FOCUS PT3

CHAPTER
Introduction to Scientific Investigation
1
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 Science can be divided into three major branches which are , and .
2 There are various careers related to the fields of science such as , and
.
3 State the fields of science based on the given studies.
(a) Study of crime cases :
(b) Study of outer space :
(c) Study of plants :
(d) Study of the weather :
(e) Study of medicine :
(f) Study of animals :
(g) Study of the ocean :
(h) Study of the body functions :
(i) Study of machines :
(j) Study of microorganisms :
(k) Study of rocks and minerals :
4 Name the following pieces of apparatus used in the laboratory.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

(i) (j) (k) (l)

(m) (n) (o) (p)

1
 5 State the following hazardous symbols.
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

6 State the hazardous symbols for the following substances.

(a) Potassium :
(b) Uranium :
(c) Mercury :
(d) Bromine :
(e) Ammonia :
(f) Alcohol :
(g) Concentrated acid :
(h) Chloroform :
(i) Sodium :
(j) Hydrogen :
(k) Plutonium :
(l) Chlorine :
7 State the SI units of the following physical quantities.
(a) Length :
(b) Mass :
(c) Temperature :
(d) Time :
(e) Electric current :
8 State the prefix values for the following.
(a) Mega :
(b) Kilo :
(c) Giga :
(d) Deci :
(e) Milli :
(f) Nano :
(g) Centi :
(h) Micro :

2
 9 Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

(a) ➞ is the distance between two points.

10 cm

(b)
10 cm2 ➞ is the total surface covered by an object.

(c)
100
90
80
70

60
➞ is the total space occupied by an object.
50
40
30
20
10 10 cm3

10 Tick ( ✓ ) the correct eye positions.

(a) 2 (b) 
1 3 100 ml

90
80
1
70

5 cm 6 cm 60
50
2
40
30
20 3
10
water
(c)
100 ml

90
80
1
70
60
50 2
40
30
20
3
10
mercury

(d) In each case above, circle the ones which have parallax errors.
11 State the types of error.
(a) Caused by the position of the eye of the observer.

(b) Caused by the incorrect position of the zero point of the measuring tool.

12 Using a pair of vernier calipers (without zero error) for measuring the length of an object.

1 2

0 5 10

Reading =

3
 13 Using a pair of vernier calipers (with zero error) for measuring the length of an object.

0 1 0 1

0 5 10 0 5 10

Zero error =
Correct reading =
14 Using a micrometer screw gauge (without zero error) for measuring the length of an object.

45
0
40

35

30

Reading =

15 Using a micrometer screw gauge (with zero error) for measuring the length of an object.

10 45

0 40
0 5
35
0

45 30

Zero error =
Correct reading =


16 Estimate the area of the leaf below.
1 cm

1 cm

graph paper

Estimated area of the leaf = cm2

4
 17 Calculate the volume of each object. State the method used.
(a)
100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50 cm3 50
40 40

30 cm3 30 30

water
20
10
20
10
Volume of a marble =
marbles

(b) thread
100 100 100
90 90 90
80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 60
50 50 50 cm 3 50
40
45 cm3 40 40
35 cm3 cork
30
water 30 30
20 20 20
10 10 stone 10

(i) Volume of the stone =

(ii) Volume of the cork =
(iii) Method used =
18 Name the measuring tools and state the physical quantities measured by the tools in the boxes.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h) (i)

(j) (k) (l)

5
 19 Write the formula for density. Then, calculate the density of an object if its volume is 20 cm3 and its mass is
40 g.

Density Calculation:
=

20 Predict the densities of the liquids.

(a)
13.6 g/cm3
0.9 g/cm3
(b)
1.0 g/cm3

(c)

21 Explain why the wood floats on water but the coin sinks in water. Then, arrange the densities of wood, water and
coin in ascending order.

wood
(a) The wood is than water.
water
coin (b) The coin is than water.

Increasing density

22 Complete the following flow map to show the steps of a scientific investigation in the correct sequence.

(a) (b) (c) Planning the

investigation

(d) Making a report

Conduct experiment
• Collect, analyse and interpreting the data

6
 CHAPTER
Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
2
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 Name the parts of the living cells and state their functions.

P: T:

Q:
U:
R:

V:
S:
Animal cell Plant cell

Parts Functions

2 Animal cells do not have , or . Amoeba and Paramecium are

low-level animals which have .
3 The and make up the cell protoplasm.
4 and are used respectively for staining cells in the preparation of slides of animal
cells such as cheek cells and plant cells such as epidermal cells.
5 occurs during the growth process of humans since birth.
6 is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
7 organisms are made up of only one cell and organisms are made up of many cells.

7
 8 Name the organisms shown below and state whether they are unicellular or multicellular organisms.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g) (h)

9 Complete the flow map below about the levels of cell organisation in a human.

Human

10 Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

(a) The is the basic unit for all living things.
(b) A is a group of the same type of cells carrying out the same function.
(c) An consists of two or more types of tissues working together.
(d) A consists of two or more organs working together.
(e) A tiny organism that can only be seen through the microscope is called a .
11 Name the human cells shown below.

(a) (b) (c)

Involves in reproduction Sends information Carry oxygen

(d) (e) (f)

Kills bacteria Protects the surface layer of Enables body movement
the skin and internal organs

12 Name the tissues shown below.

(a) (b)

8
 13 State the following as ‘cell’, ‘tissue’, ‘organ’ or ‘system’.
(a) Ovum :
(b) Skin :
(c) Respiratory :
(d) Spinal cord :
(e) Nose :
(f) Sperm :
14 Based on the given organs, state the type of system in the human body.

Organs System
(a) Blood vessels, heart

(b) Brain, spinal cord

(c) Skin, lungs, kidneys

(d) Mouth, stomach, liver

(e) Testes, ovaries

(f) Nose, lungs, trachea

(g) Bones, joints

(h) Muscles

(i) Skin, hair, nails

15 State the function of the various types of plant cells.

Plant cells Functions

(a) Epidermal cells

(b) Root hair cells

(c) Guard cells

(d) Palisade cells

16 (a)  is the process that occurs in all living cells which uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide , water and energy.
(b) is the process that is carried out by green plants to make their own food.
(c) , , and are needed for photosynthesis.

17 Fill in the blanks with suitable words regarding photosynthesis that occurs in green plants.
light
(a) +  water  glucose + (b)
chlorophyll (food)

(c)  Function: To absorb

(d) Energy change that occurs in photosynthesis:

energy     energy (stored in food)

9
 18 State the purposes (and observation) of the steps in the activity to test the presence of starch in the leaf.
(a) (b)

water
alcohol
leaf water
bath

heat heat

Purpose:
To the leaf and Purpose:
the cell walls To remove

(c) (d)
iodine
solution
water

leaf

Purpose: Observation:
To the leaf The leaf becomes

19 Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

bell jar
(a) The green plant cannot carry out photosynthesis
green plant
because is not present.

(b) Sodium hydroxide solution functions to absorb

.
sodium hydroxide
solution

20 The experiment below shows that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

paper clip
black paper

L
J
K
green leaf

(a) Part and contain starch at the end of the experiment.

(b) (i) Controlled variable (constant):

(ii) Manipulated variable:

(iii) Responding variable:

(c) State two reasons why photosynthesis is important.

(i) Supplies and to animals
(ii) Removes from the air

10
 CHAPTER
Coordination and Response
3
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 is the regulation of the body to maintain a balanced and stable internal environment.
2 Homeostasis enables humans and living things to to the external environment that changes
regularly, keeps the internal body environment and under control so that the conditions are
for the cells to live and function.
3 Give two examples of homeostasis that are important in the human body.
Regulation of the and .
4

Explain what will happen if the water content of the body increases.
The stimulates the secretion of a type of to
direct the kidneys to add water in the urine. A
volume of urine is produced.

5
Explain what will happen if the water content of the body decreases.
The stimulates the secretion of a type of to
direct the kidneys to add water in the urine. A
volume of urine is produced. We feel .

6 Give two body systems that are involved in the regulation of the water content of the body.

7 State the part of the brain that is affected if the body becomes too hot or too cold.

8 If we are too hot, the hypothalamus (hot centre) in the brain will be affected. Explain what will happen to the
body.
(i) Sweating .
(ii) The hairs lie and to the skin.
(iii) The blood vessels in skin .
(iv) The secretion of a certain hormone and the body metabolic rate .
(v) The body becomes .
9 If we are too cold, the hypothalamus (cold centre) in the brain will be affected. Explain what will happen to the
body.
(i) The muscles and actively causing the body to .
(ii) The hairs are pulled .
(iii) The blood vessels in the skin .
(iv) Certain hormones are secreted and the body metabolic rate .
(v) The body becomes .
10 Give four body systems that are involved in the regulation of the body temperature.

11
 11 Animals such as dogs and cats do not have sweat glands except on the areas that are not covered with fur, such
as the nose and paw pads. Describe how dogs and cats cool their bodies during hot days.
Dogs their tongues out and to release body heat through their mouths. Cats
the fur on their bodies. The evaporation of from the fur cools down the cat’s
bodies.
12 Explain how the animals below cool their bodies down in hot weather.

Animals Methods

(a) Hippopotamus, crocodile

Stay in or wallow in .
and buffalo

(b) Chameleon Hides in the and body activities.

(c) Elephant Stays in or its large ears.

(d) Snail Produces to the rate of evaporation on

the skin surface.

13 Explain how the animals below maintain homeostasis in an environment of low temperature.

Animals Methods

(a) Rabbit, polar bear and

their fur or feathers to trap .
bird

(b) Polar bear, seal and sea Have a thick layer of beneath the skin which acts as
lion .

(c) Bear, snake, skunk and

bat

14 Why does a crocodile open its mouth when resting in the daytime?
To release through its mouth

15 Why does a bear hibernate during winter?

To maintain its
16 Lizards are cold-blooded animals. How does a lizard regulate its body temperature when the temperature of the
environment rises?
(i) Its heartbeat becomes .
(ii) Its movements become .
(iii) Its body metabolic rate .
(iv) Its body temperature .
17 How does a lizard regulate its body temperature when the temperature of the environment drops?
(i) Its body activities become
(ii) Its muscles function at a rate
(iii) Its body metabolic rate
(iv) Its body temperature
18 is a process by which plants lose water, in the form of water vapour , by evaporation through
the stomata.
19 Why is transpiration important to plants?
The_________ of water from the leaves _________ the plants during a hot day.

12
 20 Explain how banana trees reduce the loss of water during a hot day.
up their leaves
21 How do the guard cells play their role in cooling down the plant during a hot day?
Open the to release excess through to cool down the plant.
22 How do insects such as beetles reduce the loss of water?
(i) Have cuticles that are
(ii) Have spiracles that are closed by

13
 CHAPTER
Reproduction
4
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 (a) reproduction involves the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete.
(b) reproduction only involves one individual organism (without involving reproductive cells).
2 State the types of asexual reproduction involved in the following organisms.
(Binary fission, ‘BF’, Budding, ‘B’, Spore formation, ‘S’, Vegetative reproduction, ‘V’ or Regeneration, ‘R’)
(a) Yeast : (g) Paramecium :
(b) Bacteria : (h) Mucor :
(c) Fern : (i) Ameba :
(d) Clamydomonas :
(j) Grass :
(e) Hydra :
(k) Starfish :
(f) Euglena :
(l) Planaria :

3 Label the male reproductive organs and state their functions.

R:

P: S:

T:

U:
Q:
V:

P: Channels from the
Q: Produces
R and S: Produces a that activate
T: Channels and
U: Protects the
V: Channels from the male to the of the female
4 (a) Label the female reproductive organs and state their functions.

X:
V:
Y:

Z:
W:

V: Produces
W: Connects the to the
X: A place where occurs
Y: and the embryo
Z: Receives from the

14
 (b) State the processes that occur in V, X and Y.
V:   X:   Y:
5 Based on 3 and 4(a), complete the pathway of the movement of sperms from Q to X.

Q V

In male    In female

6 State the phases P, Q, R and S, and process T that occur on the menstrual cycle of an adult female.

Day: 1 5 14 28

Phase P: Phase Q: Phase R: Phase S:

Process T:

7 , and the layer of tissue of the are the contents of the

menstrual discharge.
8 Complete the flow chart below to show the development of a human starting from the gametes.

(a) Zygote
(Process)

Baby (c) (b)

9 Label the structures in the uterus and state their functions.

(b) _________
(a) Function:
Function: Supply
Connects the and to
with the embryo or foetus
the

embryo/foetus

10 State the nutrients taken by a pregnant woman based on the functions.

(a) To build foetal tissues –
(b) To build and strengthen the bones and teeth of the foetus –
(c) To build red blood cells to transport oxygen in the foetus –
(d) To strengthen the body defence system of the foetus and its mother –
(e) For proper development of the nervous system of the foetus.

15
 11 State the suitable devices or substances used in birth control.
(a) Pills taken by a wife who wishes to avoid pregnancy –
(b) A rubber tube that is worn on the penis to prevent sperms from entering the female’s uterus –
(c) A device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent the embryo from implanting onto the uterine
wall –
(d) A soft dome-shaped rubber device that is placed in the female cervix to prevent sperms from entering the
female’s vagina. –
(e) A chemical substance that is applied to the female vagina wall to kill sperms –
(f) The sperm ducts are cut and tied up –
(g) The Fallopian tubes are cut and tied up –
12 (a) Label the parts of a flower and state their functions.

P: U:

R:
Q: V: X:

S: W:

T: Y:

P: Produces
Q: Holds the
S: Attracts for
T: Protects the flower during the stage.
U: Receives
V: Holds the
W: Produces
(b) Pollen grains contain while ovules contain .
13 Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

X (pollen)
(a) Proces X :
(b) Proces Y :
P
(c) Structure P :

ovule becomes
(d)
ovary becomes
(e)
(after fertilisation)

16
 14 State the types of pollinations.
(a) (b)

15 State the three main pollinating agents.

16 State the characteristics of a flower.

Pollinated by
Characteristics
insects wind

(a) Colour

(b) Quantity of pollen grains

(c) The length of the filament and

style

(d) Nectar

(e) Size of the anther

(f) Scent

17 Label the parts of a seed and state their functions.

S:
P:

Q:
T:
R:

P: Grows into the

Q: Grows into the
R: Stores /supplies for germination of the seed
S: the seed
T: Allows and to enter the seed
18 The embryo of the seed consists of the , and .
19 , and are needed for germination of the seed.
20 Arrange the stages in the germination of the seed in the correct sequence.

K: The plumule grows upwards.

L: The testa breaks.
M: The radicle grows downwards.
N: Water and air enter the seed through the micropyle.

17
 CHAPTER
Matter
5
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 Living and non-living things which are matter which have and occupy .
2 State a conclusion for each activity shown below.
(a)
stringstring
Conclusion:

needle
needle
balloon
balloon

(b)
pressed downwards
beaker

string
Conclusion:
water
needle

balloon
3 properties of matter are properties which can be observed by using the senses or measured
without changing the composition of matter.
4 properties of matter are properties whereby matter changes into another substance or other
substances.
5 Solubility, melting, freezing and boiling points, heat conductivity, density, and viscosity are
properties.
6 Rusting, flammability and oxidation are properties.
7 According to the kinetic theory of matter, matter is made up of very and
particles because there are spaces between them.
8 are the smallest particles and are the basic units of all matter.
9 Draw the arrangements of the particles in the three states of matter.

Solid Liquid Gas

10 Underline the correct words.
(a) Particles in the (solid, liquid, gaseous) state have the highest kinetic energy and move randomly.
(b) Particles in the (solid, liquid, gaseous) state are attracted to each other by very strong forces of attraction.
(c) (Solids, liquids, gases) have a fixed volume.
(d) (Solids, liquids, gases) have a fixed shape.
11 (a) When heated, the distance between the particles of a substance will be .
(b) When being compressed, the forces of attraction between the particles of a substance will become
.
(c) Nitrogen gas can be compressed because there are large between the gas particles.

18
 12 is the movement of particles of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration. This movement of particles is called movement.
13 Diffusion occurs much more easily in followed by molecules in and then
.
14 Diffusion takes place very in solids such as gelatine because the particles of solids are arranged
to one another.
15 The particles in the gaseous state move very due to the big that exist between
the gas particles.
16 State the processes involved in the following changes of state of matter. Write whether the heat is being absorbed
(‘A’) or released (‘R’).

Process Heat
Solid (a)
(b)
(f) (a)
(e) (b) (c)
(c) (d)
Gas Liquid
(d) (e)
(f)

17 State the changes of state of matter in daily observations.

(a) Wet clothes dry in the sun

(b) Mothballs become smaller

(c) Clouds change to rainwater

(d) Water changes to ice

18 The temperature remains during melting, freezing and boiling of water.

19 The mass remains during physical changes such as a change of state of matter, dissolving a solid
in water and expansion of matter caused by heat.
20 Dissolving salt in water, melting of ice and expansion of metal caused by heat are examples of physical changes
with mass.

19
 CHAPTER
The Periodic Table
6
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 There are three types of subatomic particles, which are , and
.
2 and form the nucleus in the centre of an atom.
3 move around the nucleus at a high speed.
4 Protons are charged, electrons are charged and neutrons are
.
5 Label the subatomic particles in an atom.

(b)

(a)
(c)

6 An is the smallest particle of an element.

7 A is a combination of a group of atoms.
8 An is a substance that made up of particles of only one type. The particles of an element consist
of atoms or molecules of the type.
9 Silver, copper, iron, oxygen and nitrogen are examples of .
10 A is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined together.
11 Water, sodium chloride (common salt), magnesium oxide, carbon dioxide and copper(II) chloride are examples of
.
12 A is a substance that consists of two or more types of substances which are not combined together
chemically.
13 Soil, air and seawater are examples of .
14 The is used for classifying the elements that was found in the Earth’s crust.
15 (a) Complete the spaces in the following Periodic Table.

Noble gas Metal Halogen Group Non-metal Transition elements Proton number

P: 1 18
1 2 13 14 15 16 17
V:
Q:

T: U:

R: Semi-metal S:

(b) The most reactive and least reactive elements are located in Group and
respectively.

20
 16 Iron, copper and magnesium are examples of while sulphur, chlorine and carbon are examples
of .
17 Based on the given properties, determine whether it is a metal, M’, or non-metal, ‘NM’.
(a) Shiny surface :
(b) Low melting point :
(c) High tensile strength :
(d) Poor conductor of heat :
(e) Good electrical conductor :
(f) Malleable :
(g) Brittle :
18 Complete the table below by stating the methods or apparatus used for separating the substances in some mixtures.

Method/Apparatus Mixture

(a) Iron filings and sand

(b) Petrol and water

(c) Soil and water

(d) Insects and flour

(e) Water and alcohol

(f) Chalk powder and water

(g) Dyes in food

19 A metal reacts with oxygen to form a compound called a .

20 A metal reacts with sulphur to form a compound called a .
21 The total amount of mass of a substance before a reaction is to the total amount of mass of the
substance after the reaction. The mass of the substance is during a chemical change.
22 can be used for separating a compound into its elements by using an electric current.
23 A change is a change in matter that forms one or more new substances.
24 The burning of paper, photosynthesis, rusting of iron are examples of changes.
25 A change is a change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not convert the
substance into new substances.
26 Melting of ice, dissolving sugar in water and extraction of salt from sea water are examples of
changes.

21
 CHAPTER
The Air
7
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 Identify gases P, Q, R and S. Then, write the percentages of the gases in ordinary air.

Symbol Gas Percentage (%)

P Q
R
Q S
P other materials
R

2 Draw the water level in diagram (b) when the flame of the candle is extinguished. Then, state a conclusion.

Conclusion:
of the air
consists of oxygen.

(a) (b)

3 Complete the table below by naming the gases, based on their uses.

Gases Uses

(a) Use for making fertilisers and as a cooling agent.

Filled in fire extinguishers, makes the dough of breads and cakes rise, and is
(b)
found in carbonated drinks.
Filled in oxygen tanks for sea divers and used for the burning of the fuel in
(c)
rockets.

(d) Filled in weather balloons and electric bulbs.

4 The cycle maintains the carbon dioxide content of the air.

5 The cycle maintains the oxygen content of the air.
6
heat energy
from the sun (a) The content of the atmosphere
increases causing the .

(b) that is trapped on the Earth causes

leading to the
atmosphera
of the polar ice caps.

(c) Sea levels and low-lying areas

along the shores are in water.
Earth

22
 7 is a process of chemically combining substances with oxygen. This process gives out
and .
8 Burning can only take place in the presence of a , and .
9 If oxygen, fuel or heat is , a fire will not occur. This principle is used in a
fire.
10 is the addition of pollutants to the air which has negative effects on the environment.
11 State the air pollutants based on the phenomena that occur.

Phenomenon Air pollutant

(a) Acid rain
(b) The greenhouse effect (Global warming)
(c) Depletion (thinning) of the ozone layer

12 can cause blood poisoning and brain damage.

13 The main source of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide is the burning of .
14 The best way to reduce the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere is to grow more .

23
 CHAPTER
Light and Optics
8
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 A image is an image that can be formed on a screen while a image is an
image that cannot be formed on a screen .
2 Images formed in a plane mirror are caused by of light from the mirror surface.
3 Complete the table below by stating the characteristics of an image.

Types of mirror Characteristics of image

(a) Plane mirror , laterally , , the
size as the object and the image distance and object distance
from the plane mirror are the .

(b) Concave mirror , and

(c) Convex mirror , and

4 Side-view and rear-view mirrors of cars and mirrors that are placed at sharp corners of roads are
mirrors.
5 Dental mirrors, mirrors in torches and headlights of cars and mirrors for makeup or shaving are
mirror.
6 Mirrors of ammeters, mirrors of periscopes and wall mirrors are .
7 Light rays can travel through a .
8 Lightning appears before thunder. This is because light rays travel than the sound.
9 When light rays are blocked by an opaque object, a are formed.
10 of light is the bouncing of light off an opaque surface when it falls on the surface.
11 Determine the angles of incidence and reflection.
normal

(a) Angle of incidence:

(b) Angle of reflection:
50º

12 of light is the bending of light which takes place when the light travels at an angle from one
medium to another medium with a different .
13 (a) Draw the refracted rays in the following diagrams.
(i) normal (ii) normal (iii) normal

air water air

glass air glass

(b) A straw in a glass filled with water appears bent because light rays are .

24
 14 Draw the path of the light ray below and answer the questions.

white screen

prism
x X
ray bo

Y spectrum

(a) State the colours of light rays, X and Y.
X: Y:
(b) State two processes that occur when the light passes through the prism. and
(c) Explain the occurrence in 14(b). The coloured components of white light with different
travel at different and are at different angles.
15 State the observations on the screens below.
(a) prism (b)

white light white

white light white
prism screen prism convex screen
lens

is seen on the screens in diagrams (a) and (b).

16 State the colour components of a spectrum.

17 Complete the diagram below to show the formation of a rainbow.

sunlight

X
Y Three processes that occur:
Light ,
and

raindrop

rainbow

18 Light is the process in which the light rays are obstructed and reflected by the particles in the
atmosphere.
19 Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
(a) Blueness of the sky (b) Redness of the setting Sun.

red light red light red light red light

Earth Earth Earth Earth

light is in all light passes through the
directions. atmosphere

25
 20 (a)  colours of light cannot be obtained by mixing other colours of light. Examples of these
colours of light are , and .
(b) colours of light are produced by adding primary colours of light. Examples of these colours
of light are , and .
21 State the colours produced from the addition of coloured lights.
(a) (b)
red red

P Q K L
S N
blue green cyan yellow
R M

P: Q: K: L:
R: S: M: N:

22 A boy wearing a green shirt and blue pants stands below a lamp with yellow light. The green shirt will appear
while the blue pants will appear .
23 Based on the principle of subtraction of coloured lights, state the colours formed on the screen.

Filter X Filter Y Coloured light on the screen

white
light (a) Red Yellow

(b) Blue Cyan

filter X filter Y screen (c) Cyan Magenta

24 (a) light is reflected by a red object.

(b) , and lights are reflected by a yellow object.
(c) A object absorbs all colours of light in white light.
(d) A object reflects all colours of light in white light.

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 CHAPTER
The Earth
9
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
1 Complete the table below by stating the major spheres of the Earth, based on the explanations given.

Major spheres of the Earth Explanations

(a) The layer of gas located above the Earth’s surface.

(b) The water part of the Earth, such as clouds, rivers and snow.

(c) The part of the Earth which is inhabited by all living things.

(d) The solid part of the Earth that consists of rocks, minerals and soil.

2 (a) Label the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere.

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

Earth crust

(b) The contains a big portion of atmospheric gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and
nitrogen.
(c) The ozone layer is a layer of ozone gas that lies in the .
(d) Ions in the reflect radio waves.
(e) Meteors burn and glow in the .
(f) Satellites and spaceships orbit the Earth in the .
3 Fill in the blanks with the correct words about the stratification of the ocean.
(a) The process of photosynthesis takes place in the zone which receives a lot of sunlight.
(b) Very little sunlight can penetrate through the zone. Plants carry out
photosynthesis.
(c) There is no light in the zone. The temperature is very and
with depth.
4 Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

asthenosphere mantle mesosphere crust core lithosphere

(a) The geosphere consists of three major layers, i.e. the , and
.
(b) The is the crust and solid outermost part of the mantle.
(c) The is the centre part of the mantle and contains semi-liquid rock.

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 (d) The is the solid part of the mantle below the asthenosphere and above the outer core
5 (a) rocks are formed from the cooling of magma. Examples: Granite, pumice and basalt.
(b) rocks are formed from the sedimentation of rocks which undergo weathering and erosion
in layers, normally occurring in seas or lakes. Examples: shale, limestone, sandstone, coal and conglomerate.
(c) rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks which are subjected to very high heat and pressure
and chemical reactions. Examples: gneiss, marble, quartzite and slate.
6 processes are processes that take place at the Earth’s surface, that make the surface wear away.
These processes are driven by the of the Sun.
7 processes are processes that originate from the interior of the Earth which shape the Earth’s
surface. These processes are driven by the of the Earth.
8 Identify the types of major processes of the Earth whether exogenic ‘EX’ or endogenic ‘EN’.
(a) Mantle convection :
(b) Erosion :
(c) Mass wasting :
(d) Transport :
(e) Magmatic activity :
(f) Deposition :
(g) Earth’s crust movement (Plate tectonic) :
(h) Weathering :
(i) Mass movement :
9 are natural phenomena of the Earth which can cause loss of lives, damage to properties and
affect the quality of the environment. Examples: earthquake, tsunami and volcanism.
10 The is used by geologists and palaeontologists (who study fossils) to describe the timing and
relationship between events that have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.
11 are preserved remains or traces of living things from ancient times.
12 Once rainwater falls on the Earth’s surface, a big portion of it will flow and gather in rivers, lakes, pools and seas
to form water.
13 is the water formed when part of the rainwater penetrates into the ground under the Earth’s
surface.
14 The is the layer of rock or material such as gravel and sand which can hold groundwater.
15 minerals are minerals of commercial value which are used widely in fields such as industrial,
construction and manufacturing.
16 There are three types of economic minerals, i.e.
(a) minerals – Examples: gold, silver, platinum, galena, haematite, bauxite
(b) minerals – Examples: carbon, sulphur, limestone. marble, mica, clay
(c) minerals – Examples: scandium, yttrium
17 Fossil fuels such as , and are essential natural resources of
the Earth, that were formed millions of years ago.
18 energy is produced by hot water, especially water heated by the Earth’s internal heat such as
heat produced by the cooling of magma and geothermal energy.

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