This document provides a summary of a highway construction project from Chandigarh to Ludhiana in India. It discusses the project details, including the authority overseeing it and the area covered. It then describes the different types of pavements used - flexible and rigid - and lists the typical layers for each, from surface course to subgrade. Finally, it outlines various tests conducted on the soil, materials, concrete and bitumen used to ensure quality standards are met for the project.
This document provides a summary of a highway construction project from Chandigarh to Ludhiana in India. It discusses the project details, including the authority overseeing it and the area covered. It then describes the different types of pavements used - flexible and rigid - and lists the typical layers for each, from surface course to subgrade. Finally, it outlines various tests conducted on the soil, materials, concrete and bitumen used to ensure quality standards are met for the project.
This document provides a summary of a highway construction project from Chandigarh to Ludhiana in India. It discusses the project details, including the authority overseeing it and the area covered. It then describes the different types of pavements used - flexible and rigid - and lists the typical layers for each, from surface course to subgrade. Finally, it outlines various tests conducted on the soil, materials, concrete and bitumen used to ensure quality standards are met for the project.
This document provides a summary of a highway construction project from Chandigarh to Ludhiana in India. It discusses the project details, including the authority overseeing it and the area covered. It then describes the different types of pavements used - flexible and rigid - and lists the typical layers for each, from surface course to subgrade. Finally, it outlines various tests conducted on the soil, materials, concrete and bitumen used to ensure quality standards are met for the project.
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SYNOPSIS
ON HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Of Bachelor of Technology In Civil Engineering By Nitin Kumar 1506560 Semester 8th Department of Civil Engineering GGS COLLEGE, KHARAR PROJECT DETAILS Sr. No. PROJECT DETAIL DESCRIPTION
1. Project Name Kharar to Ludhiana
Highway Construction NH95(New NH-05)
2. Authority National Highway
Authority of India (NHAI) 3. Project Head Ashoka Kharar Ludhiana Road Ltd. 4. Area Conveyed by Chandigarh 10.18 km to Project Samrala Chowk- Ludhiana 86.19 km INTRODUCTION
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of
various places with adequate road network. Roads constitute the most important made of communication in areas where railways have not developed much. India has one of the largest roads network in the world (over 3 million km at present). For the purpose of management and administration, roads in India are divided into the following five categories :- 1. National Highway (NH) 2. State Highway (SH) 3. Major District Roads (MDR) 4. Other District roads (ODR) 5. Village Roads (VR) PAVEMENTS Highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements. REQUIREMENTS OF A PAVEMENT An ideal pavement should meet the following requirements:- Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a safe value on the sub-grade soil. Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed upon it. Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles. Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high speed. Produce least noise from moving vehicles. Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected. Long design life with low maintenance cost. TYPES OF PAVEMENTS The pavements can be classified based on the structural performance into two 1. Flexible pavements 2. Rigid pavements FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS Flexible pavements will transmit wheel load stresses to the lower layers by grain-to-grain transfer through the points of contact in the granular structure. The wheel load acting on the pavement will be distributed to a wider area and the stress decreases with the depth. Taking advantages of this stress distribution characteristic, Flexible pavements normally has many layers. Hence, the design of flexible pavement uses the concept of layered system. TYPICAL LAYERS OF A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT Tack Coat:- Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper bonding between two layer of binder course and must be thin, uniformly cover the entire surface and set very fast. Tack coat used at site are “RS1 ( Rapid x-Setting )” having quantity 2.5 to 3 kg/10 sq. meters. Surface Course:- Surface course is the layer directly in contact with traffic loads and generally contains superior quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete(AC). It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, drainage, etc. Also it will prevent the entrance of excessive quantities of surface water into underlying base, sub-base and sub-grade. It must be water proof to protect the entire base and sub- grade from the weakening effect of water. It is also known as BC (Bituminous Concrete) Binder Course:- This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt concrete structure. It’s chief purpose is to distribute load to the base course. The binder course generally consists of aggregate having less asphalt and doesn’t require quality as high as the surface course, so replacing a part of the surface course by the binder course results in more economical design. It is also known as DBM (Dense Bitumen Macadam). Base Course:- The base course is the layer of material immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface drainage. It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, and other untreated or stabilized materials. It is also known as WMM (Wet Mix Macadam). Sub-base course:- The sub-base course is the layers of material beneath the base course and the primary functions are to provide structural support, improve drainage and reduce the intrusion of fines from the sub- grade in the pavement structure. It is also known as CTSB (Cement Treated Sub-base). Sub-Grade:- The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared to receive the stresses from the layers above. Sub-grade layer having thickness of 250mm-500mm.
RIGID PAVEMENTS Rigid pavements have sufficient flexural strength to transmit the wheel load stresses to a wider area below. Compared to flexible pavement, rigid pavements are placed either directly on the prepared sub-grade or on a single layer of granular or stabilized material. Since there is only one layer of material between the concrete and the sub-grade, this layer can be called as base course. PQC:- PQC stands for Pavement Quality Concrete. Grade of PQC is generally M40 and it is designed as per IRC:15- 2002. PQC is used for the construction of concrete roads as a top layer. Generally, top layer on the highway having thickness of 260mm. It requires Dowel bar for load transfer mechanism and Tie bar to hold panels of slab. DLC:- DLC (Dry Lean Concrete) is cement concrete with low slump value to be laid for rigid pavement over sub-base and rolled & compacted by mechanical means. The quantity of cement is less and the quantity of fly ash is more in DLC layer.
GSB LAYER WMM CTSB SUB-GRADE SOIL Soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath. The sub-grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure. The main function of the sub-grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub-grade should posses sufficient stability under adverse climate and loading condition. Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate the soil by conducting tests.
TESTS ON SOIL:- 1. Maximum Dry Density (MDD) & Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) 2. Grain Size Analysis of Soil (GSA) 3. Atterberg’s Limits(LL,PL) 4. Field Density Test (FDT) ON MATERIAL:- 1. Gradation for CTSB 2. Field Density Test
ON CONCRETE:- 1. Compressive Strength Of Cube 2. Slump test
ON BITUMEN:- 1. Penetration test 2. Ductility test 3. Softening point test 4. Specific Gravity test 5. Viscosity test
