................................................... . m-deg

Area 'B' .................................................... . m-deg

Results Reserve energy ratio:

'B'/'A' - ................. . (minimum = 0.10)

GM = ................ m (KG = .............. m)

Note: The minimum GM is that which produces a 'B'/' A' ratio = 0.10

286 - Resolution A.749(78)

4.6.5.5 Oownflooding criteria assessment form

Input data

OF0 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• = ............ m

FB0 0 ••••••••••••••.•••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• = ............ m
GM ....................................................... = ............ m
Om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = ............ m
Vi ....................................................... = ............ m3
VP ....................................................... = ............ m3
Awp ....................................................... = ............ m2
fwp ....................................................... = ............ m4
Lccc .. · · ·. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . . · · · .. · · · . . . = ·. · · · · ·. . . . m
Lptn ....................................................... = ............ m
Sptn ....................................................... = ............ m
SF ................................................................. = 1.10

Determine

81 •.•.••••••••••••••••••.••.••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• deg

OFD 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• m

QS0 1 DF00 - OF0 1 =............................................. m

a (FBD 0 /Dm)(Sptn X Lccc)/Awp = . . . . . . . . . . (amin = 4.0)

k 0.55 + O.OB(a - 4.0) + 0.056(1.52 - GM) =..... . . . . . (GMmax = 2.44 m)

X Dm(VJVp)(Awp 2/fwp) )(LccJLp1n) = ....... , ....... m (Xmin = 12.19 m)

RMW 9.3 + 0.11 (X - 12.19) = ............... m

RDFO SF (k x QSD 1 + RMW) = ............... m
Results Downflooding margin:

OF0 0 - ROFD = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (minimum = 0.0 m)

GM = ................ m (KG = .............. m)

Note: The minimum GM is that which produces a downflooding margin = 0.0 m

4.7 Pontoons

4.7 .1 Application

The provisions given hereunder apply to seagoing pontoons. A pontoon is considered to be normally:

.1 non-self-propelled;

.2 unmanned;

.3 carrying only deck cargo;

.4 having a block coefficient of 0.9 or greater;

.5 having a breadth/depth ratio of greater than 3.0; and

.6 having no hatchways in the deck except small manholes closed with gasketed covers.

Resolution A.749(18) - 287

4.7.2 Stability drawings and calculations

4.7.2.1 The following information is typical of that required to be submitted to the Administration for
approval:

.1 lines drawing;

.2 hydrostatic curves;

.3 cross curves;

.4 report of draught and density readings and calculation of light-ship displacement and longitudinal
centre of gravity;

.5 statement of justification of assumed vertical centre of gravity;

.6 simplified stability guidance such as a loaciing diagram, so that the pontoon may be loaded in
compliance with the stability criteria.

4.7.2.2 Concerning the performance of calculations, the following is suggested:

.1 no account should be taken of the buoyancy of deck cargo (unless buoyancy credit for
adequately secured timber);

.2 consideration should be given to such factors as water absorption (e.g. timber), trapped water in
cargo (e.g. pipes) and ice accretion;

.3 in performing wind heel calculations:

.3.1 the wind pressure should be constant and for general operations be considered to act on a
solid mass extending over the length of the cargo deck and to an assumed height above the
deck,

.3.2 the centre of gravity of the cargo should be assumed at a point mid-height of the cargo, and

.3.3 the wind lever arm should be taken from the centre of the deck cargo to a point at one half
the draught;

.4 calculations should be performed covering the full range of operating draughts;

.5 the downflooding angle should be taken as the angle at which an opening through which
progressive flooding may take place is immersed. This would not be an opening closed by a
watertight manhole cover or a vent fitted with an automatic closure.

4.7.3 Intact stability criteria

4.7.3.1 The area under a righting lever curve up to the angle of maximum righting lever should not be less
than 0.08 metre-radian.

4.7.3.2 The static angle of heel due to a uniformly distributed wind load of 0.54 kPa (wind speed 30 m/s)
should not exceed an angle corresponding to half the freeboard for the relevant loading condition, where
the lever of wind heeling moment is measured from the centroid of the windage area to half the draught.

4.7.3.3 The minimum range of stability should be:

For L ~ 100 m 20°

For L ?: 150 m 15°
For intermediate length by interpolation.

288 - Resolution A.749(78)

4.8 Dynamically supported craft (DSC)

4.8.1 Application

4.8.1.1 The provisions given hereunder apply to dynamically supported craft as defined in 1.3.8 which are
engaged on voyages between a terminal in one country and a terminal in another country, part or all of
which voyages are across areas of water (but not necessarily on routes navigable to ships) through which a
ship operating on an international voyage, as defined in regulation l/2(d) of the 197 4 SOLAS Convention, as
amended, would proceed. In applying the provisions of this chapter, the Administration should determine
whether a craft is a dynamically supported craft as defined in 1.3.8, or whether its characteristics are such
that the SOLAS and Load Line Conventions can be applied. For novel types of DSC other than defined in
1.3. 9 and 1.3.10, the Administration should determine the extent to which the provisions of this chapter are
applicable to those novel types. The contents of this chapter should be applied by Administrations through
more detailed national regulations based on a comprehensive coverage of the provisions contained therein.

4.8.1.2 The provisions in this chapter apply to DSC which:

.1 carry more than 12 passengers but not more than 450 passengers with all passengers seated;

.2 do not proceed in the course of their voyage more than 100 nautical miles from a place of
refuge; and

.3 may be provided, within the limits of subparagraphs .1 and .2, with special category spaces
intended to carry motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks.

The provisions given below may be extended to a DSC which is intended to carry passengers and cargo or
solely cargo or to a craft which exceeds the limits specified in .1 to .3. In such cases, the Administration
should determine the extent to which the provisions of the Code are applicable to these craft and, if
necessary, develop additional requirements providing the appropriate safety level for such craft.

4.8.2 General provisions

4.8.2.1 A craft should be provided with:

.1 stability characteristics and stabilization systems adequate for safety when the craft is operated in
the non-displacement mode and during the transient mode; and

.2 buoyancy and stability characteristics adequate for safety where the craft is operated in the
displaced mode both in the intact condition and the damaged condition.

4.8.2.2 If a craft operates in zones where ice accretion is likely to occur, the effect of icing should be taken
into account in the stability calculations in accordance with section 5.5.

4.8.3 Definitions

For the purpose of this chapter, unless expressly defined otherwise, the following definitions apply:

.1 length (L) means length of the rigid hull measured on the design waterline in the displacement
mode;

.2 breadth (BJ means breadth of the broadest part of the rigid hull measured on the design
waterline in the displacement mode;

.3 design waterline means the waterline corresponding to the loaded displacement of the craft
when stationary;

Note: As the Code of Safety for Dynamically Supported Craft (resolution A.3 73(X)) has undergone a revision, the provisions given here are of
an interim nature. In particular, such factors as the increase in the number of passengers carried on board and new types of DSC are among
major changes introduced into a new code. When the revision of the Intact Stability Code is undertaken, the standards for such craft will be
replaced by the provisions of the High Speed Craft (HSC) Code adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of the Organization by resolution
MSC.36(63).

Resolution A.749(78) - 289

 .4 weathertight means that water will not penetrate into the craft in any wind and wave conditions
up to those specified as critical design conditions;

.5 skirt means a downwardly extending, flexible structure used to contain or divide an air cushion;

.6 fully submerged foil means a foil having no lift components piercing the surface of the water in
the foil-borne mode.

4.8.4 Intact buoyancy

4.8.4.1 The craft should have a designed reserve of buoyancy when floating in seawater of not less than
l 00% at the maximum operational weight. The Administration may require a larger reserve of buoyancy to
permit the craft to operate in any of its intended modes. The reserve of buoyancy should be calculated by
including only those compartments which are:

.1 watertight;

.2 considered by the Administration to have scantlings and arrangements adequate to maintain

their watertight integrity; and

.3 situated below a datum, which may be a watertight deck or equivalent structure watertight
longitudinally and transversely and from at least part of which the passengers would be
disembarked in an emergency.

4.8.4.2 Means should be provided for checking the watertight integrity of buoyancy compartments. The
inspection procedures adopted and the frequency at which they are carried out should be to the satisfaction
of the Administration.

4.8.4.3 Where entry of water into structures above the datum as defined in 4.8.4.1.3 would significantly
influence the stability and buoyancy of the craft, such structures should be of adequate strength to maintain
the weathertight integrity or be provided with adequate drainage arrangements. A combination of both
measures may be adopted to the satisfaction of the Administration. The means of closing of all openings in
such structures should be such as to maintain the weathertight integrity.

4.8.5 Intact stability

4.8.5.1 The stability of a craft in the displacement mode should be such that, when in still water conditions,
the inclination of the craft from the horizontal would not exceed 8° in any direction under all permitted
cases of loading and uncontrolled passenger movements as may occur. A calculation of the dynamic
stability should be made with respect to critical design conditions.

4.8.5.2 For guidance of the Administration, methods relating to the verification of the stability of hydrofoil
boats fitted with surface-piercing foils and fully submerged foils are outlined in 4.8.7.

4.8.6 Stability of the craft in the non-displacement mode

4.8.6.1 The Administration should be satisfied that, when operating in the non-displacement and transient
modes within approved operational limitations, the craft will, after a disturbance causing roll, pitch, heave or
any combination thereof, return to the original attitude.

4.8.6.2 The roll and pitch stability of each craft in the non-displacement mode should be determined
experimentally prior to its entering commercial service and be recorded.

4.8.6.3 Where craft are fitted with surface-piercing structure or appendages, precautions should be taken
against dangerous attitudes or inclinations and loss of stability subsequent to a collision with a submerged or
floating object.

4.8.6.4 The Administration should be satisfied that the structures and components provided to sustain
operation in the non-displacement mode should, in the event of specified damage or failure, provide

290 - Resolution A.749(18)

adequate residual stability in order that the craft may continue safe operation to the nearest place where the
passengers and crew could be placed in safety, provided caution is exercised in handling.

4.8.6.5 In designs where periodic use of cushion deformation is employed as a means of assisting craft
control or periodic use of cushion air exhausting to atmosphere for purposes of craft manoeuvring, the
effects upon cushion-borne stability should be determined, and the limitations on the use by virtue of craft
speed or attitude should be established.

4.8.7 Methods relating to the intact stability investigation of hydrofoil boats

The stability of these craft should be considered in the hull-borne, transient and foil-borne modes. The
stability investigation should also take into account the effects of external forces. The following procedures
are outlined for guidance in dealing with stability.

4.8.7.1 Surface-piercing hydrofoils

4.8.7.1.1 Hull-borne mode

4.8.7.1.1.1 Stability

The stability should be sufficient to satisfy 4.8.5.

4.8.7.1.1.2 Heeling moment due to turning.

The heeling moment developed during manoeuvring of the craft in the displacement mode may be derived
from the following formula:

2
MR= 0.196V0 ~KG
L
where:

MR moment of heeling (kN m)

V0 speed of the craft in the turn (m/s)

~ displacement (t)

KG height of the centre of gravity above keel (m)

L = length of the craft on the waterline (m)

This formula is applicable when the ratio of the radius of the turning circle to the length of the craft is 2 to 4.

4.8.7.1.1.3 Relationship between the capsizing moment and heeling moment to satisfy the weather
criterion

The stability of the hydrofoil boat in the displacement mode can be checked for compliance with the
weather criterion K as follows:

Mc
K=->-1
M ;;,-
v

where:

Mc minimum capsizing moment as determined when account is taken of rolling

Mv dynamically applied heeling moment due to the wind pressure

Resolution A.749(18) - 291

4.8.7.1.1.4 Heeling moment due to wind pressure
The heeling moment Mv is a product of wind pressure Pv, the windage area Av and the lever of windage
area Z.

Mv = 0.001 PvAvZ (kN m)

The value of the heeling moment is taken as constant during the whole period of heeling.
The windage area Av is considered to include the projections of the lateral surfaces of the hull,
superstructure and various structures above the waterline. The windage area lever Z is the vertical distance
to the centre of windage from the waterline and the position of the centre of windage may be taken as the
centre of the area.
The values of the wind pressure (in Pa) associated with Force 7 Beaufort scale depending on the position of
the centre of windage area are given in table 4.8.7.1.1.4.

Table 4.8.7.1.1.4 - Typical wind pressures for Beaufort scale 7; 100 nautical miles from land

Z above waterline (m) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Pv (Pa) 46 46 50 53 56 58 60 62 64

Note: These values may not be applicable in all areas

4.8.7.1.1.5 Evaluation of the minimum capsizing moment Mc in the displacement mode

The minimum capsizing moment is determined from the static and dynamic stability curves, taking rolling
into account.

4.8.7.1.1.5.1 When the static stability curve is used, Mc is determined by equating the areas under the
curves of the capsizing and righting moments (or levers) taking rolling into account - as indicated by figure
4.8.7-1, where 0z is the amplitude of roll and MK is a line drawn parallel to the abscissa axis such that the
shaded areas S1 and S2 are equal.

Mc = OM, if the scale of ordinates represents moments

Mc = OM x displacement, if the scale of ordinates represents levers

c~
(l) (l)

E 1D
___
e,__ o- o
~
"'
0
"a,
Figure 4.8. 7-1

4.8.7.1.1.5.2 When the dynamic stability curve is used, first an auxiliary point A should be determined. For
this purpose the amplitude of heeling is plotted to the right along the abscissa axis and a point A' is found
(see figure 4.8.7-2). A line AA' is drawn parallel to the abscissa axis equal to the double amplitude of heeling
(AA' = 20z) and the required auxiliary point A is found. A tangent AC to the dynamic stability curve is drawn.

292 - Resolution A.749(78)

 A

e, e,
0
'° i------+---5_7_.3_..;..(1_r_a_di_an-')---i
§
a,

Figure 4.8.7-2 - Dynamic stability curve

From the point A the line AB is drawn parallel to the abscissa axis and equal to 1 radian (57.3°). From the
point B a perpendicular is drawn to intersect with the tangent in point E. The distance BE is equal to the
capsizing moment if measured along the ordinate axis of the dynamic stability curve. If, however, the
dynamic stability levers are plotted along this axis, BE is then the capsizing lever and in this case the
capsizing moment Mc is determined by multiplication of ordinate BE in metres by the corresponding
displacement in tonnes.

Mc"' 9.81 6. BE (kN m)

4.8.7.1.1.5.3 The amplitude of rolling 02 is determined by means of model and full-scale tests in irregular
seas as a maximum amplitude of rolling of 50 oscillations of a craft travelling at 90° to the wave direction in
sea state for the worst design condition. If such data are lacking the amplitude is assumed to be equal to 15°.

4.8.7.1.1.5.4 The effectiveness of the stability curves should be limited to the angle of flooding.

4.8.7.1.2 Stability in the transient and foil-borne modes

4.8.7.1.2.1 The stability should satisfy the provisions of 4.8.6 of this chapter.

4.8.7.1.2.2.1 The stability in the transient and foil-borne modes should be checked for all cases of loading
for the intended service of the craft.

4.8.7.1.2.2.2 The stability in the transient and foil-borne modes may be determined either by calculation or
on the basis of data obtained from model experiments and should be verified by full-scale tests by the
imposition of a series of known heeling moments by off-centre ballast weights, and recording the heeling
angles produced by these moments. When taken in the hull-borne, take-off, steady foil-borne and settling to
hull-borne modes, these results will provide an indication of the values of the stability in the various
situations of the craft during the transient condition.

4.8.7.1.2.2.3 The time to pass from the hull-borne mode to foil-borne mode and vice versa should be
established. This period of time should not exceed two minutes.

4.8.7.1.2.2.4 The angle of heel in the foil-borne mode caused by the concentration of passengers at one
side should not exceed 8°. During the transient mode the angle of heel due to the concentration of
passengers on one side should not exceed 12°. The concentration of passengers should be determined by
the Administration, having regard to the guidance given in 4.8.8.

4.8.7.1.2.3 One of the possible methods of assessing foil-borne metacentric height (GM) in the design
stage for a particular foil configuration is given in figure 4.8.7-3.

Resolution A.749(78) - 293

 Section through front foil

Section through aft foil

i--~~~-LH~~~~-i

GM = ns ( Ls
2 tan Is
- s)
where:

ns percentage of hydrofoil load borne by front foil

nH percentage of hydrofoil load borne by aft foil

Ls clearance width of front foil

LH clearance width of aft foil

a clearance between bottom of keel and water

g height of centre of gravity above bottom of keel

Is angle at which front foil is inclined to horizontal

IH angle at which aft foil is inclined to horizontal

Figure 4.8.7-3

4.8.7.2 Fully submerged hydrofoils

4.8.7.2.1 Hull-borne mode

4.8.7.2.1.1 The stability in the hull-borne mode should be sufficient to satisfy the requirements given in
4.8.5.

4.8.7.2.1.2 Paragraphs 4.8. 7.1.1.2 to 4.8.7.1.1.5 of this section are appropriate to this type of craft in the
hull-borne mode.

4.8.7.2.2 Transient mode

4.8.7.2.2.1 The stability should be examined by the use of verified computer simulations to evaluate the
craft's motions, behaviour and responses under the normal conditions and limits of operation and under the
influence of any malfunction.

294 - Resolution A.749(18)

4.8.7.2.2.2 The stability conditions resulting from any potential failures in the systems or operational
procedures during the transient stage which could prove hazardous to the craft's watertight integrity and
stability should be examined.

4.8.7.2.3 Foil-borne mode

The stability of the craft in the foil-borne mode should be in compliance with 4.8.6 and 4.8.7.2.2.

4.8.7.2.4 Paragraphs 4.8.7.1.2.2.1 to 4.8.7.1.2.2.4 should be applied to this type of craft as appropriate and
any computer simulations or design calculations should be verified by full-scale tests.

4.8.8 Passenger loading

4.8.8.1 A mass of 75 kg should be assumed per passenger except that this value may be reduced to not
less than 60 kg where this can be justified. In addition, the mass and distribution of the luggage should be to
the satisfaction of the Administration.

4.8.8.2 The height of the centre of gravity for passengers should be assumed equal to:

.1 1 m above deck level for passengers standing upright. Account may be taken, if necessary, of
camber or sheer of deck.

.2 0.30 m above the seat in respect of seated passengers.

4.8.8.3 Passengers and luggage should be considered to be in the space normally at their disposal.

4.8.8.4 Passengers should be considered as distributed to produce the most unfavourable combination of
passenger heeling moment and/or initial metacentric height which may be obtained in practice. In this
connection, it is anticipated that a value higher than four persons per square metre will not be necessary.

4.9 Containerships greater than 100 m

4.9.1 Application

These requirements apply to containerships greater than 100 m as defined in 1.3.12. They may also be
applied to other cargo ships with considerable flare or large waterplane areas. The Administration may
apply the following criteria instead of those in paragraphs 3.1.2.1 to 3.1.2.4.

4.9.2 Intact stability

4.9.2.1 The area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) should not be less than 0.009/C metre-radian up
toe= 30° angle of heel and not less than 0.016/C metre-radian up toe= 40° or the angle of flooding er (as
defined in 3.1.2} if this angle is less than 40°.

4.9.2.2 Additionally, the area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) between the angles of heel of 30°
and 40° or between 30° and er, if this angle is less than 40°, should not be less than 0.006/C metre-radian.

4.9.2.3 The righting lever GZ should be at least 0.033/C m at an angle of heel equal or greater than 30°.

4.9.2.4 The maximum righting lever GZ should be at least 0.042/C m.

4.9.2.5 The total area under the righting lever curve (GZ curve) up to the angle of flooding er should not be
less than 0.029/C metre-radian.

Resolution A.749(78) - 295

4.9.2.6 In the above criteria the form factor C should be calculated using the formula and figure 4.9-1:

i.-----b -----+I

D'
D

d KG

-------Bo

CX)
,-
0
'<t"
Ol I

Figure 4. 9-1
2
C d D' _ {d (~) (106
8m 2 Vi<"G Cw VT
where:

d mean draught (m)

O' D+h( 2b 8-08o) (2 I:L /H) as defined in figure 4. 9-1

0 moulded depth of the ship (m)

8 moulded breadth of the ship (m)

KG height of the centre of gravity above the keel (m); not to be taken as less than d

C8 block coefficient

Cw waterplane coefficient.

4.9.3 The use of electronic loading and stability computers is encouraged in determining the ship's trim and
stability during different operational conditions.

296 - Resolution A.749(18)

CHAPTER 5 - ICING CONSIDERATIONS

5.1 General

5.1.1 For any ship operating in areas where ice accretion is likely to occur, adversely affecting a ship's
stability, icing allowances should be included in the analysis of conditions of loading.

5.1.2 Administrations are advised to take icing into account and are permitted to apply national standards
where environmental conditions are considered to warrant a higher standard than those recommended in
the following sections.

5.2 Cargo ships carrying timber deck cargoes

5.2.1 *The master should establish or verify the stability of his ship for the worst service condition, having
regard to the increased weight of deck cargo due to water absorption and/or ice accretion and to variations
in consumables.t

5.2.2 When timber deck cargoes are carried and it is anticipated that some formation of ice will take place,
an allowance should be made in the arrival condition for the additional weight.

5.3 Fishing vessels

The calculations of loading conditions for fishing vessels (see section 4.2.5) should, where appropriate,
include allowance for ice accretion, in accordance with the following provisions.

5.3.1 * Allowance for ice accretiont

For vessels operating in areas where ice accretion is likely to occur, the following icing allowance should be
made in the stability calculations:

.1 30 kg per square metre on exposed weather decks and gangways;

.2 7.5 kg per square metre for projected lateral area of each side of the vessel above the water
plane;

.3 the projected lateral area of discontinuous surfaces of rail, sundry booms, spars (except masts)
and rigging of vessels having no sails and the projected lateral area of other small objects should
be computed by increasing the total projected area of continuous surfaces by 5% and the static
moments of this area by 10%.

Vessels intended for operation in areas where ice is known to occur should be:

.1 designed to minimize the accretion of ice; and

.2 equipped with such means for removing ice as the Administration may require; for example,
electrical and pneumatic devices, and/or special tools such as axes or wooden clubs for
removing ice from bulwarks, rails and erections.

5.3.2 Guidance relating to ice accretion

In the application of the above standards the following icing areas should apply:

.1 the area north of latitude 65°30'N, between longitude 28°W and the west coast of Iceland; north
of the north coast of Iceland; north of the rhumb line running from latitude 66°N, longitude

t Refer to regulation 44( 10) of the 1966 Load Line Convention and regulation 44(7) of the 1988 Load Line Protocol.
t Refer to regulation 111/8 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

Resolution A.749(18) - 297

 15°W to latitude 73°30'N, longitude 15°E, north of latitude 73°30'N between longitude 15°E
and 35°E, and east of longitude 35°E, as well as north of latitude 56°N in the Baltic Sea;

.2 the area north of latitude 43°N bounded in the west by the North American coast and the east
by the rhumb line running from latitude 43°N, longitude 48°W to latitude 63°N, longitude 28°W
and thence along longitude 28°W;

.3 all sea areas north of the North American Continent, west of the areas defined in .1 and .2;

.4 the Bering and Okhotsk Seas and the Tartary Strait during the icing season; and

.5 south of latitude 60°S.

A chart to illustrate the areas is attached at the end of this chapter.

For vessels operating in areas where ice accretion may be expected:

.1 within the areas defined in .1, .3, .4 and .5 known to having icing conditions significantly different
from those described in 5.3.1, ice accretion requirements of one half to twice the required
allowance may be applied;

.2 within the area defined in .2, where ice accretion in excess of twice the allowance required by
5.3.1 may be expected, more severe requirements than those given in 5.3.1 may be applied.

5.3.3 Brief survey of the causes of ice formation and its influence upon the seaworthiness of the vessel

5.3.3.1 The skipper of a fishing vessel should bear in mind that ice formation is a complicated process
which depends upon meteorological conditions, condition of loading and behaviour of the vessel in stormy
weather as well as on the size and location of superstructures and rigging. The most common cause of ice
formation is the deposit of water droplets on the vessel's structure. These droplets come from spray driven
from wave crests and from ship-generated spray.

5.3.3.2 Ice formation may also occur in conditions of snowfall, sea fog (including arctic sea smoke), a
drastic fall in ambient temperature, as well as from the freezing of drops of rain on impact with the vessel's
structure.

5.3.3.3 Ice formation may sometimes be caused or accentuated by water shipped on board and retained
on deck.

5.3.3.4 Intensive ice formation generally occurs on stem, bulwark and bulwark rail, front walls of
superstructures and deck-houses, hawse holes, anchors, deck gear, forecastle deck and upper deck, freeing
ports, aerials, stays, shrouds, masts and spars.

5.3.3.5 It should be borne in mind that the most dangerous areas as far as ice formation is concerned are
the sub-Arctic regions.

5.3.3.6 The most intensive ice formation takes place when wind and sea come from ahead. In beam and
quartering winds, ice accumulates quicker on the windward side of the vessel, thus leading to a constant list
which is extremely dangerous.

5.3.3.7 Listed below are meteorological conditions causing the most common type of ice formation due to
spraying of a vessel. Examples of the weight of ice formation on a typical fishing vessel of displacement in
the range 100 tonnes to 500 tonnes are also given. For larger vessels the weight will be correspondingly
greater.

5.3.3.8 Slow accumulations of ice take place:

.1 at ambient temperature from -1 °C to -3°C and any wind force;

.2 at ambient temperature -4°C and lower and wind force from O to 9 m/s;

298 - Resolution A.749(18)

 .3 under the conditions of precipitation, fog or sea mist followed by a drastic fall of the ambient
temperature.

Under all these conditions the intensity of ice accumulation may not exceed 1.5 t/h.

5.3.3.9 At ambient temperature of -4 °C to -8°C and wind force 10 to 15 m/s, rapid accumulation of ice
takes place. Under these conditions the intensity of ice accumulation can lie within the range 1.5 to 4 t/h.

5.3.3.10 Very fast accumulation of ice takes place:

.1 at ambient temperature of -4 °C and lower and wind forces of 16 m/s and over;

.2 at ambient temperature -9°C and lower and wind force 10 to 15 m/s.

Under these conditions the intensity of ice accumulation can exceed 4 t/h.

5.3.3.11 The skipper should bear in mind that ice formation adversely affects the seaworthiness of the
vessel as ice formation leads to:

.1 an increase in the weight of the vessel due to accumulation of ice on the vessel's surfaces which
causes the reduction of freeboard and buoyancy;

.2 a rise of the vessel's centre of gravity due to the high location of ice on the vessel's structures
with corresponding reduction in the level of stability;

.3 an increase of windage area due to ice formation on the upper parts of the vessel and hence an
increase in the heeling moment due to the action of the wind;

.4 a change of trim due to uneven distribution of ice along the vessel's length;

.5 the development of a constant list due to uneven distribution of ice across the breadth of the
vessel;

.6 impairment of the manoeuvrability and reduction of the speed of the vessel.

5.3.4 Operational procedures related to ensuring a fishing vessel's endurance in conditions of ice formation
are given in annex 2.

5.4 Offshore supply vessels 24 m to 100 m in length

For vessels operating in areas where ice accretion is likely to occur:

.1 no shutters should be fitted in the freeing ports;

.2 with regard to operational precautions against capsizing, reference is made to the

recommendations for skippers of fishing vessels on ensuring a vessel's endurance in conditions
of ice formation, as given in paragraph 5.3.3 and in annex 2.

5.5 Dynamically supported craft

5.5.1 Account should be taken of the effect of icing on the stability calculations. An example of established
practice for ice accretion allowances is given in paragraphs 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 for the guidance of
Administrations.

5.5.2 Information should be provided in respect of the assumptions made in calculating the conditions of
the craft in each of the circumstances set out in paragraphs 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 for the following:

.1 duration of the voyage in terms of the period spent in reaching the destination and returning to
port;

.2 consumption rates during the voyage for fuel, water, stores and other consumables.

Resolution A.749(78) - 299

 w
a
a
I
;:,;:,
~
0
c 60° oo 60° 120° 180° 120° 60°
g. 80° ~ 80°
::J
;:i:.. CHART OF AREAS OF ICING CONDITIONS
~
\.0
----.._
.....
~

60° 60°

3oor I ( I ~~\;t\ <i . ,I I~<> 30'

0° 11 I I J... , I 7 ,/ I ~ .....
~ ~~~,. :::_. I I /
L
II 0°

30° t t - - - - - , . . . - - ; - - - ; 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - t - - - ~ - - - - - . - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - j , - - t - - - - - - - - j - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - ; - - - - - - - - 30°

:t>
cfJ LEGEND
Full ice accretion allowance should be
D applied.

Vessels operating in this area have been

60° - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0) subjected on occasion to icing in excess
of twice the indicated full ice accretion
11 60°

allowance.
O>
0
-g, oo
60° 60° 120° 180° 120° 60°
CHAPTER 6 - CONSIDERATIONS FOR WATERTIGHT INTEGRllY

6.1 Hatchways

6.1.1 * Cargo and other hatchways in ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966,
applies should comply with regulations 13, 14, 15, 16 and 26(4) of this Convention.

6.1.2* Hatchways in fishing vessels to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies should comply with
regulations 11/5 and 11/6 of this Protocol.

6.1.3 In decked fishing vessels of 12 m in length and over but less than 24 m in length hatchways should
comply with the following:

.1 All hatchways should be provided with covers and those which may be opened during fishing
operations should normally be arranged near to the vessel's centreline .

.2 For the purpose of strength calculations it should be assumed that hatchway covers other than
wood are subject to static load of 10 kN/m 2 or the weight of cargo intended to be carried on
them, whichever is the greater.

.3 Where covers are constructed of mild steel, the maximum stress according to 6.1.3.2 multiplied
by 4.25 should not exceed the minimum ultimate strength of the material. Under these loads the
deflections should not be more than 0.0028 times the span .

.4 Covers made of materials other than mild steel or wood should be at least of equivalent strength
to those made of mild steel and their construction should be of sufficient stiffness to ensure
weathertightness under the loads specified in 6.1.3.2 .

.5 Covers should be fitted with clamping devices and gaskets or other equivalent arrangements
sufficient to ensure weathertightness .

.6 The use of wooden hatchway covers is generally not recommended in view of the difficulty of
rapidly securing their weathertightness. However, where fitted they should be capable of being
secured weathertight.

.7 The finished thickness of wood hatchway covers should include an allowance for abrasion due to
rough handling. In any case, the finished thickness of these covers should be at least 4 mm for
each 100 mm of unsupported span subject to a minimum of 40 mm and the width of their
bearing surfaces should be at least 65 mm .

.8 The height above deck of hatchway coamings on exposed parts of the working deck should be
at least 300 mm for vessels of 12 m in length and at least 600 mm for vessels of 24 m in length.
For vessels of intermediate length the minimum height should be obtained by linear
interpolation. The height above deck of hatchway coamings on exposed parts of the
superstructure deck should be at least 300 mm .

.9 Where operating experience has shown justification and on approval of the competent authority
the height of hatchway coamings, except those which give direct access to machinery spaces
may be reduced from the height as specified in 6.1.3.8 or the coamings may be omitted entirely,
provided that efficient watertight hatch covers other than wood are fitted. Such hatchways
should be kept as small as practicable and the covers should be permanently attached by hinges
or equivalent means and be capable of being rapidly closed or battened down.

6.2 Machinery space openings

6.2.1 * In ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies machinery space
openings should comply with regulation 1 7.

Resolution A.749(78) - 301

6.2.2* In fishing vessels to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies and in new decked fishing
vessels of 12 m in length and over, but less than 24 m in length, the following requirements of regulation 11/7
of this Protocol should be met:

.1 Machinery space openings should be framed and enclosed by casings of a strength equivalent to
the adjacent superstructure. External access openings therein should be fitted with doors
complying with the requirements of regulation II/4 of the Protocol or, in vessels less than 24 m in
length, with hatch covers other than wood complying with the requirements of 6.1.3 of this
chapter .

.2 Openings other than access openings should be fitted with covers of equivalent strength to the
unpierced structure, permanently attached thereto and capable of being closed weathertight.

6.2.3 In offshore supply vessels, access to the machinery space should, if possible, be arranged within the
forecastle. Any access to the machinery space from the exposed cargo deck should be provided with two
weathertight closures. Access to spaces below the exposed cargo deck should preferably be from a position
within or above the superstructure deck.

6.3 Doors

6.3.1 * In passenger ships to which the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, applies,
doors should comply with regulations 11-1 /15 and 18 of this Convention.

6.3.2* In ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies, doors should comply
with regulation 12 of this Convention.

6.3.3* In fishing vessels to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies, doors should comply with
regulation 11/2 and regulation 11/4 of this Protocol.

6.3.4 In decked fishing vessels of 12 m in length and over but less than 24 m in length:
.1 Watertight doors may be of the hinged type and should be capable of being operated locally
from each side of the door. A notice should be attached to the door on each side stating that the
door should be kept closed at sea .

.2 All access openings in bulkheads of enclosed deck erections, through which water could enter
and endanger the vessel, should be fitted with doors permanently attached to the bulkhead,
framed and stiffened so that the whole structure is of equivalent strength to the unpierced
structure, and weathertight when closed, and means should be provided so that they can be
operated from each side of the bulkhead .

.3 The height above deck of sills in those doorways, companionways, deck erections and
machinery casings situated on the working deck and on superstructure decks which give direct
access to parts of that deck exposed to the weather and sea should be at least equal to the
height of hatchway coamings as specified in 6.1.3.8 .

.4 Where operating experience has shown justification and on approval of the competent authority,
the height above deck of sills in the doorways specified in 6.3.4.3 except those giving direct
access to machinery spaces, may be reduced to not less than 150 mm on superstructure decks
and not less than 380 mm on the working deck for vessels 24 m in length, or not less than 150
mm on the working deck for vessels of 12 m in length. For vessels of intermediate length the
minimum acceptable reduced height for sills in doorways on the working deck should be
obtained by linear interpolation.

6.4 Cargo ports and other similar openings

6.4.1 * Cargo ports and other similar openings in ships to which the International Convention on Load
Lines, 1966, applies should comply with regulation 21 of this Convention.

302 - Resolution A.749(78)

6.4.2* Openings through which water can enter the vessel and fish flaps on stern trawlers in fishing vessels
to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies should comply with regulation 11/3 of this Protocol.

6.5 Sidescuttles, window scuppers, inlets and discharges

6.5.1 * In passenger ships to which the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, applies,
openings in shell plating below the margin line should comply with regulation 11-1/14 of this Convention.
Watertight integrity above the margin line should comply with regulation 11-1 /17 of this Convention.

6.5.2* In ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies, scuppers, inlets and
discharges should comply with regulation 22 and sidescuttles should comply with regulation 23 of this
Convention.

6.5.3* In fishing vessels to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies, sidescuttles and windows
should comply with regulation 11/12 and inlets and discharges should comply with regulation 11/13 of this
Protocol.

6.5.4 In decked fishing vessels of 12 m in length and over but less than 24 m in length, sidescuttles,
windows and other openings and inlets and discharges should comply with the following:

.1 Sidescuttles to spaces below the working deck and to enclosed spaces on the working deck
should be fitted with hinged deadlights capable of being closed watertight.

.2 Sidescuttles should be fitted in a position such that their sills are above a line drawn parallel to
the working deck at side having its lowest point 500 mm above the deepest operating waterline .

.3 Sidescuttles, together with their glasses and deadlights, should be of substantial construction to
the satisfaction of the competent authority .

.4 Skylights leading to spaces below the working deck should be of substantial construction and
capable of being closed and secured weathertight, and with provision for adequate means of
closing in the event of damage to the inserts. Skylights leading to machinery spaces should be
avoided as far as practicable .

.5 Toughened safety glass or suitable permanently transparent material of equivalent strength

should be fitted in all wheelhouse windows exposed to the weather. The means of securing
windows and the width of the bearing surfaces should be adequate, having regard to the
window material used. Openings leading to spaces below deck from a wheelhouse whose
windows are not provided with the protection required by .6 should be fitted with a weathertight
closing appliance .

.6 Deadlights or a suitable number of storm shutters should be provided where there is no other
method of preventing water from entering the hull through a broken window or sidescuttle .

.7 The competent authority may accept sidescuttles and windows without deadlights in side or aft
bulkheads of deck erections located on or above the working deck if satisfied that the safety of
the vessel will not be impaired .

.8 The number of openings in the sides of the vessel below the working deck should be the
minimum compatible with the design and proper working of the vessel and such openings
should be provided with closing arrangements of adequate strength to ensure watertightness
and the structural integrity of the surrounding structure .

.9 Discharges led through the shell either from spaces below the working deck or from spaces
within deck erections should be fitted with efficient and accessible means for preventing water
from passing inboard. Normally each separate discharge should have an automatic nonreturn
valve with a positive means of closing it from a readily accessible position. Such a valve is not
required if the competent authority considers that the entry of water into the vessel through the
opening is not likely to lead to dangerous flooding and that the thickness of the pipe is sufficient.

Resolution A. 749(7 8) - 303

 The means for operating the valve with a positive means of closing should be provided with an
indicator showing whether the valve is open or closed. The open inboard end of any discharge
system should be above the deepest operating waterline at an angle of heel satisfactory to the
competent authority .

.10 In machinery spaces main and auxiliary sea inlets and discharges essential for the operation of
machinery should be controlled locally. Controls should be readily accessible and should be
provided with indicators showing whether the valves are open or closed. Suitable warning
devices should be incorporated to indicate leakage of water into the space.

. 11 Fittings attached to the shell and all valves should be of steel, bronze or other ductile material. All
pipes between the shell and valves should be of steel, except that in vessels constructed of
material other than steel, other suitable materials may be used.

6.6 Other deck openings

6.6.1 * Miscellaneous openings in freeboard and superstructure decks in ships to which the International
Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies should comply with regulation 18 of this Convention.

6.6.2* In decked fishing vessels of 12 m and over where it is essential for fishing operations, flush deck
scuttles of the screw, bayonet or equivalent type and manholes may be fitted provided these are capable of
being closed watertight and such devices should be permanently attached to the adjacent structure. Having
regard to the size and disposition of the openings and the design of the closing devices, metal-to-metal
closures may be fitted if they are effectively watertight. Openings other than hatchways, machinery space
openings, manholes and flush scuttles in the working or superstructure deck should be protected by
enclosed structures fitted with weathertight doors or their equivalent. Companionways should be situated
as close as practicable to the centreline of the vessel.t

6.7 Ventilators, air pipes and sounding devices

6.7.1 * Ventilators in ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies should
comply with regulation 19 and air pipes should comply with regulation 20 of this Convention.

6.7.2* Ventilators in fishing vessels to which the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol applies should comply with
regulation 11/9 and air pipes should comply with regulation 11/10 of this Protocol. Sounding devices should
comply with regulation 11/11 of this Protocol.

6.7.3 Ventilators and air pipes in fishing vessels of 12 m in length and over but less than 24 m in length
should comply with the following:

.1 Ventilators should have coamings of substantial construction and should be capable of being
closed weathertight by devices permanently attached to the ventilator or adjacent structure.
Ventilators should be arranged as close to the vessel's centreline as possible and, where
practicable, should extend through the top of a deck erection or companionway .

.2 The coamings of ventilators should be as high as practicable. On the working deck the height
above deck of coamings of ventilators, other than machinery space ventilators, should be not less
than 760 mm and on superstructure decks not less than 450 mm. When the height of such
ventilators may interfere with the working of the vessel their coaming heights may be reduced to
the satisfaction of the competent authority. The height above deck of machinery space ventilator
openings should be to the satisfaction of the competent authority .

.3 Closing appliances need not be fitted to ventilators the coamings of which extend more than
2.5 m above the working deck or more than 1.0 m above a deck-house top or superstructure
deck.

t Refer to regulation 11/8 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

304 - Resolution A.749(18)

 .4 Where air pipes to tanks or other spaces below deck extend above the working or
superstructure decks the exposed parts of the pipes should be of substantial construction and,
as far as is practicable, located close to the vessel's centreline and protected from damage by
fishing or lifting gear. Openings of such pipes should be protected by efficient means of closing,
permanently attached to the pipe or adjacent structure, except that where the competent
authority is satisfied that they are protected against water trapped on deck, these means of
closing may be omitted .

.5 Where air pipes are situated near the side of the vessel their height above deck to the point
where water may have access below should be at least 760 mm on the working deck and at
least 450 mm on the superstructure deck. The competent authority may accept reduction of the
height of an air pipe to avoid interference with the fishing operations.

6.7.4 In offshore supply vessels air pipes and ventilators should comply with the following:

.1 Air pipes and ventilators should be fitted in protected positions in order to avoid damage by
cargo during operations and to minimize the possibility of flooding. Air pipes on the exposed
cargo and forecastle decks should be fitted with automatic closing devices .

.2 Due regard should be given to the position of machinery space ventilators. Preferably they
should be fitted in a position above the superstructure deck, or above an equivalent level if no
superstructure deck is fitted.

6.8 Freeing ports

6.8.1 * Where bulwarks on the weather portion of freeboard or superstructure decks or, in fishing vessels,
working decks form wells, freeing ports should be arranged along the length of the bulwark as to ensure that
the deck is freed of water most rapidly and effectively. Lower edges of freeing ports should be as near the
deck as practicable. t

6.8.2* In ships to which the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, applies freeing ports should
comply with regulation 24 of this Convention, which is as follows:

.1 Except as provided in subparagraphs .2 and .3, the minimum freeing port area (A) on each side of
the ship for each well on the freeboard deck should be that given by the following formulae in
cases where the sheer in way of the well is standard or greater than standard. The minimum area
for each well on superstructure decks should be one-half of the area given by the formulae.

Where the length of bulwark (/) in the well is 20 m or less,

A = 0.7 + 0.035/ square metres;

where I exceeds 20 metres,

A = 0.07/ square metres;

(in no case should / be taken greater than 0.7L).

If the bulwark is more than 1.2 m in average height the required area should be increased by
0.004 square metres per metre of length of well for each 0.1 m difference in height. If the
bulwark is less than 0.9 m in average height, the required area may be decreased by 0.004
square metres per metre of length of well for each 0.1 m difference in height.

.2 In ships with no sheer the calculated area should be increased by 50%. Where the sheer is less
than the standard, the percentage should be obtained by interpolation.

t Refer to regulation 24(5) of the 1966 LL Convention and regulation 11/14(4) of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

Resolution A.749(78) - 305

 .3 Where a ship is fitted with a trunk which does not comply with the requirements of regulation
36(1 )(e) of the International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, or where continuous or
substantially continuous hatchway side coamings are fitted between detached superstructures
the minimum area of the freeing port openings should be calculated from the following table:

Breadth of hatchway Area of freeing ports

or trunk in relation to in relation to the total
the breadth of ship area of the bulwarks
40% or less 20%
75% or more 10%

The area of freeing ports at intermediate breadths should be obtained by linear interpolation .

.4 In ships having superstructures which are open at either or both ends, adequate provision for
freeing the space within such superstructures should be provided to the satisfaction of the
Administration .

.5 Two-thirds of the freeing port area required should be provided in the half of the well nearest the
lowest point of the sheer curve .

.6 All such openings in the bulwarks should be protected by rails or bars spaced approximately 230
mm apart. If shutters are fitted to freeing ports, ample clearance should be provided to prevent
jamming. Hinges should have pins or bearings of non-corrodible material. If shutters are fitted
with securing appliances, these appliances should be of approved construction.

6.8.3* In decked fishing vessels of 12 m in length and over, freeing ports should comply with the
following:t

.1 The minimum freeing port area (A) in square metres, on each side of the vessel for each well on
the working deck, should be determined in relation to the length (/) and height of bulwark in the
well as follows:

.1.1 A=Kxl

where: K = 0.07 for vessels of 24 m in length and over

K = 0.03 5 for vessels of 12 m in length;

for intermediate lengths the value of K should be obtained by linear interpolation (/ need not
be taken as greater than 70% of the vessel's length) .

. 1.2 Where the bulwark is more than 1.2 m in average height, the required area should be
increased by 0.004 square metres per metre of length of well for each 0.1 m difference in
height.

.1.3 Where the bulwark is less than 0. 9 m in average height, the required area may be decreased
by 0.004 square metres per metre of length of well for each 0.1 m difference in height.

.2 The freeing port area calculated according to .1 should be increased where the Administration or
competent authority considers that the vessel's sheer is not sufficient to ensure rapid and
effective freeing of the deck of water .

.3 Subject to the approval of the Administration or competent authority, the minimum freeing port
area for each well on the superstructure deck should be not less than one-half the area (A) given
in .1 except that where the superstructure deck forms a working deck for fishing operations the
minimum area on each side should be not less than 75% of the area (A).

t Refer to regulation 11/14 of the 1993 Torremolinos Protocol.

306 - Resolution A.749(18)

 .4 Freeing ports should be so arranged along the length of bulwarks as to provide the most rapid
and effective freeing of the deck from water. Lower edges of freeing ports should be as near the
deck as practicable .

.5 Pound boards and means for stowage and working the fishing gear should be arranged so that
the effectiveness of the freeing ports will not be impaired or water trapped on deck and
prevented from easily reaching the freeing ports. Pound boards should be so constructed that
they can be locked in position when in use and will not hamper the discharge of shipped water .

.6 Freeing ports over 0.3 m in depth should be fitted with bars spaced not more than 0.23 m nor
less than 0.15 m apart or provided with other suitable protective arrangements. Freeing port
covers, if fitted, should be of approved construction. If devices are considered necessary for
locking freeing port covers during fishing operations they should be to the satisfaction of the
competent authority and easily operable from a readily accessible position .

.7 In vessels intended to operate in areas subject to icing, covers and protective arrangements for
freeing ports should be capable of being easily removed to restrict ice accumulation. Size of
opening and means provided for removal of these protective arrangements should be to the
satisfaction of the competent authority .

.8 In addition, in fishing vessels of 12 m in length and above but less than 24 m in length where
wells or cockpits are fitted in the working deck or superstructure deck with their bottoms above
the deepest operating waterline, efficient non-return means of drainage overboard should be
provided. Where bottoms of such wells or cockpits are below the deepest operating waterline,
drainage to the bilges should be provided.

6.8.4 In offshore supply vessels the Administration should give special attention to adequate drainage of
pipe stowage positions, having regard to the individual characteristics of the vessel. However, the area
provided for drainage of the pipe stowage positions should be in excess of the required freeing port area in
the cargo deck bulwark and should not be fitted with shutters.

6.9 Miscellaneous

6.9.1 Ships engaged in towing operations should be provided with means for quick release of the towing
hawser.

CHAPTER 7 - DETERMINATION OF LIGHT-SHIP DISPLACEMENT AND CENTRES OF GRAVITY

7.1 Application

7.1.1 * Every passenger ship regardless of size and every cargo ship having a length, as defined in the
International Convention on Load Lines, 1966, of 24 m and upwards should be inclined upon its completion
and the elements of its stability determined.t

7.1.2* Where any alterations are made to a ship so as to materially affect the stability, the ship should be
re-inclined. t

7.1.3* At periodic intervals not exceeding five years, a light-weight survey should be carried out on all
passenger ships to verify any changes in light-ship displacement and longitudinal centre of gravity. The ship
should be re-inclined whenever, in comparison with the approved stability information, a deviation from the
light-ship displacement exceeding 2% or a deviation of the longitudinal centre of gravity exceeding 1% of L
is found, or anticipated.t

t Refer to regulation 11-1 /22 of the 197 4 SOLAS Convention, as amended.

Resolution A.749(78) - 307

7.1.4* The Administration may allow the inclining test of an individual ship as required by paragraph 7.1.1
to be dispensed with provided basic stability data are available from the inclining test of a sister ship and it is
shown to the satisfaction of the Administration that reliable stability information for the exempted ship can
be obtained from such basic data.t

7.1.5* The Administration may allow the inclining test of an individual ship or class of ships especially
designed for the carriage of liquids or ore in bulk to be dispensed with when reference to existing data for
similar ships clearly indicates that due to the ship's proportions and arrangements more than sufficient
metacentric height will be available in all probable loading conditions.t

7.1.6 The inclining test prescribed is adaptable for ships with a length below 24 m if special precautions are
taken to ensure the accuracy of the test procedure.

7.2 Definitions

For the purpose of this chapter, unless expressly provided otherwise:

.1 Certification of the test weights is the verification of the weight marked on a test weight. Test
weights should be certified using a certificated scale. The weighing should be performed close
enough in time to the inclining test to ensure the measured weight is accurate .

.2 Draught is the vertical distance from the moulded baseline to the waterline .

.3 The inclining test involves moving a series of known weights, normally in the transverse direction,
and then measuring the resulting change in the equilibrium heel angle of the ship. By using this
information and applying basic naval architecture principles, the ship's vertical centre of gravity
(VCG) is determined .

.4 Light-ship condition is a ship complete in all respects, but without consumables, stores, cargo,
crew and effects, and without any liquids on board except that machinery and piping fluids, such
as lubricants and hydraulics, are at operating levels .

.5 A light-weight survey involves taking an audit of all items which should be added, deducted or
relocated on the ship at the time of the inclining test so that the observed condition of the ship
can be adjusted to the light-ship condition. The weight, longitudinal, transverse and vertical
location of each item should be accurately determined and recorded. Using this information, the
static waterline of the ship at the time of the inclining test as determined from measuring the
freeboard or verified draught marks of the ship, the ship's hydrostatic data, and the seawater
density, the light-ship displacement and longitudinal centre of gravity (LCG) can be obtained. The
transverse centre of gravity (TCG) may also be determined for mobile offshore drilling units
(MODUs) and other ships which are asymmetrical about the centreline or whose internal
arrangement or outfitting is such that an inherent list may develop from off-centre weight.

7.3 Preparations for the inclining test

7.3.1 Notification of the Administration

Written notification of the inclining test should be sent to the Administration as it requires or in due time
before the test. An Administration representative should be present to witness the inclining test and the test
results be submitted for review.

The responsibility for making preparations, conducting the inclining test and light-weight survey, recording
the data, and calculating the results rests with the shipyard, owner or naval architect. While compliance with
the procedures outlined herein will facilitate an expeditious and accurate inclining test, it is recognized that
alternative procedures or arrangements may be equally efficient. However, to minimize risk of delay, it is
recommended that all such variances be submitted to the Administration for review prior to the inclining
test.

t Refer to regulation 11-1 /22 of the 197 4 SOLAS Convention, as amended.

308 - Resolution A.749(78)

7.3.1.1 Details of notification

Written notification should provide the following information as the Administration may require:

.1 identification of the ship by name and shipyard hull number, if applicable;

.2 date, time, and location of the test;

.3 inclining weight data:

.3.1 type;

.3.2 amount (number of units and weight of each);

.3.3 certification;

.3.4 method of handling (i.e. sliding rail or crane);

.3.5 anticipated maximum angle of heel to each side;

.4 pendulums - approximate location and length (if a substitution is desired, an inclinometer or

other measuring device may be substituted for one of the two required pendulums, prior
approval should be obtained from the Administration. The Administration might require that the
devices be used in addition to the pendulums on one or more inclinings to verify their accuracy
before allowing actual substitution for a pendulum);

.5 approximate trim;

.6 condition of tanks;

.7 estimated weights to deduct, to complete, and to relocate in order to place the ship in its true
light-ship condition;

.8 detailed description of any computer software to be used to aid in calculations during the
inclining test;

.9 name and phone number of the person responsible for conducting the inclining test.

7.3.2 General condition of the ship

7.3.2.1 A ship should be as complete as possible at the time of the inclining test. The test should be
scheduled to minimize the disruption in the ship's delivery date or its operational commitments.

7.3.2.2 The amount and type of work left to be completed (weights to be added) affect the accuracy of the
light-ship characteristics, so good judgement should be used. If the weight or centre of gravity of an item to
be added cannot be determined with confidence, it is best to conduct the inclining test after the item is
added.

7.3.2.3 Temporary material, tool boxes, staging, sand, debris, etc., on board should be reduced to absolute
minimum before the inclining test. Excess crew or personnel not directly involved in the inclining test should
be removed from on board the ship before the test.

7.3.2.4 Decks should be free of water. Water trapped on deck may shift and pocket in a fashion similar to
liquids in a tank. Any rain, snow or ice accumulated on the ship should be removed prior to the test.

7.3.2.5 The anticipated liquid loading for the test should be included in the planning for the test. Preferably,
all tanks should be empty and clean, or completely full. The number of slack tanks should be kept to an
absolute minimum. The viscosity of the fluid, the depth of the fluid and the shape of the tank should be such
that the free surface effect can be accurately determined.

Resolution A.749(78) - 309

7.3.2.6 The ship should be moored in a quiet, sheltered area free from extraneous forces such as propeller
wash from passing vessels, or sudden discharges from shore-side pumps. The tide conditions and the trim of
the ship during the test should be considered. Prior to the test, the depth of water should be measured and
recorded in as many locations as are necessary to ensure that the ship will not contact the bottom. The
water's specific gravity should be accurately recorded. The ship should be moored in a manner to allow
unrestricted heeling. The access ramps should be removed. Power lines, hoses, etc., connected to shore
should be at a minimum, and kept slack at all times.

7.3.2.7 The ship should be as upright as possible and have sufficient draught so that any abrupt changes in
the waterplane will be avoided as the ship is inclined from side to side. A deviation from design trim of up to
1% of L is normally acceptable when using hydrostatic data calculated at design trim. Otherwise, the
hydrostatic data should be calculated for the actual trim. Caution should be exercised when applying the
"one per cent rule of thumb" to ensure that excessive error, as would result from a significant change in the
waterplane area during heeling, is not introduced into the stability calculations. With inclining weights in the
initial position, up to one-half degree of list is acceptable.

7.3.2.8 The total weight used should preferably be sufficient to provide a minimum inclination of two
degrees and a maximum of four degrees of heel to each side. However, a minimum inclination of one
degree to each side may be accepted for large ships. Test weights should be compact and of such a
configuration that the VCG (vertical centre of gravity) of the weights can be accurately determined. Each
weight should be marked with an identification number and its weight. Recertification of the test weights
should be carried out prior to the inclining. A crane of sufficient capacity and reach, or some other means,
should be available during the inclining test to shift weights on the deck in an expeditious and safe manner.
Water ballast is generally not acceptable as inclining weight. However, water ballast transfer may be
permitted when it is absolutely impractical to incline using solid weights if acceptable to the Administration.

7.3.2.9 The use of three pendulums is recommended but a minimum of two should be used to allow
identification of bad readings at any one pendulum station. They should each be located in an area
protected from the wind. The pendulums should be long enough to give a measured deflection, to each
side of upright, of at least 15 cm. To ensure recordings from individual instruments are kept separate, it is
suggested that the pendulums be physically located as far apart as practical.

The use of an inclinometer or U-tube should be considered in each separate case. It is recommended that
inclinometers or other measuring devices only be used in conjunction with at least one pendulum.

7.3.2.10 Efficient two-way communications should be provided between central control and the weight
handlers and between central control and each pendulum station. One person at a central control station
should have complete control over all personnel involved in the test.

7.4 Plans required

The person in charge of the inclining test should have available a copy of the following plans at the time of
the inclining test:

.1 lines plan;

.2 curves of form (hydrostatic curves) or hydrostatic data;

.3 general arrangement plan of decks, holds, inner bottoms, etc.;

.4 capacity plan showing capacities and vertical and longitudinal centres of gravity of cargo spaces,
tanks, etc.;

.5 tank sounding tables;

.6 draught mark locations; and

.7 docking drawing with keel profile and draught mark corrections (if available).

310 - Resolution A.749(18)

7.5 Test procedure

7.5.1 Procedures followed in conducting the inclining test and light-weight survey should be in accordance
with the recommendations laid out in annex 1 to this Code.

7.5.1.1 Freeboard/draught readings should be taken to establish the position of the waterline in order to
determine the displacement of the ship at the time of the inclining test. It is recommended that at least five
freeboard readings, approximately equally spaced, be taken on each side of the ship or that all draught
marks (forward, midship and aft) be read on each side of the ship. Draught/freeboard readings should be
read immediately before or immediately after the inclining test.

7.5.1.2 The standard test employs eight distinct weight movements. Movement No. 8, a recheck of the
zero point, may be omitted if a straight line plot is achieved after Movement No. 7. If a straight line plot is
achieved after the initial zero and six weight movements, the inclining test is complete and the second
check at zero may be omitted. If a straight line plot is not achieved, those weight movements that did not
yield acceptable plotted points should be repeated or explained.

7.5.2 A copy of the inclining data should be forwarded to the Administration along with the calculated
results of the inclining test in an acceptable report format, if required.

7.5.3 All calculations performed during the inclining test and in preparation of an inclining test report may
be carried out by a suitable computer program. Output generated by such a program may be used for
presentation of all or partial data and calculations included in the test report if it is clear, concise, well
documented, and generally consistent in form and content with Administration requirements.

7.6 Determination of ship's stability by means of rolling period tests

(for ships up to 70 m in length)

7.6.1 Recognizing the desirability of supplying to masters of small ships instructions for a simplified
determination of initial stability, attention was given to the rolling period tests. Studies on this matter showed
that the rolling period test may be recommended as a useful means of approximately determining the initial
stability of small ships when it is not practicable to give approved loading conditions or other stability
information, or as a supplement to such information.

7.6.2 Investigations comprising the evaluation of a number of inclining and rolling tests according to
various formulae showed that the following formula gave the best results and it has the advantage of being
the simplest:
2

GM 0 = (~~)
where:

f factor for the rolling period (rolling coefficient) as given in 7.6.4;

8 breadth of the ship in metres;

T, time for a full rolling period in seconds (i.e. for one oscillation "to and fro" port - starboard -
port, or vice versa).

7.6.3 The factor f is of the greatest importance and the data from the above tests were used for assessing
the influence of the distribution of the various masses in the whole body of the loaded ship.

Resolution A.749(78) - 37 7
7.6.4 For coasters of normal size (excluding tankers) and fishing vessels, the following average values were
observed:

f values

Empty ship or ship carrying ballast f ~ 0.88

Ship fully loaded and with liquids in tanks comprising the following percentage
of the total load on board (i.e. cargo, liquids, stores, etc.):
20% of total load f ~ 0.78
10% of total load f ~ 0.75
5% of total load f ~ 0.73

Double-boom shrimp fishing boats f ~ 0.95

Deep sea fishing boats f ~ 0.80

Boats with a live fish well f ~ 0.60

The stated values are mean values. Generally, observed f values were within ± 0.05 of those given above.
7.6.5 The above f values were based upon a series of limited tests and, therefore, Administrations should re-
examine these in the light of any different circumstances applying to their own ships.

7.6.6 It should be noted that the greater the distance of masses from the rolling axis, the greater the rolling
coefficient will be. Therefore it can be expected that:

.1 the rolling coefficient for an unloaded ship, i.e. for a hollow body, will be higher than that for a
loaded ship; and

.2 the rolling coefficient for a ship carrying a great amount of bunkers and ballast - both groups are
usually located in the double bottom, i.e. far away from the rolling axis - will be higher than that
of the same ship having an empty double bottom.

7.6.7 The above recommended rolling coefficients were determined by tests with ships in port and with
their consumable liquids at normal working levels; thus, the influences exerted by the vicinity of the quay,
the limited depth of water and the free surfaces of liquids in service tanks are covered.

7.6.8 Experiments have shown that the results of the rolling test method get increasingly less reliable the
nearer they approach GM values of 0.20 m and below.

7.6.9 For the following reasons, it is not generally recommended that results be obtained from rolling
oscillations taken in a seaway:

.1 exact coefficients for tests in open waters are not available;

.2 the rolling periods observed may not be free oscillations but forced oscillations due to seaway;
.3 frequently, oscillations are either irregular or only regular for too short an interval of time to allow
accurate measurements to be observed; and
.4 specialized recording equipment is necessary.

7.6.10 However, sometimes it may be desirable to use the ship's period of roll as a means of
approximately judging the stability at sea. If this is done, care should be taken to discard readings which
depart appreciably from the majority of other observations. Forced oscillations corresponding to the sea
period and differing from the natural period at which the ship seems to move should be disregarded. In
order to obtain satisfactory results, it may be necessary to select intervals when the sea action is least violent

312 - Resolution A.749(18)

and it may be necessary to discard a considerable number of observations.

7.6.11 In view of the foregoing circumstances, it needs to be recognized that the determination of the
stability by means of the rolling test in disturbed waters should only be regarded as a very approximate
estimation.

7.6.12 The formula given in paragraph 7.6.2 can be reduced to:

F
T,2
and the Administration should determine the F value(s) for each ship.

7.6.13 The determination of the stability can be simplified by giving the master permissible rolling periods,
in relation to the draughts, for the appropriate value(s) of F considered necessary.

7.6.14 The initial stability may also be more easily determined graphically by using the sample nomogram
(figure 7.6.14} as described below:

.1 The values for B and fare marked in the relevant scales and connected by a straight line ( 1). This
straight line intersects the vertical line mm at the point M .

.2 A second straight line (2) which connects this point M and the point on the Tr scale
corresponding with the determined rolling period intersects the GM scale at the requested value.

7.6.15 Section 7.6.16 shows an example of a recommended form in which these instructions might be
presented by each Administration to the masters. It is considered that each Administration should
recommend the F value or values to be used.

7.6.16 Test procedure

7.6.16.1 The rolling period required is the time for one complete oscillation of the ship and to ensure the
most accurate results in obtaining this value the following precautions should be observed:

.1 The test should be conducted with the ship in harbour, in smooth water with the minimum
interference from the wind and tide .

.2 Starting with the ship at the extreme end of a roll to one side (say port) and the ship about to
move towards the upright, one complete oscillation will have been made when the ship has
moved right across to the other extreme side (i.e. starboard) and returned to the original starting
point and is about to commence the next roll.

.3 By means of a stop-watch, the time should be taken for not less than about five of these
complete oscillations; the counting of these oscillations should begin when the ship is at the
extreme end of a roll. After allowing the roll to completely fade away, this operation should be
repeated at least twice more. If possible, in every case the same number of complete oscillations
should be timed to establish that the readings are consistent, i.e. repeating themselves within
reasonable limits. Knowing the total time for the total number of oscillations made, the mean
time for one complete oscillation can be calculated .

.4 The ship can be made to roll by rhythmically lifting up and putting down a weight as far off the
middle-line as possible; by pulling on the mast with a rope; by people running athwartships in
unison; or by any other means. However, and this is most important, as soon as this forced rolling
has commenced, the means by which it has been induced should be stopped and the ship
allowed to roll freely and naturally. If rolling has been induced by lowering or raising a weight it is
preferable that the weight is moved by a dockside crane. If the ship's own derrick is used, the
weight should be placed on the deck, at the middle-line, as soon as the rolling is established.

Resolution A. 749(7 8) - 313

 Rolling coefficient f
Breadth B(m)

1.4r-
1.5 GM(m)

I GM=(¥,)' I
Rolling period T,(s) /
'il20 20

~:
m

1.00

0.90

0.80 /
--
--(1)--

/
0.70

/ ~'
0.60

5
0.50
m
I
Example: f= 0.8: B = 9 m: ~ = 12 s: GM= 0.36 m

To be found by
cross-connecting (2) GM and T, and

0
C\J
0
s:t
CJ)

Figure 7.6.14

314 - Resolution A.749(18)

 .5 The timing and counting of the oscillations should only begin when it is judged that the ship is
rolling freely and naturally, and only as much as is necessary to accurately count these
oscillations .

.6 The mooring should be slack and the ship "breasted off" to avoid making any contact during its
rolling. To check this, and also to get some idea of the number of oscillations that can be
reasonably counted and timed, a preliminary rolling test should be made before starting to
record actual times .

.7 Care should be taken to ensure that there is a reasonable clearance of water under the keel and
at the sides of the ship .

.8 Weights of reasonable size which are liable to swing (e.g. a lifeboat), or liable to move (e.g. a
drum), should be secured against such movement. The free surface effects of slack tanks should
be kept as small as is practicable during the test and the voyage.

7.6.16.2 Limitations to the use of this method

7.6.16.2.1 A long period of roll, corresponding to a GM 0 of 0.20 m or below, indicates a condition of low
stability. However, under such circumstances, accuracy in determination of the actual value of GM 0 is
reduced.

7.6.16.2.2 If, for some reason, these rolling tests are carried out in open, deep but smooth waters,
inducing the roll, for example, by putting over the helm, then the GM 0 calculated by using the method and
coefficient of paragraph 7.6.16.1 above should be reduced by [figure to be estimated by the Administration]
to obtain the final answer.

7.6.16.2.3 The determination of stability by means of the rolling test in disturbed waters should only be
regarded as a very approximate estimation. If such a test is performed, care should be taken to discard
readings which depart appreciably from the majority of other observations. Forced oscillations
corresponding to the sea period and differing from the natural period at which the vessel seems to
move should be disregarded. In order to obtain satisfactory results, it may be necessary to select intervals
when the sea action is least violent and it may be necessary to discard a considerable number of
observations.

7.7 Inclining test for MODUs

7.7.1 An inclining test should be required for the first unit of a design, when as near to completion as
possible, to determine accurately the light-ship data (weight and position of centre of gravity).

7.7.2 For successive units which are identical by design, the light-ship data of the first unit of the series may
be accepted by the Administration in lieu of an inclining test, provided the difference in light-ship
displacement or position of centre of gravity due to weight changes for minor differences in machinery,
outfitting or equipment, confirmed by the results of a deadweight survey, are less than 1% of the values of
the light-ship displacement and principal horizontal dimensions as determined for the first of the series. Extra
care should be given to the detailed weight calculation and comparison with the original unit of a series of
column-stabilized, semi-submersible types as these, even though identical by design, are recognized as
being unlikely to attain an acceptable similarity of weight or centre of gravity to warrant a waiver of the
inclining test.

7.7.3 The results of the inclining test, or of a deadweight survey and an inclining experiment adjusted for
weight differences, should be indicated in the Operating Manual.

7.7.4 A record of all changes to machinery, structure, outfit and equipment that affect the light-ship data
should be maintained in the Operating Manual or a light-ship data alterations log and be taken into account
in daily operations.

Resolution A. 7 49( 18) - 315

7.7.5 For column-stabilized units, a deadweight survey should be conducted at intervals not exceeding five
years. Where the deadweight survey indicates a change from the calculated light-ship displacement in
excess of 1% of the operating displacement, an inclining test should be conducted.

7.7.6 An inclining test or a deadweight survey should be carried out in the presence of an officer of the
Administration, or a duly authorized person or representative of an approved organization.

7.8 Stability test for pontoons

An inclining experiment is not normally required for a pontoon, provided a conservative value of the light-
ship vertical centre of gravity (KG) is assumed for the stability calculations. The KG can be assumed at the
level of the main deck although it is recognized that a lesser value could be acceptable if fully documented.
The light-ship displacement and longitudinal centre of gravity should be determined by calculation based on
draught and density readings.

Annex 1

Detailed guidance for the conduct of an inclining test

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparations for the inclining test

2.1 Free surface and tankage

2.2 Mooring arrangements

2.3 Test weights

2.4 Pendulums

3 Equipment required

4 Test procedure

4.1 Initial walk through and survey

4.2 Freeboard/draught readings

4.3 The incline

1 Introduction

This annex supplements the inclining standards put forth in chapter 7 of this Code. This annex contains
important detailed procedures for conducting an inclining test in order to ensure that valid results are
obtained with maximum precision at a minimal cost to owners, shipyards and the Administration. A
complete understanding of the correct procedures used to perform an inclining test is imperative in order to
ensure that the test is conducted properly and so that results can be examined for accuracy as the inclining
experiment is conducted.

316 - Resolution A.749(18)

2 Preparations for the inclining test

2.1 Free surface and tankage

2.1.1 If there are liquids on board the ship when it is inclined, whether in the bilges or in the tanks, they will
shift to the low side when the ship heels. This shift of liquids will exaggerate the heel of the ship. Unless the
exact weight and distance of liquid shifted can be precisely calculated, the metacentric height (GM)
calculated from the inclining test will be in error. Free surface should be minimized by emptying the tanks
completely and making sure all bilges are dry; or by completely filling the tanks so that no shift of liquid is
possible. The latter method is not the optimum because air pockets are difficult to remove from between
structural members of a tank, and the weight and centre of the liquid in a full tank should be accurately
determined in order to adjust the light-ship values accordingly. When tanks must be left slack, it is desirable
that the sides of the tanks be parallel vertical planes and the tanks be regular in shape (i.e. rectangular,
trapezoidal, etc.) when viewed from above, so that the free surface moment of the liquid can be accurately
determined. For example, the free surface moment of the liquid in a tank with parallel vertical sides can be
readily calculated by the formula:

Free surface moment (m-t) = lb 3 /12Q

where:

length of tank (m)

b breadth of tank (m)

Q specific volume of liquid in tank (m 3 /t)

(Measure Q directly with a hydrometer).

.
Free sur face correc t10n m
( )
=~ (FSM(l) + FSM(2)
~
+ ... + FSM(x))

where:

FSM free surface moment (m-t)

~ displacement (t)

Free surface correction is independent of the height of the tank in the ship, location of the tank, and
direction of heel. As the width of the tank increases, the value of free surface moment increases by the third
power. The distance available for the liquid to shift is the predominant factor. This is why even the smallest
amount of liquid in the bottom of a wide tank or bilge is normally unacceptable and should be removed
prior to the inclining experiment. Insignificant amounts of liquids in V-shaped tanks or voids (e.g. a chain
locker in the bow), where the potential shift is negligible, may remain if removal of the liquid would be
difficult or would cause extensive delays.

2.1.2 Free surface and slack tanks - The number of slack tanks should normally be limited to one port/
starboard pair or one centreline tank of the following:

.1 fresh water reserve feed tanks;

.2 fuel/diesel oil storage tanks;

.3 fuel/diesel oil day tanks;

.4 lube oil tanks;

.5 sanitary tanks; or

.6 potable water tanks .

Resolution A.749(78)- 377

To avoid pocketing, slack tanks should normally be of regular (i.e. rectangular, trapezoidal, etc.) cross
section and be 20% to 80% full if they are deep tanks and 40% to 60% full if they are double-bottom tanks.
These levels ensure that the rate of shifting of liquid remains constant throughout the heel angles of the
inclining test. If the trim changes as the ship is inclined, then consideration should also be given to
longitudinal pocketing. Slack tanks containing liquids of sufficient viscosity to prevent free movement of the
liquids, as the ship is inclined (such as bunker at low temperature), should be avoided since the free surface
cannot be calculated accurately. A free surface correction for such tanks should not be used unless the
tanks are heated to reduce viscosity. Communication between tanks should never be allowed. Cross
connections, including those via manifolds, should be closed. Equal liquid levels in slack tank pairs can be a
warning sign of open cross connections. A bilge, ballast, and fuel oil piping plan can be referred to, when
checking for cross connection closures.

2.1.3 Pressed-up tanks - "Pressed up" means completely full with no voids caused by trim or inadequate
venting. Anything less than 100% full, for example the 98% condition regarded as full for operational
purposes, is not acceptable. Preferably, the ship should be rolled from side to side to eliminate entrapped air
before taking the final sounding. Special care should be taken when pressing fuel oil tanks to prevent
accidental pollution. An example of a tank that would appear "pressed up", but actually contains entrapped
air, is shown in figure A 1-2.1.3.

Angle of trim

*' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '
Figure A 1-2.1.3

2.1.4 Empty tanks - It is generally not sufficient to simply pump tanks until suction is lost. Enter the tank
after pumping to determine if final stripping with portable pumps or by hand is necessary. The exceptions
are very narrow tanks or tanks where there is a sharp deadrise, since free surface would be negligible. Since
all empty tanks should be inspected, all manholes should be open and the tanks well ventilated and certified
as safe for entry. A safe testing device should be on hand to test for sufficient oxygen and minimum toxic
levels. A certified marine chemist's certificate certifying that all fuel oil and chemical tanks are safe for
human entry should be available, if necessary.

2.2 Mooring arrangements

The importance of good mooring arrangements cannot be overemphasized. The arrangement selection will
be dependent upon many factors. Among the most important are depth of water, wind, and current effects.
Whenever possible the ship should be moored in a quiet, sheltered area free from extraneous forces such as
propeller wash from passing vessels, or sudden discharges from shore-side pumps. The depth of water
under the hull should be sufficient to ensure that the hull will be entirely free of the bottom. The tide
conditions and the trim of the ship during the test should be considered. Prior to the test, the depth of water

3 78 - Resolution A.749(78)
should be measured and recorded in as many locations as necessary to ensure the ship will not contact the
bottom. If marginal, the test should be conducted during high tide or the ship moved to deeper water.

2.2.1 The ship should be held by lines at the bow and the stern, attached to temporary padeyes installed as
close as possible to the centreline of the ship and as near the waterline as practical. If temporary padeyes
are not feasible then lines can be secured to bollards and/or cleats on the deck. This arrangement requires
that the lines be slackened when the ship is heeled away from the dock. The preferred arrangement is with
the ship lying in a slip where it can be moored as shown in figure A 1-2.2.1. In this case, the lines can be kept
taut to hold the ship in place, yet allow unrestricted heeling. Note, however, that wind and/or current may
cause a superimposed heeling moment to act on the ship throughout the test. For steady conditions this will
not affect the results. Gusty wind or uniformly varying wind and/or current will cause these superimposed

Mooring lines secured to bow clip temporarily

welded to stem near waterline

SLIP

~
~ . _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J

Figure A 1-2.2.1
heeling moments to change, which may require additional test points to obtain a valid test. The need for
additional test points can be determined by plotting test points as they are obtained.

2.2.2 Where the ship can be moored to one side only, it is good practice to supplement the bow and stern
lines with two spring lines in order to maintain positive control of the ship, as shown in figure A 1-2.2.2. The
leads of the spring lines should be as long as practicable. Cylindrical camels should be provided between
the ship and the dock. All lines should be slack, with the ship free of the pier and camels, when taking
readings.

Bow line

Figure A 1-2.2.2

Resolution A.749(18) - 319

2.2.2.1 If the ship is held off the pier by the combined effect of the wind and current, and the bow and stern
lines are secured at centreline near the waterline, they can be taut. This is essentially the same as the
preferred arrangement described in 2.2.1 above. As in 2.2.1 above, varying wind and/or current will cause
some distortion of the plot.

2.2.2.2 If the ship is pressed against the camels by wind and/or current, all lines should be slack. The
cylindrical camels will prevent binding but again there will be an unavoidable superimposed heeling
moment due to the ship bearing against the camels. This condition should be avoided but, when used,
consideration should be given to pulling the ship free of the dock and camels and letting the ship drift as
readings are taken.

2.2.2.3 Another acceptable arrangement is where the combined wind and current are such that the ship
may be controlled by only one line at either the bow or the stern. In this case the control line need not be
attached near the waterline, but it should be led from on or near the centreline of the ship. With all lines but
one slack, the ship is free to veer with the wind and/or current as readings are taken. This can sometimes be
troublesome because varying wind and/or current can cause distortion of the plot.

2.2.2.4 Alternative mooring arrangements should be considered if submitted for review prior to the test.
Such arrangements should ensure that the ship will be free to list without restraint for a sufficient period of
time to allow the pendulums to damp out motion so that the readings can be recorded.

2.2.3 If a floating crane is used for handling inclining weights, it should not be moored to the ship.

2.3 Test weights

2.3.1 Weights, such as porous concrete, that can absorb significant amounts of moisture should only be
used if they are weighed just prior to the inclining test or if recent weight certificates are presented. Each
weight should be marked with an identification number and its weight. For small ships, drums completely
filled with water may be used. Drums should normally be full and capped to allow accurate weight control.
In such cases, the weight of the drums should be verified in the presence of the Administration
representative using a recently calibrated scale.

2.3.2 Heeling the ship by liquid transfer should only be adopted when large ships with high GMs make
solid weight transfer impracticable.

2.3.3 Precautions should be taken to ensure that the decks are not overloaded during weight movements.
If deck strength is questionable then a structural analysis should be performed to determine if existing
framing can support the weight.

2.3.4 Generally, the test weights should be positioned as far outboard as possible on the upper deck. The
test weights should be on board and in place prior to the scheduled time of the inclining test.

2.3.5 Where water ballast is permitted, the following should be complied with:
.1 inclining tanks should be wall-sided and free of large stringers (air pockets) .

.2 tanks should be directly opposite to maintain ship's trim .

.3 specific gravity of ballast water should be measured and recorded .

.4 pipe lines to inclining tanks should be full.

.5 all ballast valves should be closed prior to the test. Strict valve control should be maintained
during the test. If the water is transferred through manifolds or valve boxes, all valves to the
branches not used should be tagged or locked to prevent opening during the test.

.6 all inclining tanks should be manually sounded before and after each shift.

.7 calculations should account for the change of the VCG during test.

.8 accurate sounding/ullage tables should be provided.

320 - Resolution A.749(78)

2.4 Pendulums

2.4.1 The pendulums should be long enough to give a measured deflection, to each side of upright, of at
least 15 cm. Generally, this will require a pendulum length of at least 3 m. It is recommended that pendulum
lengths of 4-6 m be used. Usually, the longer the pendulum the greater the accuracy of the test; however, if
excessively long pendulums are used on a tender ship the pendulums may not settle down and the
accuracy of the pendulums would then be questionable. If the pendulums are of different lengths, the
possibility of collusion between station recorders is avoided.

2.4.2 On smaller ships, where there is insufficient headroom to hang long pendulums, the 15 cm deflection
should be obtained by increasing the test weight so as to increase the heel. On most ships the typical
inclination is between one and four degrees.

2.4.3 The pendulum wire should be piano wire or other monofilament material. The top connection of the
pendulum should afford unrestricted rotation of the pivot point. An example is that of a washer with the
pendulum wire attached suspended from a nail.

2.4.4 A trough filled with a liquid should be provided to dampen oscillations of the pendulum after each
weight movement. It should be deep enough to prevent the pendulum weight from touching the bottom.
The use of a winged plumb bob at the end of the pendulum wire can also help to dampen the pendulum
oscillations in the liquid.

2.4.5 The battens should be smooth, light-coloured wood, 1 to 2 cm thick, and should be securely fixed in
position so that an inadvertent contact will not cause them to shift. The batten should be aligned close to
the pendulum wire but not in contact with it.

2.4.6 A typical satisfactory arrangement is shown in figure A 1-2.4.6. The pendulums may be placed in any
location on the ship, longitudinally and transversely. The pendulums should be in place prior to the
scheduled time of the inclining test.

Nail ................--1~wood
securely
attached
to vessel
Washer structure
or similar

Length of
pendulum

Thin wood batten Saw-horse, anchored

tacked in place against inadvertent
movement
.-------U..___-+--------L.L.L...-~ /

I Height
sufficient
to clear
trough

st
N
0
m.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---...J
st

Figure A 1-2.4.6

Resolution A.749(7 8) - 32 7
2.4.7 It is recommended that inclinometers or other measuring devices only be used in conjunction with at
least one pendulum.

2.4.8 Where a U-tube is used, the following should be complied with:

.1 the ends of the device should be securely positioned as far outboard as possible .

.2 arrangements should be made for recording all readings at both ends. For easy reading and
checking for air pockets clear plastic tube or hose should be used throughout.

.3 the horizontal distance between ends should be sufficient to obtain a level difference of at least
15 cm between the upright and the maximum inclination to each side.

3 Equipment required

Besides the physical equipment necessary such as the inclining weights, pendulums, small boat, etc., the
following are necessary and should be provided by or made available to the person in charge of the
inclining:

.1 engineering scales for measuring pendulum deflections (rules should be subdivided sufficiently to
achieve the desired accuracy);

.2 sharp pencils for marking pendulum deflections;

.3 chalk for marking the various positions of the inclining weights;

.4 a sufficiently long measuring tape for measuring the movement of the weights and locating
different items on board;

.5 a sufficiently long sounding tape for sounding tanks and taking freeboard readings;

.6 one or more well maintained specific gravity hydrometers with range sufficient to cover 0.999 to
1.030, to measure the specific gravity of the water in which the ship is floating (a hydrometer for
measuring specific gravity of less than 1.000 may be needed in some locations);

.7 other hydrometers as necessary to measure the specific gravity of any liquids on board;

.8 graph paper to plot inclining moments versus tangents;

.9 a straight edge to draw the measured waterline on the lines drawing;

.10 a pad of paper to record data;

.11 an explosion-proof testing device to check for sufficient oxygen and absence of lethal gases in
tanks and other closed spaces such as voids and cofferdams;

.12 a thermometer; and

.13 draught tubes (if necessary).

4 Test procedure

The inclining experiment, the freeboard/draught readings and the survey may be conducted in any order
and still achieve the same results. If the person conducting the inclining test is confident that the survey will
show that the ship is in an acceptable condition and there is the possibility of the weather becoming
unfavourable, then it is suggested that the inclining be performed first and the survey last. If the person
conducting the test is doubtful that the ship is complete enough for the test, it is recommended that the
survey be performed first since this could invalidate the entire test, regardless of the weather conditions. It is
very important that all weights, the number of people on board, etc., remain constant throughout the test.

322 - Resolution A.749(18)

4.1 Initial walk through and survey

The person responsible for conducting the inclining test should arrive on board the ship well in advance of
the scheduled time of the test to ensure that the ship is properly prepared for the test. If the ship to be
inclined is large, a preliminary walk through may need to be done the day preceding the actual incline. To
ensure the safety of personnel conducting the walk through, and to improve the documentation of surveyed
weights and deficiencies, at least two persons should make the initial walk through. Things to check include:
all compartments are open, clean, and dry, tanks are well ventilated and gas-free, movable or suspended
items are secured and their position documented, pendulums are in place, weights are on board and in
place, a crane or other method for moving weights is available, and the necessary plans and equipment are
available. Before beginning the inclining test, the person conducting the test should:

.1 consider the weather conditions. The combined adverse effect of wind, current and sea may
result in difficulties or even an invalid test due to the following:

.1.1 inability to accurately record freeboards and draughts;

.1.2 excessive or irregular oscillations of the pendulums;

.1.3 variations in unavoidable superimposed heeling moments.

In some instances, unless conditions can be sufficiently improved by moving the ship to a better
location, it may be necessary to delay or postpone the test. Any significant quantities of rain,
snow, or ice should be removed from the ship before the test. If bad weather conditions are
detected early enough and the weather forecast does not call for improving conditions, the
Administration representative should be advised prior to departure from the office and an
alternative date scheduled;

.2 make a quick overall survey of the ship to make sure the ship is complete enough to conduct the
test and to ensure that all equipment is in place. An estimate of items which will be outstanding
at the time of the inclining test should be included as part of any test procedure submitted to the
Administration. This is required so that the Administration representative can advise the shipyard/
naval architect if in their opinion the ship will not be sufficiently complete to conduct the incline
and that it should be rescheduled. If the condition of the ship is not accurately depicted in the
test procedure and at the time of the inclining test the Administration representative considers
that the ship is in such condition that an accurate incline cannot be conducted, the
representative may refuse to accept the incline and require that the incline be conducted at a
later date;

.3 enter all empty tanks after it is determined that they are well ventilated and gas-free to ensure
that they are dry and free of debris. Ensure that any pressed-up tanks are indeed full and free of
air pockets. The anticipated liquid loading for the incline should be included in the procedure
required to be submitted to the Administration;

.4 survey the entire ship to identify all items which need to be added to the ship, removed from the
ship, or relocated on the ship to bring the ship to the light-ship condition. Each item should be
clearly identified by weight and vertical and longitudinal location. If necessary, the transverse
location should also be recorded. The inclining weights, the pendulums, any temporary
equipment and dunnage, and the people on board during the inclining test are all among the
weights to be removed to obtain the light-ship condition. The person calculating the light-ship
characteristics from the data gathered during the incline and survey and/or the person reviewing
the inclining test may not have been present during the test and should be able to determine the
exact location of the items from the data recorded and the ship's drawings. Any tanks containing
liquids should be accurately sounded and the soundings recorded;

.4.1 it is recognized that the weight of some items on board, or that are to be added, may have to
be estimated. If this is necessary, it is in the best interest of safety to be on the safe side when
estimating, so the following rules of thumb should be followed:

Resolution A.749(18) - 323

 .4.1.1 when estimating weights to be added:
- estimate high for items to be added high in the ship.
- estimate low for items to be added low in the ship.

.4.1.2 when estimating weights to be removed:

- estimate low for items to be removed from high in the ship.
- estimate high for items to be removed from low in the ship.
.4.1.3 when estimating weights to be relocated:
- estimate high for items to be relocated to a higher point in the ship.
- estimate low for items to be relocated to a lower point in the ship.

4.2 Freeboard/draught readings

4.2.1 Freeboard/draught readings should be taken to establish the position of the waterline in order to
determine the displacement of the ship at the time of the inclining test. It is recommended that at least five
freeboard readings, approximately equally spaced, be taken on each side of the ship or that all draught
marks (forward, midship, and aft) be read on each side of the ship. Draught mark readings should be taken
to assist in determining the waterline defined by freeboard readings, or to verify the vertical location of
draught marks on ships where their location has not been confirmed. The locations for each freeboard
reading should be clearly marked. The longitudinal location along the ship should be accurately determined
and recorded since the (moulded) depth at each point will be obtained from the ship's lines. All freeboard
measurements should include a reference note clarifying the inclusion of the coaming in the measurement
and the coaming height.

4.2.2 Draught and freeboard readings should be read immediately before or immediately after the inclining
test. Weights should be on board and in place and all personnel who will be on board during the test,
including those who will be stationed to read the pendulums, should be on board and in location during
these readings. This is particularly important on small ships. If readings are made after the test, the ship
should be maintained in the same condition as during the test. For small ships, it may be necessary to
counterbalance the list and trim effects of the freeboard measuring party. When possible, readings should
be taken from a small boat.

4.2.3 A small boat should be available to aid in the taking of freeboard and draught mark readings. It should
have low freeboard to permit accurate observation of the readings.

4.2.4 The specific gravity of the flotation water should be determined at this time. Samples should be taken
from a sufficient depth of the water to ensure a true representation of the flotation water and not merely
surface water, which could contain fresh water from run-off of rain. A hydrometer should be placed in a
water sample and the specific gravity read and recorded. For large ships, it is recommended that samples of
the flotation water be taken forward, midship, and aft and the readings averaged. For small ships, one
sample taken from midships should be sufficient. The temperature of the water should be taken and the
measured specific gravity corrected for deviation from the standard, if necessary. A correction to water
specific gravity is not necessary if the specific gravity is determined at the inclining experiment site.
Correction is necessary if specific gravity is measured when sample temperature differs from the
temperature at the time of the inclining (e.g., if check of specific gravity is done at the office).

4.2.5 A draught mark reading may be substituted for a given freeboard reading at that longitudinal location
if the height and location of the mark have been verified to be accurate by a keel survey while the ship was
in dry-dock.

4.2.6 A device, such as a draught tube, can be used to improve the accuracy of freeboard/draught readings
by damping out wave action.

4.2.7 The dimensions given on a ship's lines drawing are normally moulded dimensions. In the case of
depth, this means the distance from the inside of the bottom shell to the inside of the deck plate. In order to

324 - Resolution A.749(18)

plot the ship's waterline on the lines drawing, the freeboard readings should be converted to moulded
draughts. Similarly, the draught mark readings should be corrected from extreme (bottom of keel} to
moulded (top of keel) before plotting. Any discrepancy between the freeboard/draught readings should be
resolved.

4.2.8 The mean draught (average of port and starboard readings) should be calculated for each of the
locations where freeboard/draught readings are taken and plotted on the ship's lines drawing or outboard
profile to ensure that all readings are consistent and together define the correct waterline. The resulting plot
should yield either a straight line or a waterline which is either hogged or sagged. If inconsistent readings are
obtained, the freeboards/draughts should be retaken.

4.3 The incline

4.3.1 Prior to any weight movements the following should be checked:

.1 the mooring arrangement should be checked to ensure that the ship is floating freely. (This
should be done just prior to each reading of the pendulums) .

.2 the pendulums should be measured and their lengths recorded. The pendulums should be
aligned so that when the ship heels, the wire will be close enough to the batten to ensure an
accurate reading but will not come into contact with the batten. The typical satisfactory
arrangement is shown in figure 2.4.6 .

.3 the initial position of the weights is marked on the deck. This can be done by tracing the outline
of the weights on the deck .

.4 the communications arrangement is adequate .

.5 all personnel are in place.

4.3.2 A plot should be run during the test to ensure that acceptable data are being obtained. Typically, the
abscissa of the plot will be heeling moment (weight times distance) and the ordinate will be the tangent of
the heel angle (deflection of the pendulum divided by the length of the pendulum). This plotted line does
not necessarily pass through the origin or any other particular point for no single point is more significant
than any other point. A linear regression analysis is often used to fit the straight line. The weight movements
shown in figure A 1-4.3.2-1 give a good spread of points on the test plot.

tan e Maximum moment

2
to starboard
~
z
LJ.J
(!J
z 3 Approximately
2
~ 3 maximum moment
0 to starboard
a:
<(

~ Approximately
a: 1
3 maximum moment
~
(f) to starboard
PORT MOMENTS 8
W(x)
4 STARBOARD MOMENTS

Approximately
13 maximum moment 7
to port
(f)
Approximately f-
2
3 maximum moment
z
LJ.J
5 (!J
to port
z
~
6 Maximum moment h:0
~ to port a..
~'---------------------------'
Figure Al-4.3.2-1

Resolution A.749(18) - 325

Plotting all of the readings for each of the pendulums during the inclining experiment aids in the discovery of
bad readings. Since W(x)/tan 8 should be constant, the plotted line should be straight. Deviations from a
straight line are an indication that there were other moments acting on the ship during the inclining. These
other moments should be identified, the cause corrected, and the weight movements repeated until a
straight line is achieved. Figures A 1-4.3.2-2 through A 1-4.3.2-5 illustrate examples of how to detect some of
these other moments during the inclining, and a recommended solution for each case. For simplicity, only
the average of the readings is shown on the inclining plots.

tan 9 tan 9
V,
cQ)
Cl
C
g
"E
"'0
-e
Iii"'
Port moments 4 Starboard moments 4 Starboard moments
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ' - ' - ' - - - . : . _ ' - - W(x) -#--------- W(x)

7 7
h
/ l!l l!l
C C
Q) Q)
Cl Cl
C C
g g
t t
0 0
a. a.

Excessive free liquids (re-check all tanks and voids

and pump out as necessary: re-do all weight Ship touching bottom or restrained by mooring lines
movements and re-check freeboard and draught (take water soundings and check lines: re-do weight
~
__________________
.__
readings)
__, ~ __________________
;/;.__
movements 2 and 3)
__,
*
Figure A 1-4.3.2-2 Figure A 1-4.3.2-3

tan 9 tan 9
2 /
V, /
c /
/
V,
2
Q)
Cl
c
C 3 / Q)
Cl
g / C
// g
"E
"'
.c
0
/
/
/
/

jg /
(J) /
/
////
Port moments / Starboard moments
------~"-/-+-_...::..;.c:..::..:..=c...c.c~.:.;.:.:=-- W(x)
7 /
/
/
/
/
5 /
/
V,
/
/ c
/ Q)
/ Cl
/
6 g
C
/ t
/
/
t 6 0
/ 0 a.
/ a.
/
/
/

.
...
Steady wind from port side came up after initial zero
point taken (plot acceptable)
Gusty wind from port side (re-do weight movements
~ 1 and
;i;.___ __ 5) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___,
*'----------------------'
Figure Al-4.3.2-4 Figure A 1-4.3.2-5

326 - Resolution A.749(18)

4.3.3 Once everything and everyone is in place, the zero position should be obtained and the remainder of
the experiment conducted as quickly as possible, while maintaining accuracy and proper procedures, in
order to minimize the possibility of a change in environmental conditions during the test.

4.3.4 Prior to each pendulum reading, each pendulum station should report to the control station when the
pendulum has stopped swinging. Then, the control station will give a "standby" warning and then a "mark"
command. When "mark" is given, the batten at each position should be marked at the location of the
pendulum wire. If the wire was oscillating slightly, the centre of the oscillations should be taken as the mark.
If any of the pendulum readers does not think the reading was a good one, the reader should advise the
control station and the point should be retaken for all pendulum stations. Likewise, if the control station
suspects the accuracy of a reading, it should be repeated for all the pendulum stations. Next to the mark on
the batten should be written the number of the weight movement, such as zero for the initial position and
one through seven for the weight movements.

4.3.5 Each weight movement should be made in the same direction, normally transversely, so as not to
change the trim of the ship. After each weight movement, the distance the weight was moved (centre to
centre) should be measured and the heeling moment calculated by multiplying the distance by the amount
of weight moved. The tangent is calculated for each pendulum by dividing the deflection by the length of
the pendulum. The resultant tangents are plotted on the graph. Provided there is good agreement among
the pendulums with regard to the tan 8 value, the average of the pendulum readings may be graphed
instead of plotting each of the readings.

4.3.6 Inclining data sheets should be used so that no data are forgotten and so that the data are clear,
concise, and consistent in form and format. Prior to departing the ship, the person conducting the test and
the Administration representative should initial each data sheet as an indication of their concurrence with
the recorded data.

Annex 2

Recommendations for skippers of fishing vessels on ensuring

a vessel's endurance in conditions of ice formation

1 Prior to departure

1.1 Firstly, the skipper should, as in the case of any voyages in any season, ensure that the vessel is
generally in a seaworthy condition, giving full attention to basic requirements such as:

.1 loading of the vessel within the limits prescribed for the season (paragraph 1.2.1 below);

.2 weathertightness and reliability of the devices for closing cargo and access hatches, outer doors
and all other openings in the decks and superstructures of the vessel and the watertightness of
the sidescuttles and of ports or similar openings in the sides below the freeboard deck to be
checked;

.3 condition of the freeing ports and scuppers as well as operational reliability of their closures to be
checked;

.4 emergency and life-saving appliances and their operational reliability;

.5 operational reliability of all external and internal communication equipment;

.6 condition and operational reliability of the bilge and ballast pumping systems.

Resolution A.749(78) - 327

1.2 Further, with special regard to possible ice accretion, the skipper should:

.1 consider the most critical loading condition against approved stability documents with due
regard to fuel and water consumption, distribution of supplies, cargoes and fishing gear and with
allowance for possible ice accretion;

.2 be aware of the danger in having supplies and fishing gear stored on open weatherdeck spaces
due to their large ice accretion surface and high centre of gravity;

.3 ensure that a complete set of warm clothing for all members of the crew is available on the
vessel as well as a complete set of hand tools and other appliances for combating ice accretion, a
typical list thereof for small vessels is shown in section 4 of this annex;

.4 ensure that the crew is acquainted with the location of means for combating ice accretion, as
well as the use of such means, and that drills are carried out so that members of the crew know
their respective duties and have the necessary practical skills to ensure the vessel's endurance
under conditions of ice accretion;

.5 acquaint himself with the meteorological conditions in the region of fishing grounds and en route
to the place of destination; study the synoptical maps of this region and weather forecasts; be
aware of warm currents in the vicinity of the fishing grounds, of the nearest coastline relief, of the
existence of protected bays and of the location of icefields and their boundaries;

.6 acquaint himself with the timetable of the radio stations transmitting weather forecasts and
warnings of the possibility of ice accretion in the area of the relevant fishing grounds.

2 At sea

2.1 During the voyage and when the vessel is on the fishing grounds the skipper should keep himself
informed on all long-term and short-term weather forecasts and should arrange for the following systematic
meteorological observations to be systematically recorded:

.1 temperatures of the air and of the sea surface;

.2 wind direction and force;

.3 direction and height of waves and sea state;

.4 atmospheric pressure, air humidity;

.5 frequency of splashing per minute and the intensity of ice accumulation on different parts of the
vessel per hour.

2.2 All observed data should be recorded in the vessel's log-book. The skipper should compare the
weather forecasts and icing charts with actual meteorological conditions, and should estimate the
probability of ice formation and its intensity.

2.3 When the danger of ice formation arises, the following measures should be taken without delay:

.1 all the means of combating ice formation should be ready for use;

.2 all the fishing operations should be stopped, the fishing gear should be taken on board and
placed in the under-deck spaces. If this cannot be done all the gear should be fastened for storm
conditions on its prescribed place. It is particularly dangerous to leave the fishing gear suspended
since its surface for ice formation is large and the point of suspension is generally located high;

.3 barrels and containers with fish, packing, all gear and supplies located on deck as well as
portable mechanisms should be placed in closed spaces as low as possible and firmly lashed;

.4 all cargoes in holds and other compartments should be placed as low as possible and firmly
lashed;

328 - Resolution A.749(78)

 .5 the cargo booms should be lowered and fastened;

.6 deck machinery, hawser reels and boats should be covered with duck covers;

.7 lifelines should be fastened on deck;

.8 freeing ports fitted with covers should be brought into operative condition, all objects located
near scuppers and freeing ports and preventing water drainage from deck should be taken away;

.9 all cargo and companion hatches, manhole covers, weathertight outside doors in superstructures
and deck-houses and portholes should be securely closed in order to ensure complete
weathertightness of the vessel, access to the weather deck from inner compartments should be
allowed only through the superstructure deck;

.1 O a check should be carried out as to whether the amount of water ballast on board and its
location is in accordance with that recommended in "Stability guidance to skippers"; if there is
sufficient freeboard, all the empty bottom tanks fitted with ballast piping should be filled with
seawater;

.11 all fire-fighting, emergency and life-saving equipment should be ready for use;

.12 all drainage systems should be checked for their effectiveness;

.13 deck lighting and searchlights should be checked;

.14 a check should be carried out to make sure that each member of the crew has warm clothing;

.15 reliable two-way radiocommunication with both shore stations and other vessels should be
established; radio calls should be arranged for set times.

2.4 The skipper should seek to take the vessel away from the dangerous area, keeping in mind that the lee
edges of icefields, areas of warm currents and protected coastal areas are a good refuge for the vessel
during weather when ice formation occurs.

2.5 Small fishing vessels on fishing grounds should keep nearer to each other and to larger vessels.

2.6 It should be remembered that the entry of the vessel into an icefield presents certain danger to the
hull, especially when there is a high sea swell. Therefore the vessel should enter the icefield at a right angle
to the icefield edge at low speed without inertia. It is less dangerous to enter an icefield bow to the wind. If a
vessel must enter an icefield with the wind on the stern, the fact that the edge of the ice is more dense on
the windward side should be taken into consideration. It is important to enter the icefield at the point where
the ice floes are the smallest.

3 During ice formation

3.1 If in spite of all measures taken the vessel is unable to leave the dangerous area, all means available for
removal of ice should be used as long as it is subjected to ice formation.

3.2 Depending on the type of vessel, all or many of the following ways of combating ice formation may be
used:

.1 removal of ice by means of cold water under pressure;

.2 removal of ice with hot water and steam;

.3 breaking up of ice with ice crows, axes, picks, scrapers, or wooden sledge-hammers and clearing
it with shovels.

3.3 When ice formation begins, the skipper should take into account the recommendations listed below
and ensure their strict fulfilment:

.1 report immediately ice formation to the shipowner and establish with him constant
radiocommunication;

Resolution A.749(78) - 329

 .2 establish radiocommunication with the nearest vessels and ensure that it is maintained;

.3 do not allow ice formation to accumulate on the vessel, immediately take steps to remove from
the vessel's structures even the thinnest layer of ice and ice sludge from the upper deck;

.4 check constantly the vessel's stability by measuring the roll period of the vessel during ice
formation. If the rolling period increases noticeably, immediately take all possible measures in
order to increase the vessel's stability;

.5 ensure that each member of the crew working on the weather deck is warmly dressed and wears
a safety line securely attached to the guardrail;

.6 bear in mind that the work of the crew on ice clearing entails the danger of frost-bite. For this
reason it is necessary to make sure that the men working on deck are replaced periodically;

.7 keep the following structures and gears of the vessel first free from ice:

- aerials

- running and navigational lights

- freeing ports and scuppers

- life-saving craft

- stays, shrouds, masts and rigging

- doors of superstructures and deck-houses

- windlass and hawse holes;

.8 remove the ice from large surfaces of the vessel, beginning with the upper structures (such as
bridges, deck-houses, etc.), because even a small amount of ice on them causes a drastic
worsening of the vessel's stability;

.9 when the distribution of ice is not symmetrical and a list develops, the ice must be cleared from
the lower side first. Bear in mind that any correction of the list of the vessel by pumping fuel or
water from one tank to another may reduce stability during the process when both tanks are
slack;

.10 when a considerable amount of ice forms on the bow and a trim appears, ice must be quickly
removed. Water ballast may be redistributed in order to decrease the trim;

.11 clear ice from the freeing ports and scuppers in due time in order to ensure free drainage of the
water from the deck;

.12 check regularly for water accumulation inside the hull;

.13 avoid navigating in following seas since this may drastically worsen the vessel's stability;

.14 register in the vessel's log-book the duration, nature and intensity of ice formation, amount of ice
on the vessel, measures taken to combat ice formation and their effectiveness;

.15 if, in spite of all the measures taken to ensure the vessel's endurance in conditions of ice
formation, the crew is forced to abandon the vessel and embark on life-saving craft (lifeboats,
rafts) then, in order to preserve their lives, it is necessary to do all possible to provide all the crew
with warm clothing or special bags as well as to have a sufficient number of lifelines and bailers
for speedy bailing out of water from the life-saving craft.

330 - Resolution A.749(18)

4 List of equipment and hand tools

A typical list of equipment and hand tools required for combating ice formation:

5 ice crows or crowbars;

5 axes with long handles;

5 picks;

5 metal scrapers;

5 metal shovels;
3 wooden sledge-hammers;
3 fore and aft lifelines to be rigged each side of the open deck fitted with travellers to which lizards can
be attached.
Safety belts with spring hooks should be provided for no less than 50% of the members of the crew (but not
less than 5 sets), which can be attached to the lizards.

Notes: (1) The number of hand tools and life-saving appliances may be increased, at the shipowners'
discretion.

(2) Hoses which may be used for ice combating should be readily available on board.

Resolution A.749(18) - 331