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 IEEE Std 115™-2009
(Revision of
IEEE Std 115-1995)

IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for

Synchronous Machines
Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing

Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter

Determination for Dynamic Analysis

Sponsor
Electric Machinery Committee
of the
IEEE Power & Energy Society

Approved 9 December 2009

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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 Abstract: Instructions for conducting generally applicable and accepted tests to determine the
performance characteristics of synchronous machines are contained in this guide. Although the
tests described are applicable in general to synchronous generators, synchronous motors (larger
than fractional horsepower), synchronous condensers, and synchronous frequency changers, the
descriptions make reference primarily to synchronous generators and synchronous motors.
Keywords: acceptance and performance testing, dynamic analysis, parameter determination,
synchronous machines

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

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Copyright © 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 7 May 2010. Printed in the United States of America.

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PDF: ISBN 978-0-7381-6135-8 STD96004

Print: ISBN 978-0-7381-6136-5 STDPD96004

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 Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 115-2009, IEEE Guide for Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines:
Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing and Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic
Analysis.

IEEE Std 115-2009 incorporates and updates virtually all of the 1995 edition (reaffirmed in 2002).

The first AIEE “Test Code” for Synchronous Machines (#503) was issued in 1945 and formed the basis for
the subsequent IEEE Std 115, which was first published in 1965.

The Generator Subcommittee’s Working Group #7, which produced this guide, was formed in June 2005,
and the Project Authorization Request (PAR) was approved by the IEEE-SA Standards Board in March
2005 and again in March 2009. This PAR included a proposal by the working group to revise the
procedure of 7.3.6 to correct errors in the previous edition, to add a new subclause about vibration testing
procedure, and to update the entire document to reflect state-of-the-art practices and technology.

The working group decided to keep the format and titles of the guide the same as the previous edition, i.e.,
in two parts with the overall title of “Test Procedures for Synchronous Machines” and the following titles
for the parts:

⎯ Part I, Acceptance and Performance Testing

⎯ Part II, Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis

Notice to users

Laws and regulations

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any rights in copyright to this document.

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 Updating of IEEE documents
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Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this guide may require use of subject matter
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 Participants
At the time this guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Generator
Subcommittee’s Working Group #7 had the following membership:

Haran C. Karmaker, Chair

Innocent Kamwa, Co-chair
René Wamkeue, Secretary

Michael W. Brimsek Timothy MacDonald Shep Salon

Ron Chu Arezki Merkhouf Ahmed El Serafi
Joseph D. Hurley Chris Mi Manoj Shah
Reinhard Joho Lon Montgomery Gregory Snitchler
Swam S. Kalsi Nils E. Nilsson Nick Stranges
Joseph D. Law Edward L. Owen Stephan Umans
Bruce Ledger Pouyan Pourbeik John Yagielski
John J. Ready

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

William J. Ackerman Randall Groves Jerry Murphy

Michael Adams Gary Heuston Michael S. Newman
Ali Al Awazi Scott Hietpas Howard Penrose
William Bartley William B. Hopf Christopher Petrola
Thomas Bishop David Horvath Alvaro Portillo
William Bloethe James Jones Iulian Profir
Steven Brockschink Innocent Kamwa Madan Rana
Andrew Brown Haran C. Karmaker Daniel Sauer
Gustavo Brunello John Kay Bartien Sayogo
Antonio Cardoso Tanuj Khandelwal Douglas Seely
Weijen Chen Geoffrey Klempner Ahmed El Serafi
Ian Culbert J. Koepfinger Gil Shultz
Roger Daugherty Saumen Kundu James E. Smith
Matthew Davis Chung-Yiu Lam David Tepen
Gary L. Donner William Lockley S. Thamilarasan
Donald Dunn Lawrence Long James Timperley
James Dymond O. Malik John Vergis
Gary Engmann Omar Mazzoni James Wilson
Rostyslaw Fostiak Don McLaren Oren Yuen
Gary Michel

vi
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 When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 9 December 2009, it had the following
membership:

Robert M. Grow, Chair

Thomas A. Prevost, Vice Chair
Steve M. Mills, Past Chair
Judith Gorman, Secretary

John Barr Alexander Gelman David J. Law

Karen Bartleson Jim Hughes Ted Olsen
Victor Berman Richard H. Hulett Glenn Parsons
Ted Burse Young Kyun Kim Ronald C. Petersen
Richard DeBlasio Joseph L. Koepfinger* Narayanan Ramachandran
Andy Drozd John Kulick Jon Walter Rosdahl
Mark Epstein Sam Sciacca

*Member Emeritus

Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:

Howard L. Wolfman, TAB Representative

Michael Janezic, NIST Representative
Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative

Lisa Perry
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development

Matthew J. Ceglia
IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development

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 Contents
Part I—Acceptance and Performance Testing

1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Organization of the guide ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Miscellaneous notes............................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Instrumentation ................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................. 4

3. Miscellaneous tests..................................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Insulation resistance............................................................................................................................ 6

3.2 Dielectric and partial discharge tests .................................................................................................. 6
3.3 Resistance measurements ................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 Tests for short-circuited field turns................................................................................................... 10
3.5 Polarity test for field poles................................................................................................................ 12
3.6 Shaft current and bearing insulation ................................................................................................. 12
3.7 Phase sequence ................................................................................................................................. 14
3.8 Telephone-influence factor (TIF) ..................................................................................................... 16
3.9 Balanced TIF .................................................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Residual-component TIF ................................................................................................................ 18
3.11 Line-to-neutral TIF ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.12 Stator terminal voltage—waveform deviation and distortion factors ............................................. 19
3.13 Overspeed tests ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.14 Line-charging capacity ................................................................................................................... 25
3.15 Acoustic noise................................................................................................................................. 26
3.16 Vibration testing ............................................................................................................................. 26

4. Saturation curves, segregated losses, and efficiency ................................................................................ 28

4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.2 Method 1. Separate drive .................................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Method 2. Electric input ................................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Method 3. Retardation ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.5 Method 4. Heat transfer .................................................................................................................... 50
4.6 Efficiency.......................................................................................................................................... 51

5. Load excitation ......................................................................................................................................... 53

5.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 53
5.2 Test methods..................................................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Load excitation calculation methods for specified machine terminal conditions ............................. 56
5.4 Excitation calculation methods used in stability computer programs ............................................... 62

6. Temperature tests...................................................................................................................................... 65

6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 65
6.2 Methods of loading ........................................................................................................................... 65
6.3 Duration of test ................................................................................................................................. 71
6.4 Methods to measure temperature ...................................................................................................... 72
6.5 Preparation for test............................................................................................................................ 73

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 6.6 Determination of coolant temperature .............................................................................................. 74
6.7 Temperature readings ....................................................................................................................... 76
6.8 Shutdown temperatures..................................................................................................................... 77
6.9 Temperature rise ............................................................................................................................... 78

7. Torque tests .............................................................................................................................................. 79

7.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 79
7.2 Locked-rotor current and torque ....................................................................................................... 79
7.3 Speed-torque tests ............................................................................................................................. 82
7.4 Pull-out torque .................................................................................................................................. 87

8. Sudden short-circuit tests.......................................................................................................................... 89

8.1 Mechanical integrity of machine ...................................................................................................... 89

8.2 Electrical integrity of machine.......................................................................................................... 89

Part II—Test Procedures and Parameter Determination for Dynamic Analysis

9. Applications of machine electrical parameters......................................................................................... 90

9.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 90
9.2 P.U. quantities................................................................................................................................... 91

10. Tests for determining parameter values for steady-state conditions....................................................... 97

10.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................... 97

10.2 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................... 97
10.3 Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd ............................................................................................ 98
10.4 Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance, Xq.................................................................................... 99
10.5 Negative-sequence quantities (steady state).................................................................................. 102
10.6 Zero-sequence quantities .............................................................................................................. 108
10.7 Testing procedures and parameter determination for positive-sequence resistance for a
synchronous machine ................................................................................................................... 113
10.8 Additional miscellaneous steady-state tests for synchronous machines ....................................... 114

11. Tests for evaluating transient or subtransient characteristic values ...................................................... 117

11.1 General.......................................................................................................................................... 117

11.2 Reasons for tests with sudden changes to armature or field electrical circuits ............................. 117
11.3 Methodology for conducting short-circuit current tests................................................................ 117
11.4 Procedural details and instrumentation for short-circuit test data extraction ................................ 118
11.5 Precautions required in conducting short-circuit tests .................................................................. 119
11.6 Theoretical background for determining short-circuit reactance and time constant values .......... 120
11.7 Tests for transient and subtransient direct-axis parameters (reactance values)............................. 121
11.8 Determination of transient and subtransient reactance values based on method 1, method 2,
and method 3 in 11.7.................................................................................................................... 125
11.9 Tests for direct-axis transient and subtransient short-circuit time constants................................. 129
11.10 Tests for direct-axis transient and subtransient open-circuit time constants ............................... 131
11.11 Determining short-circuit armature time constant, τa ................................................................. 135
11.12 Computerized implementation of the general procedures noted in 11.7 through 11.11.............. 137
11.13 Stationary or unbalanced tests for determining X″d, X2, or X″q ................................................... 143

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 12. Standstill frequency response (SSFR) testing....................................................................................... 148

12.1 General considerations and basic theory....................................................................................... 148

12.2 Testing conditions for SSFR procedures and instrumentation requirements ................................ 152
12.3 Test procedures............................................................................................................................. 157
12.4 Interpretation of test data .............................................................................................................. 165
12.5 Suggested procedure for development of a third-order model...................................................... 168

Annex A (informative) Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 179

Annex B (normative) Nomenclature ......................................................................................................... 183

Annex C (informative) Discussion on leakage and Potier reactances ....................................................... 184

Annex D (informative) Example of calculation of p.u. field current (IF) .................................................. 185

Annex E (informative) Quadrature-axis transient or subtransient tests ..................................................... 186

Annex F (informative) Generator load rejection tests ............................................................................... 190

Annex G (informative) Magnetic nonlinearity .......................................................................................... 198

Annex H (informative) Alternative approach to model development ....................................................... 201

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