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Review On The Development of Computer Aided Design and Its Status and Future in Civil

Computer-aided design (CAD) originated in the 1950s and has since evolved from 2D drafting to include 3D modeling capabilities. Early CAD systems served as replacements for manual drafting but only provided marginal productivity increases. Over time, CAD software became more user-friendly and affordable. Present-day CAD is widely used in civil engineering and utilizes 3D modeling and advanced analysis methods. The future of CAD may involve fully immersive 3D environments through virtual reality technologies, though current immersive systems can cause nausea and are expensive. More evolutionary changes to CAD are likely to be adopted than revolutionary predictions.

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188 views3 pages

Review On The Development of Computer Aided Design and Its Status and Future in Civil

Computer-aided design (CAD) originated in the 1950s and has since evolved from 2D drafting to include 3D modeling capabilities. Early CAD systems served as replacements for manual drafting but only provided marginal productivity increases. Over time, CAD software became more user-friendly and affordable. Present-day CAD is widely used in civil engineering and utilizes 3D modeling and advanced analysis methods. The future of CAD may involve fully immersive 3D environments through virtual reality technologies, though current immersive systems can cause nausea and are expensive. More evolutionary changes to CAD are likely to be adopted than revolutionary predictions.

Uploaded by

Bijay ban
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review on the development of Computer Aided Design and its status and future

in civil/structural engineering.
Er. Bijay Ban

May 7,2019

Abstract –

I. INTRODUCTION
A) Computer-Aided Design

Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computers to aid in the creation,


modification, analysis, or optimization of a design .CAD software is used to increase the
productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through
documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of
electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations.

CAD software for civil design uses either vector-based graphics to depict the objects of
traditional drafting, or may also produce raster graphics showing the overall appearance of
designed objects. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of
technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as
materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application-specific conventions.
Computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in
many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question.

CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional (3D) space. CAD has been a major driving force for
research in Civil Engineering.
B) Origins Of CAD

The beginnings of CAD can be traced to the year 1957, when Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty
developed PRONTO, the first commercial numerical-control programming system. In
1960, Ivan Sutherland MIT's Lincoln Laboratory created SKETCHPAD, which
demonstrated the basic principles and feasibility of computer technical drawing.

The first CAD systems served as mere replacements of drawing boards. The design engineer still
worked in 2D to create technical drawing consisting from 2D wire-frame primitives (line, arc, B
spline ...). Productivity of design increased, but many argue that only marginally due to overhead
– design engineers had to learn how to use computers and CAD. Nevertheless modifications and
revisions were easier, and over time CAD software and hardware became cheaper and affordable
for mid-size companies. CAD programs grew in functionality and user friendliness. (1974)

This is 100% true that CAD first started off with using a sketch pad

3D wireframe features were developed in the beginning of the sixties, and in 1969 MAGI
released Syntha Vision, the first commercially available solid modeler program. Solid
modeling further enhanced the 3D capabilities of CAD systems. NURBS, mathematical
representation of freeform surfaces, appeared in 1989 -- first on Silicon Graphics
workstations. In 1993 CAS Berlin developed an interactive NURBS modeler for PCs,
called NöRBS.

This is the chronological list of CAD software:

 1963 Sketchpad
 1968 UNISURF
 1977 CATIA
 1978 Unigraphics
o 2007 NX
 1987 Pro/ENGINEER
o 2009 Creo

II) Present status of CAD

CAD systems are now widely accepted and used throughout the civil engineering. These systems
moved from costly workstations based mainly on UNIX to off-the-shelf PCs. 3D modeling has become a
norm, and it can be found even in applications for the wider public, like 3D buildings modeling in Google
Maps, house furnishing (IMSI Floorplan), or garden planning. Advanced analysis methods like FEM (Finite
Element Method as for structural analysis), flow simulations are a ubiquitous part of the design process.
III) Future of CAD in the civil engineering

The past of CAD has been full of unmet expectations; this continues. Some anticipate 3D
modelling without flat screens or mouse pointers -- a fully immersive 3D environment where
modelling tools include special gloves and goggles. In the future, designing will be closer to
sculpting than painting.

Up to now, 3D goggles cause nausea, immersive technologies are expensive and complex, and
most designers prefer using a keyboard, stylus, and mouse.

While some of these optimistic predictions may come true, the more likely course is that the
future changes will evolve in ways we do not see now. Still, some trends seem more likely to
succeed and be widely adopted than others

Discussion

Conclusion

Reference

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