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    Smoke Detector: Objective:-In Our Daily Life We Came To Know About Various Disasters Due To

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    harrysingh
    Smoke detectors help prevent fires from harming people by providing an early warning in the event of a fire. The document discusses creating a smoke detector using a microcontroller interfaced with a smoke sensor. It provides block diagrams and lists the materials used, including resistors, LEDs, buzzers, transistors, smoke sensors, and an IC. Resistor types and their color codes are explained. The workings of transistors, LEDs, voltage regulators, and op-amp comparators are described. Finally, a buzzer circuit diagram is shown to illustrate how transistors can switch current to power a buzzer.

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    Smoke Detector: Objective:-In Our Daily Life We Came To Know About Various Disasters Due To

    Uploaded by

    harrysingh
    37 views14 pages
    Smoke detectors help prevent fires from harming people by providing an early warning in the event of a fire. The document discusses creating a smoke detector using a microcontroller interfaced with a smoke sensor. It provides block diagrams and lists the materials used, including resistors, LEDs, buzzers, transistors, smoke sensors, and an IC. Resistor types and their color codes are explained. The workings of transistors, LEDs, voltage regulators, and op-amp comparators are described. Finally, a buzzer circuit diagram is shown to illustrate how transistors can switch current to power a buzzer.

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    Smoke detectors help prevent fires from harming people by providing an early warning in the event of a fire. The document discusses creating a smoke detector using a microcontroller interfaced with a smoke sensor. It provides block diagrams and lists the materials used, including resistors, LEDs, buzzers, transistors, smoke sensors, and an IC. Resistor types and their color codes are explained. The workings of transistors, LEDs, voltage regulators, and op-amp comparators are described. Finally, a buzzer circuit diagram is shown to illustrate how transistors can switch current to power a buzzer.

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    37 views14 pages

    Smoke Detector: Objective:-In Our Daily Life We Came To Know About Various Disasters Due To

    Uploaded by

    harrysingh
    Smoke detectors help prevent fires from harming people by providing an early warning in the event of a fire. The document discusses creating a smoke detector using a microcontroller interfaced with a smoke sensor. It provides block diagrams and lists the materials used, including resistors, LEDs, buzzers, transistors, smoke sensors, and an IC. Resistor types and their color codes are explained. The workings of transistors, LEDs, voltage regulators, and op-amp comparators are described. Finally, a buzzer circuit diagram is shown to illustrate how transistors can switch current to power a buzzer.

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    of 14

    Smoke Detector

    Nowadays we use a lot of materials in our daily life those are made up from a
    variety of plastic compound some of them caught fire very soon. Few of us
    realize how easily and how quickly fire can harm our loved ones. Fortunately,
    there is a simple, affordable way to help prevent this from happening: the
    smoke alarm. By providing an early warning in the event of fire, smoke alarms
    may allow you and your family sufficient time to reach safety. Many people
    have neglected to install smoke alarms despite their life-saving potential and
    low cost.

    Objective:- In our daily life we came to know about various disasters due to
    fire, many of them could be avoided we could detect them before it went out
    of control and most appropriate method is installation of smoke detector. In
    this project how we can interface out microcontroller with our physical
    environment by using the bridge of smoke sensor.
    Block Diagram
    Schematic Diagram

    Material Used:-
    1. Resistors
    2. LED
    3. Buzzer
    4. Transistors
    5. Smoke Sensor
    6. IC bases
    7. Ribbon wire
    8. Jumper wire
    9. Soldering Iron
    10.Soldering Wire
    11.Multimeter
    12.PCB
    13.Cutter
    14.Screw & Nuts

    RESISTORS
    The flow of charge (or current) through any material, encounters an
    opposing force similar in many respect to mechanical friction. This
    opposing force is called resistance of the material. It is measured in
    ohms. In some electric circuits resistance is deliberately introduced in
    the form of the resistor.
    Resistors are of following types:
    1. Wire wound resistors.
    2. Carbon resistors.
    3. Metal film resistors.

    Wire Wound Resistors:


    Wire wound resistors are made from a long (usually Ni-Chromium)
    wound on a ceramic core. Longer the length of the wire, higher is the
    resistance. So depending on the value of resistor required in a circuit,
    the wire is cut and wound on a ceramic core. This entire assembly is
    coated with a ceramic metal. Such resistors are generally available in
    power of 2 watts to several hundred watts and resistance values from
    1ohm to 100k ohms. Thus wire wound resistors are used for high
    currents.

    Carbon Resistors:
    Carbon resistors are divided into three types:
    a. Carbon composition resistors are made by mixing carbon grains
    with binding material (glue) and moduled in the form of rods. Wire
    leads are inserted at the two ends. After this an insulating material
    seals the resistor. Resistors are available in power ratings of 1/10,
    1/8, 1/4 , 1/2 , 1.2 watts and values from 1 ohm to 20 ohms.
    b. Carbon film resistors are made by deposition carbon film on a
    ceramicrod. They are cheaper than carbon composition resistors.
    c. Cement film resistors are made of thin carbon coating fired onto a
    solid ceramic substrate. The main purpose is to have more precise
    resistance values and greater stability with heat. They are made in a
    small square with leads.

    Metal Film Resistors:


    They are also called thin film resistors. They are made of a thin metal
    coating deposited on a cylindrical insulating support. The high
    resistance values are not precise in value; however, such resistors are
    free of inductance effect that is common in wire wound resistors at
    high frequency.

    Variable Resistors:
    Potentiometer is a resistor where values can be set depending on the
    requirement. Potentiometer is widely used in electronics systems.
    Examples are volume control, tons control, brightness and contrast
    control of radio or T.V. sets.
    RESISTOR COLOR CODE
    1st 2nd 3rd band 4th band Temp.
    Color
    band band (multiplier) (tolerance) Coefficient
    Black 0 0 ×100
    Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm
    Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm
    Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm
    Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm
    Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)
    Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)
    Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)
    Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)
    White 9 9 ×109
    Gold ×10−1 ±5% (J)
    Silver ×10−2 ±10% (K)
    None ±20% (M)

    Example: 1k or 1000 ohms

    Band1

    Band 2
    Band 3

    Band 4
    .

    Transistor:-

    The schematic representation of a transistor is shown. Note the arrow


    pointing down towards the emitter. This signifies it's an NPN
    transistor A transistor is basically a current amplifier. Say we let 1mA
    flow into the base. We may get 100mA flowing into the collector.
    Note: The currents flowing into the base and collector exit through the
    emitter (sum off all currents entering or leaving a node must equal
    zero). The gain of the transistor will be listed in the datasheet as either
    βDC or Hfe. The gain won't be identical even in transistors with the

    same part number. The gain also varies with the collector current and
    temperature.
    LED:- LED means light emitting diode. Its function is similar to the
    diode. But these are not made up from silicon or germanium. These
    are generally used as a indicating device. There are variety of LEDs
    are available in market depending upon their size and colour.
    Polarity of LED:- LED have polarity. We can judge its polarity by
    watching flags in its structure. Bigger flag is known as cathode and
    smaller flag is known as anode as shown below.

    Voltage RegulatorThe LM78XX 3-terminal positive voltage


    regulators employ internalcurrent-limiting, thermal shutdown and
    safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible.
    Heatsinking is provided; they can deliver over 1.0A output current.
    They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a widerange of
    applications including local (on-card) regulation forelimination of
    noise and distribution problems associatedwith single-point
    regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators.
    Features
    ■ Output current up to 1 A
    ■ Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V
    ■ Thermal overload protection
    ■ Short circuit protection

    OP-AMP Comparator Circuit Working


    A comparator circuit compares two voltages and outputs either a 1 (the voltage
    at the plus side; VDD in the illustration) or a 0 (the voltage at the negative side)
    to indicate which is larger. Comparators are often used, for example, to check
    whether an input has reached some predetermined value. In most cases a
    comparator is implemented using a dedicated comparator IC, but op-amps may
    be used as an alternative. Comparator diagrams and op-amp diagrams use the
    same symbols.
    Figure 4 shows a comparator circuit. Note first that the circuit does not use
    feedback. The circuit amplifies the voltage difference between Vin and VREF,
    and outputs the result at Vout. If Vin is greater than VREF, then voltage at Vout
    will rise to its positive saturation level; that is, to the voltage at the positive side.
    If Vin is lower than VREF, then Vout, will fall to its negative saturation level,
    equal to the voltage at the negative side.
    In practice, this circuit can be improved by incorporating a hysteresis voltage
    range to reduce its sensitivity to noise. The circuit shown in Fig. 5, for example,
    will provide stable operation even when the Vin signal is somewhat noisy.

    Buzzer Circuit
    Buzzer is a component, which generates a beep when it is powered
    up. It operates at 9/12V effectively.
    A low power transistors are needed to switch the current for the
    buzzer. Here in circuit Q1 and Q2 transistors are used to switch the
    buzzer.
    First transistor is PNP transistor so it will be switch on when it
    get low pulse at its base. When it get a low its base then +5V is
    available at the base of second transistor. Second transistor is NPN. It
    switched on when it get high pulse at the base. When a low is
    available at the base of first transistor then +5V is available at the
    base of transistor which results in switch ON of buzzer.

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