INTRODUCTION

SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science. It is

also used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies,
government, education researchers, marketing organizations, data miners,
and others. The original SPSS manual has been described as one of
"sociology's most influential books" for allowing ordinary researchers to do
their own statistical analysis. In addition to statistical analysis, data
management (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and
data documentation (a metadata dictionary is stored in the datafile) are
features of the base software.
Statistics included in the base software:

 Descriptive statistics: Cross tabulation, Frequencies, Descriptives,

Explore, Descriptive Ratio Statistics
 Bivariate statistics: Means, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation (bivariate, partial,
distances), Nonparametric tests, Bayesian
 Prediction for numerical outcomes: Linear regression
 Prediction for identifying groups: Factor analysis, cluster analysis (two-
step, K-means, hierarchical), Discriminant
 Geo spatial analysis, simulation
 R extension (GUI), Python
The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull-down
menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax
language. Command syntax programming has the benefits of reproducible
output, simplifying repetitive tasks, and handling complex data
manipulations and analyses. Additionally, some complex applications can
only be programmed in syntax and are not accessible through the menu
structure. The pull-down menu interface also generates command syntax:
this can be displayed in the output, although the default settings have to be
changed to make the syntax visible to the user. They can also be pasted
into a syntax file using the "paste" button present in each menu. Programs
can be run interactively or unattended, using the supplied Production Job
Facility.
Additionally a "macro" language can be used to write command
language subroutines. A Python programmability extension can access the
information in the data dictionary and data and dynamically build command
syntax programs. The Python programmability extension, introduced in
SPSS 14, replaced the less functional SAX Basic "scripts" for most
purposes, although SaxBasic remains available. In addition, the Python
extension allows SPSS to run any of the statistics in the free
software package R. From version 14 onwards, SPSS can be driven
externally by a Python or a VB.NET program using supplied "plug-ins".
(From Version 20 onwards, these two scripting facilities, as well as many
scripts, are included on the installation media and are normally installed by
default.)
SPSS Statistics places constraints on internal file structure, data
types, data processing, and matching files, which together considerably
simplify programming. SPSS datasets have a two-dimensional table
structure, where the rows typically represent cases (such as individuals or
households) and the columns represent measurements (such as age, sex,
or household income). Only two data types are defined: numeric
and text (or "string"). All data processing occurs sequentially case-by-case
through the file (dataset). Files can be matched one-to-one and one-to-
many, but not many-to-many. In addition to that cases-by-variables
structure and processing, there is a separate Matrix session where one can
process data as matrices using matrix and linear algebra operations.
The graphical user interface has two views which can be toggled by
clicking on one of the two tabs in the bottom left of the SPSS Statistics
window. The 'Data View' shows a spreadsheet view of the cases (rows)
and variables (columns). Unlike spreadsheets, the data cells can only
contain numbers or text, and formulas cannot be stored in these cells. The
'Variable View' displays the metadata dictionary where each row represents
a variable and shows the variable name, variable label, value label(s), print
width, measurement type, and a variety of other characteristics. Cells in
both views can be manually edited, defining the file structure and allowing
data entry without using command syntax. This may be sufficient for small
datasets. Larger datasets such as statistical surveys are more often
created in data entry software, or entered during computer-assisted
personal interviewing, by scanning and using optical character
recognition and optical mark recognition software, or by direct capture
from online questionnaires. These datasets are then read into SPSS.
 FEATURES

SPSS Statistics adds new features with every new version. There are more than
ten features to talk about, but here is a list of the ten that are the most recent and
most exciting:

 Generalized Spatial Association Rule (GSAR): One of the new

GeoSpatial Modeling Wizard options allows you to build a Time Series
model using geomapping information. The idea is to map events taking
place in space over slices of time. For instance, a lot of urban crime is at
night, but suburban breaking-and-entering crimes tend to happen during
the workday.

 Spatio-Temporal Prediction (STP): This is another new menu in the

GeoSpatial Modeling Wizard. This technique allows you to create linear
models when data has been collected over a long period of time at
different locations.

 Temporal Causal Modeling (TCM): A whole new Forecasting menu. It

uses a wizardlike environment to help you add the best predictors to your
Time Series models.

 Completely redesigned web reports: Version 23 brings with it the new

Web Report with a lot more interactivity. And because it’s web based, you
don’t have to worry about the recipient having a copy of SPSS.

 A wider range of R programming options: The combination is really

proving powerful, so SPSS now allows you to call SPSS from R.

 Compare Subgroups Plot: Another bit of big news in this release is that
there are a ton of new programmability plug-ins in the menus. IBM has
written these for you so you don’t have to know any Python. In fact, you
don’t really have to know where they came from except that you have to
select Install Python when you install Version 23. As an example, there is a
nifty plot in the Graphs menu that automatically chooses appropriate
graphic based on the Level of Measurement of the variables.
  Split into Files: Another one of the Python plug-in macros. It makes it
super easy to create files for each category in a categorical file — for
instance, you may want to create a file for new customers and a separate
file for established customers.

 Create Dummy Variables: Another great Python plug-in. This one creates
true/false variables for each category in a categorical variable. This is a
requirement in Regression. Many people have been doing this manually
for years, but this plug-in makes it easier. Yay!

 SPSS Statistics output on smart devices: SPSS output on your

smartphone or iPad. It’s here!

 Styling Output: There are a couple of great Version 22 features that you
may not be using yet. This is a fantastic recent addition that hasn’t gotten
enough attention. You can conditionally format your pivot tables — for
instance, all percentages above 80 percent could be highlighted.

ADVANTAGES

Top 3 benefits of using SPSS for market research

1. Thorough data management

When it comes to organizing and managing your data, the SPSS software
offers the user a lot of control. Since the software remembers the location
of the variables and cases, it provides quicker and accurate data analysis.

2. An entire gamut of options

With the wide range of graphs, methods and charts, you will find that any
type of statistical analysis is a breeze. The techniques of screening and
cleaning data within SPSS is great for future analysis.

3. Better organization of the output

In SPSS, the output is usually kept apart from the data, by storing all the
results in a separate file that is different from the file in which the data is
stored. When you use SPSS, you will not have to worry about overwriting
any other information by accident.

Even though Microsoft Excel is a good software to use for data

organization, using a specially developed analysis and statistical software
like SPSS can provide you with in-depth, faster and accurate data analysis.

LIMITATIONS
Default graphics are far from publication quality. They can be improved
with chart editing - up to a point. In general, it’s better to use other
programs for graphics. For some important questions (such as interaction
or moderation in regression), SPSS does not provide any graphic
capabilities.
Information about effect size and confidence intervals is missing for
many techniques. Users can compute effect sizes for t tests (such as
Cohen’s d) by hand, but there is no reason why SPSS could not provide
effect size information. In addition: statistics such as Pearson r can and
should be reported with confidence intervals, but SPSS does not provide
these. The frequent omission of effect size and confidence interval limits is
particularly troubling now that many fields, such as psychology, call for
reporting effect size and CIs.
It is expensive compared to many competitive alternatives. ‘New’ versions
are released about once a year; many of these ‘new’ releases have few
noticeable changes. (As a textbook author, I find this a nuisance; before my
book is even published, the version of SPSS used in examples is already
out of date.)

Documentation about algorithms is sometimes difficult or impossible

to find. Years ago you could buy a book of SPSS algorithms. As far as I
can tell, that is no longer available. In addition, SPSS sometimes uses
names for statistics that are not consistent with the most common uses in
books. This sometimes leaves important questions unanswered. For
example, the “kurtosis” statistic SPSS provides corresponds to what most
books call “excess kurtosis”. SPSS calls the semipartial correlation a “part”
correlation. Some procedures (such as methods of binning scores in
histograms) are essentially black boxes.
Many useful procedures (such as Missing Values) are not included in
the base package and and are available only as expensive add ons.

If you have problems with license codes, in my experience, you are on your
own. Support for individual users is not easily accessible.

However, in spite of these limitations, I have continued to teach SPSS and

use it in my own work for many years.
QUESTION: How to make a graph?

STEPS
1: open an spss software.
2: Goes to a graph option and drag any type of chart like bar chart,line
chart,area chart,pie chart,histogram,high low,dual areas etc.
3:after drag click to an ok button and the graph is shown on a screen.
QUESTION: How to enter data in spss?

STEPS
1:choose a data on your own and write it in a data view like we taken
name,birth date,job,no of friends,alcohol,income,neuroticism etc.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
STEPS
1:Goes to an analyze option then descriptive statistics option and then in the
descriptive option then this screen opens.
2:Then goes to an option word in which you decide what you want to
calculate standard deviation,minimum,maximum,SE mean,range etc
then this screen opens.