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Physics - Lecture 2.1 Work

This document discusses the concepts of work, energy, and power. It defines work as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Different examples are provided to illustrate work, including lifting an object, accelerating an object, and deforming a spring. The key units of work (joules) and formulas for calculating work in different scenarios are also outlined. Finally, examples of problems involving calculating work are presented.

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158 views7 pages

Physics - Lecture 2.1 Work

This document discusses the concepts of work, energy, and power. It defines work as the product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Different examples are provided to illustrate work, including lifting an object, accelerating an object, and deforming a spring. The key units of work (joules) and formulas for calculating work in different scenarios are also outlined. Finally, examples of problems involving calculating work are presented.

Uploaded by

Anonymous R4j4PhVL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Work, Energy and Power

Foundation Physics
Lecture 2.1
19 Jan 10

Work
v
A force F moves a body alongv a path s.
During that motion the force F is performing Work W

ds
α s
B

F
A Definition of work W
v v
Work dW = F • ds = F • ds • cos α
Units of work W
• Units: 1 Nm=1 Joule (after J.P. Joule 1818-1889)
• (old units: 1cal = 4.187 J)
• W is a scalar quantity.
• During the whole path A → B work is being
done:
B r r B
W = ∫ dW = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A A

Force, motion and direction


Force and motion are in the same
direction d=2m.
Work is done on the box

If F = 25N, d=2m;
W=F.d=25N.2m = 50N.m=50J

The box is stationary. D=0m.


No Work is done on the box B

Force and motion are perpendicular. WAB


Finally d=0m.
No Work is done on the box

Work done along a closed path is zero W BA=-WAB


A
Movement of a body

Mass m on a surface
against friction μg

r r
B
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A

= ∫ μ g ⋅ FN ⋅ ds
= μg ⋅ m ⋅ g ⋅ s v
This isv valid if F = const.
v
and F || s
Force Path

Work

a b
α .
W = FH . d
c
FH = F . cos α c/a = cos α
b/a = sin α
b/c = tan α

Work done on the gurney:


Don’t neglect friction in the real world
F=100N; d=5m, final speed 1 m/s, m guerny+patient = 80kg
Lifting work up a slope (w.o. friction)

v
Fl = m ⋅ g ⋅ sin α
v v v
F = F|| ⇒ W = F|| ⋅ s

W = m ⋅ g ⋅ s ⋅ sin α = m ⋅ g ⋅ h
Lifting work depends only on the height h and not on the path

The block and tackle


Force is evenly distributed on n
segments.
F1
F2 =
n
No work is being saved. To lift
the load every segment of the
rope has to be shortened.

s2 = n ⋅ s1
F1
W2 = F2 ⋅ s2 = ⋅ n ⋅ s1 = F1 ⋅ s1 = W1
n
Work to lift an object
v v
F = −mg = const.
v
F path
v
W = m⋅ g ⋅h
e.g. lift a mass m = 100 kg
to a height h=100m
W =100.9.8.100 J
= 9.8.104J = 98 kJ
= 23.4 kcal

Acceleration work

A body with mass m is accelerated to a speed v.


What work is necessary to do so?
r r
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds , ds = v ⋅ dt , F = m , (m = const.)
dv
dt
v
dv
W = ∫ m v ⋅ dt = m ∫ v ⋅ dv
dt 0
1 2 Acceleration work
W = mv
2
If v0≠0: W=1/2mv2-1/2mv02=1/2m(v-v0)2
Acceleration work (rotation)
A body with inertia J is being accelerated to the angular velocity ω

W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
ds = R ⋅ dϕ ; dϕ = w ⋅ dt
ds = R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt
r
r M J dω
F = =
R R dt
r J dω
ω W = Jω 1 2
F =∫ R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt = J ∫ ω ⋅ dω 2
R dt 0
Acceleration work of a
rotational motion

Deformation work
Tension on a spring
Hooke’s law describes the
property of a spring
Spring force
Fsp=-D.x D: spring constant with units N/m
Deformation work on a spring
x x x
W = ∫ Fdx = − ∫ Fsp dx = D ∫ xdx
0 0 0

1 2 Work to put tension


W = Dx If the deformation at xo≠0:

2 on a spring: 1 1 1
W = Dx 2 − Dx0 = D x 2 − x0
2 2
2

2
(2
)
Problems (work)
• How much work is done by the woman
pulling her son if she travels 25 m?

WH = ?

α = 30°

Next Lecture
• To Be Covered: Energy
ƒ Kinetic Energy
ƒ Potential Energy
ƒ Other forms of energy

• Reading: Chapter 4
ƒ Section 4.2
ƒ Section 4.3

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