JPA - QUICK GUIDE

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JPA - INTRODUCTION
Any enterprise application performs database operations by storing and retrieving vast amounts of
data. Despite all the available technologies for storage management, application developers
normally struggle to perform database operations efficiently.

Generally, Java developers use lots of code, or use the proprietary framework to interact with the
database, whereas using JPA, the burden of interacting with the database reduces significantly. It
forms a bridge between object models Javaprogram and relational models databaseprogram.

Mismatches between relational and object models

Relational objects are represented in a tabular format, while object models are represented in an
interconnected graph of object format. While storing and retrieving an object model from a
relational database, some mismatch occurs due to the following reasons:

Granularity : Object model has more granularity than relational model.

Subtypes : Subtypes meansinheritance are not supported by all types of relational databases.

Identity : Like object model, relational model does not expose identity while writing equality.

Associations : Relational models cannot determine multiple relationships while looking into
object domain model.

Data navigation : Data navigation between objects in an object network is different in both
models.

What is JPA?
Java Persistence API is a collection of classes and methods to persistently store the vast amounts of
data into a database which is provided by the Oracle Corporation.

Where to use JPA?

To reduce the burden of writing codes for relational object management, a programmer follows
the ‘JPA Provider’ framework, which allows easy interaction with database instance. Here the
required framework is taken over by JPA.

JPA History
Earlier versions of EJB, defined persistence layer combined with business logic layer using
javax.ejb.EntityBean Interface.

While introducing EJB 3.0, the persistence layer was separated and specified as JPA 1.0
JavaPersistenceAPI. The specifications of this API were released along with the specifications of
JAVA EE5 on May 11, 2006 using JSR 220.

JPA 2.0 was released with the specifications of JAVA EE6 on December 10, 2009 as a part of
Java Community Process JSR 317.

JPA 2.1 was released with the specification of JAVA EE7 on April 22, 2013 using JSR 338.

JPA Providers
JPA is an open source API, therefore various enterprise vendors such as Oracle, Redhat, Eclipse,
etc. provide new products by adding the JPA persistence flavor in them. Some of these products
include:

Hibernate, Eclipselink, Toplink, Spring Data JPA, etc.

JPA - ARCHITECTURE
Java Persistence API is a source to store business entities as relational entities. It shows how to
define a Plain Oriented Java Object POJO as an entity and how to manage entities with relations.

Class Level Architecture

The following image shows the class level architecture of JPA. It shows the core classes and
interfaces of JPA.

The following table describes each of the units shown in the above architecture.

Units Description

EntityManagerFactory This is a factory class of EntityManager. It creates and manages

multiple EntityManager instances.

EntityManager It is an Interface, it manages the persistence operations on objects. It

works like factory for Query instance.

Entity Entities are the persistence objects, stores as records in the

database.
EntityTransaction It has one-to-one relationship with EntityManager. For each
EntityManager, operations are maintained by EntityTransaction
class.

Persistence This class contain static methods to obtain EntityManagerFactory

instance.

Query This interface is implemented by each JPA vendor to obtain relational

objects that meet the criteria.

The above classes and interfaces are used for storing entities into a database as a record. They
help programmers by reducing their efforts to write codes for storing data into a database so that
they can concentrate on more important activities such as writing codes for mapping the classes
with database tables.

JPA Class Relationships

In the above architecture, the relations between the classes and interfaces belong to the
javax.persistence package. The following diagram shows the relationship between them.

The relationship between EntityManagerFactory and EntityManager is one-to-many. It is a

factory class to EntityManager instances.

The relationship between EntityManager and EntityTransaction is one-to-one. For each

EntityManager operation, there is an EntityTransaction instance.

The relationship between EntityManager and Query is one-to-many. Many number of

queries can execute using one EntityManager instance.

The relationship between EntityManager and Entity is one-to-many. One EntityManager

instance can manage multiple Entities.

JPA - ORM COMPONENTS

Most contemporary applications use relational database to store data. Recently, many vendors
switched to object database to reduce their burden on data maintenance. It means object
database or object relational technologies are taking care of storing, retrieving, updating, and
maintaining data. The core part of this object relational technology is mapping orm.xml files. As
xml does not require compilation, we can easily make changes to multiple data sources with less
administration.

Object Relational Mapping

Object Relational Mapping ORM briefly tells you about what is ORM and how it works. ORM is a
programming ability to covert data from object type to relational type and vice versa.

The main feature of ORM is mapping or binding an object to its data in the database. While
mapping, we have to consider the data, the type of data, and its relations with self-entity or entities
in any other table.

Advanced Features
Idiomatic persistence : It enables you to write the persistence classes using object oriented
classes.

High Performance : It has many fetching techniques and hopeful locking techniques.

Reliable : It is highly stable and Used by many professional programmers.

ORM Architecture
The ORM architecture looks as follows.

The above architecture explains how object data is stored into relational database in three phases.

Phase1
The first phase, named as the object data phase, contains POJO classes, service interfaces, and
classes. It is the main business component layer, which has business logic operations and
attributes.

For example let us take an employee database as schema.

Employee POJO class contains attributes such as ID, name, salary, and designation. It also
contains methods like setter and getter of those attributes.
 Employee DAO/Service classes contain service methods such as create employee, find
employee, and delete employee.

Phase 2
The second phase, named as mapping or persistence phase, contains JPA provider, mapping file
ORM. xml, JPA Loader, and Object Grid.

JPA Provider : It is the vendor product that contains the JPA flavor javax. persistence. For
example Eclipselink, Toplink, Hibernate, etc.

Mapping file : The mapping file ORM. xml contains mapping configuration between the data
in a POJO class and data in a relational database.

JPA Loader : The JPA loader works like a cache memory. It can load the relational grid data.
It works like a copy of database to interact with service classes for POJO data
attributesofPOJOclass.

Object Grid : It is a temporary location that can store a copy of relational data, like a cache
memory. All queries against the database is first effected on the data in the object grid. Only
after it is committed, it affects the main database.

Phase 3
The third phase is the relational data phase. It contains the relational data that is logically
connected to the business component. As discussed above, only when the business component
commits the data, it is stored into the database physically. Until then, the modified data is stored in
a cache memory as a grid format. The process of the obtaining the data is identical to that of
storing the data.

The mechanism of the programmatic interaction of above three phases is called as object
relational mapping.

Mapping.xml
The mapping.xml file is to instruct the JPA vendor to map the Entity classes with the database
tables.

Let us take an example of Employee entity which contains four attributes. The POJO class of
Employee entity named Employee.java is as follows:

public class Employee

{
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;
public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{
 this.eid = eid;
}
public String getEname( )
{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}
}

The above code is the Employee entity POJO class. It contain four attributes eid, ename, salary,
and deg. Consider these attributes as the table fields in a table and eid as the primary key of this
table. Now we have to design the hibernate mapping file for it. The mapping file named
mapping.xml is as follows:

<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

<entity-mappings xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm_1_0.xsd"
version="1.0">
<description> XML Mapping file</description>
<entity >
<table name="EMPLOYEETABLE"/>
<attributes>
<id name="eid">
<generated-value strategy="TABLE"/>
</id>
<basic name="ename">
<column name="EMP_NAME" length="100"/>
</basic>
<basic name="salary">
</basic>
<basic name="deg">
</basic>
</attributes>
</entity>
</entity-mappings>

The above script is used for mapping the entity class with the database table. In this file

<entity-mappings> : tag defines the schema definition to allow entity tags into xml file.

<description> : tag provides a description about application.

<entity> : tag defines the entity class which you want to convert into table in a database.
Attribute class defines the POJO entity class name.
 <table> : tag defines the table name. If you want to have identical names for both the class
as well as the table, then this tag is not necessary.

<attributes> : tag defines the attributes fieldsinatable.

<id> : tag defines the primary key of the table. The <generated-value> tag defines how to
assign the primary key value such as Automatic, Manual, or taken from Sequence.

<basic> : tag is used for defining remaining attributes for table.

<column-name> : tag is used to define user-defined table field names in the table.

Annotations
Generally xml files are used to configure specific components, or mapping two different
specifications of components. In our case, we have to maintain xml files separately in a
framework. That means while writing a mapping xml file, we need to compare the POJO class
attributes with entity tags in the mapping.xml file.

Here is the solution. In the class definition, we can write the configuration part using annotations.
Annotations are used for classes, properties, and methods. Annotations start with ‘@’ symbol.
Annotations are declared prior to a class, property, or method. All annotations of JPA are defined in
the javax.persistence package.

Here list of annotations used in our examples are given below.

Annotation Description

@Entity Declares the class as an entity or a table.

@Table Declares table name.

@Basic Specifies non-constraint fields explicitly.

@Embedded Specifies the properties of class or an entity whose value is an instance

of an embeddable class.

@Id Specifies the property, use for identity primarykeyofatable of the class.

@GeneratedValue Specifies how the identity attribute can be initialized such as automatic,
manual, or value taken from a sequence table.

@Transient Specifies the property that is not persistent, i.e., the value is never
stored in the database.

@Column Specifies the column attribute for the persistence property.

@SequenceGenerator Specifies the value for the property that is specified in the
@GeneratedValue annotation. It creates a sequence.

@TableGenerator Specifies the value generator for the property specified in the
@GeneratedValue annotation. It creates a table for value generation.

@AccessType This type of annotation is used to set the access type. If you set
@AccessTypeFIELD, then access occurs Field wise. If you set
@AccessTypePROPERTY, then access occurs Property wise.

@JoinColumn Specifies an entity association or entity collection. This is used in many-

to-one and one-to-many associations.

@UniqueConstraint Specifies the fields and the unique constraints for the primary or the
secondary table.

@ColumnResult References the name of a column in the SQL query using select clause.

@ManyToMany Defines a many-to-many relationship between the join Tables.

 @ManyToOne Defines a many-to-one relationship between the join Tables.

@OneToMany Defines a one-to-many relationship between the join Tables.

@OneToOne Defines a one-to-one relationship between the join Tables.

@NamedQueries specifies list of named queries.

@NamedQuery Specifies a Query using static name.

Java Bean Standard

The Java class encapsulates the instance values and their behaviors into a single unit called object.
Java Bean is a temporary storage and reusable component or an object. It is a serializable class
which has a default constructor and getter and setter methods to initialize the instance attributes
individually.

Bean Conventions
Bean contains its default constructor or a file that contains serialized instance. Therefore, a
bean can instantiate another bean.

The properties of a bean can be segregated into Boolean properties or non-Boolean

properties.

Non-Boolean property contains getter and setter methods.

Boolean property contain setter and is method.

Getter method of any property should start with small lettered get javamethodconvention and
continued with a field name that starts with capital letter. For example, the field name is
salary therefore the getter method of this field is getSalary .

Setter method of any property should start with small lettered set javamethodconvention,
continued with a field name that starts with capital letter and the argument value to set to
field. For example, the field name is salary therefore the setter method of this field is
setSalary doublesal.

For Boolean property, is method to check if it is true or false. For Example the Boolean
property empty, the is method of this field is isEmpty .

JPA - INSTALLATION
This chapter takes you through the process of setting up JPA on Windows and Linux based systems.
JPA can be easily installed and integrated with your current Java environment following a few
simple steps without any complex setup procedures. User administration is required while
installation.

System Requirements

JDK Java SE 2 JDK 1.5 or above

Memory 1 GB RAM recommended

Disk Space No minimum requirement

Operating System Version Windows XP or above, Linux

Let us now proceed with the steps to install JPA.

Step1: Verify your Java Installation

First of all, you need to have Java Software Development Kit SDK installed on your system. To verify
this, execute any of the following two commands depending on the platform you are working on.

If the Java installation has been done properly, then it will display the current version and
specification of your Java installation. A sample output is given in the following table.

Platform Command Sample Output

Windows
Open command console and Java version "1.7.0_60"
type:
Java TM SE Run Time Environment build1.7.06 0 − b19
\>java –version
Java Hotspot TM 64-bit Server VM
build24.60 − b09, mixedmode

Linux
Open command terminal and java version "1.7.0_25"
type:
Open JDK Runtime Environment
$java –version rhel − 2.3.10.4.el64 − x866 4

Open JDK 64-Bit Server VM build23.7 − b01, mixedmode

We assume the readers of this tutorial have Java SDK version 1.7.0_60 installed on their
system.

In case you do not have Java SDK, download its current version from
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html and have it installed.

Step 2: Set your Java Environment

Set the environment variable JAVA_HOME to point to the base directory location where Java is
installed on your machine. For example,

Platform Description

Windows Set JAVA_HOME to C:\ProgramFiles\java\jdk1.7.0_60

Linux Export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java-current

Append the full path of Java compiler location to the System Path.

Platform Description

Windows Append the String "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_60\bin" to the end of the system
variable PATH.

Linux Export PATH=PATH: JAVA_HOME/bin/

Execute the command java -version from the command prompt as explained above.

Step3: Installing JPA

You can go through the JPA installation by using any of the JPA Providers from this tutorial, e.g.,
Eclipselink, Hibernate. Let us follow the JPA installation using Eclipselink. For JPA programming, we
require to follow the specific folder framework, therefore it is better to use IDE.
Download Eclipse IDE form following link https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ Choose the
EclipseIDE for JavaEE developer that is Eclipse indigo.

Unzip the Eclipse zip file in C drive. Open Eclipse IDE.

Installing JPA using Eclipselink

Eclipselink is a library therefore we cannot add it directly to Eclipse IDE. For installing JPA using
Eclipselink you need to follow the steps given below.

Create a new JPA project by selecting File->New->JPA Project in the Eclipse IDE as follows:

You will get a dialog box named New JPA Project. Enter project name
tutorialspoint_JPA_Eclipselink, check the jre version and click next:
Click on download library ifyoudonothavethelibrary in the user library section.

Select the latest version of Eclipselink library in the Download library dialog box and click
next as follows:
Accept the terms of license and click finish for download library.

6. Downloading starts as is shown in the following screenshot.

After downloading, select the downloaded library in the user library section and click finish.
 Finally you get the project file in the Package Explorer in Eclipse IDE. Extract all files, you
will get the folder and file hierarchy as follows:

Adding MySQL connector to Project

Any example that we discuss here requires database connectivity. Let us consider MySQL database
for database operations. It requires mysql-connector jar to interact with a Java program.

Follow the steps to configure the database jar in your project.

Go to Project properties -> Java Build Path by right click on it. You will get a dialog box as
shown in the following screen-shot. Click on Add External Jars.
 Go to the jar location in your system memory, select the file and click on open.

Click ok on properties dialog. You will get the MySQL-connector Jar into your project. Now you
are able to do database operations using MySQL.

JPA - ENTITY MANAGERS

This chapter uses a simple example to demonstrate how JPA works. Let us consider Employee
Management as an example. Suppose the Employee Management creates, updates, finds, and
deletes the records of an employee. As mentioned, we are using MySQL database for database
operations.

The main modules for this example are as follows:

Model or POJO

Employee.java

Persistence

Persistence.xml

Service

CreatingEmployee.java
 UpdatingEmployee.java

FindingEmployee.java

DeletingEmployee.java

Let us take the package hierarchy which we have used in the JPA installation with Eclipselink.
Follow the hierarchy for this example as shown below:

Creating Entities
Entities are nothing but beans or models. In this example, we will use Employee as an entity. eid,
ename, salary, and deg are the attributes of this entity. It contains a default constructor as well as
the setter and getter methods of those attributes.

In the above shown hierarchy, create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’,

under ‘src’ Source package. Create a class named Employee.java under given package as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO)
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;
public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
 this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}
public String getEname( )
{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [e
+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
}
}

In the above code, we have used @Entity annotation to make this POJO class an entity.

Before going to next module we need to create database for relational entity, which will register
the database in persistence.xml file. Open MySQL workbench and type hte following query.

create database jpadb

use jpadb

Persistence.xml
This module plays a crucial role in the concept of JPA. In this xml file we will register the database
and specify the entity class.

In the above shown package hierarchy, persistence.xml under JPA Content package is as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

In the above xml, <persistence-unit> tag is defined with a specific name for JPA persistence. The
<class> tag defines entity class with package name. The <properties> tag defines all the
properties, and <property> tag defines each property such as database registration, URL
specification, username, and password. These are the Eclipselink properties. This file will configure
the database.

Persistence Operations
Persistence operations are used for interacting with a database and they are load and store
operations. In a business component, all the persistence operations fall under service classes.

In the above shown package hierarchy, create a package named

‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’, under ‘src’ source package. All the service classes
named as CreateEmloyee.java, UpdateEmployee.java, FindEmployee.java, and
DeleteEmployee.java. comes under the given package as follows:

Create Employee
The following code segment shows how to create an Employee class named
CreateEmployee.java.

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class CreateEmployee

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

Employee employee = new Employee( );

employee.setEid( 1201 );
employee.setEname( "Gopal" );
employee.setSalary( 40000 );
employee.setDeg( "Technical Manager" );
entitymanager.persist( employee );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
 entitymanager.close( );
emfactory.close( );
}
}

In the above code the createEntityManagerFactory creates a persistence unit by providing the
same unique name which we provide for persistence-unit in persistent.xml file. The
entitymanagerfactory object will create the entitymanger instance by using
createEntityManager method. The entitymanager object creates entitytransaction instance
for transaction management. By using entitymanager object, we can persist entities into the
database.

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from eclipselink
library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.

For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.

use jpadb
select * from employee

The effected database table named employee will be shown in a tabular format as follows:

Eid Ename Salary Deg

1201 Gopal 40000 Technical Manager

Update Employee
To update the records of an employee, we need to retrieve the existing records form the database,
make changes, and finally commit it to the database. The class named UpdateEmployee.java is
shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class UpdateEmployee

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
Employee employee=entitymanager.
find( Employee.class, 1201 );
//before update
System.out.println( employee );
employee.setSalary( 46000 );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
//after update
System.out.println( employee );
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from Eclipselink
library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.
For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.

use jpadb
select * from employee

The effected database table named employee will be shown in a tabular format as follows:

Eid Ename Salary Deg

1201 Gopal 46000 Technical Manager

The salary of employee, 1201 is updated to 46000.

Find Employee
To find the records of an employee, we will have to retrieve the existing data from the database
and display it. In this operation, EntityTransaction is not applied while retrieving a record.

The class named FindEmployee.java as follows.

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class FindEmployee

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence
.createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager();
Employee employee = entitymanager.
find( Employee.class, 1201 );

System.out.println("employee ID = "+employee.getEid( ));

System.out.println("employee NAME = "+employee.getEname( ));
System.out.println("employee SALARY = "+employee.getSalary( ));
System.out.println("employee DESIGNATION = "+employee.getDeg( ));
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program, you will get the following output from the
Eclipselink library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.

employee ID = 1201
employee NAME = Gopal
employee SALARY = 46000.0
employee DESIGNATION = Technical Manager

Deleting Employee
To delete the records of an employee, first we will find the existing records and then delete it. Here
EntityTransaction plays an important role.

The class named DeleteEmployee.java as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class DeleteEmployee

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );
Employee employee=entitymanager.
find( Employee.class, 1201 );
entitymanager.remove( employee );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
entitymanager.close( );
emfactory.close( );
}
}

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications from Eclipselink
library on the console panel of eclipse IDE.

For result, open the MySQL workbench and type the following queries.

use jpadb
select * from employee

The effected database named employee will have null records.

After completion of all the modules in this example, the package and file hierarchy looks as
follows:

JPA - JPQL
This chapter describes about JPQL and how it works with persistence units. In this chapter, the
given examples follow the same package hierarchy, which we used in the previous chapter.
Java Persistence Query language
JPQL stands for Java Persistence Query Language. It is used to create queries against entities to
store in a relational database. JPQL is developed based on SQL syntax. But it won’t affect the
database directly.

JPQL can retrieve data using SELECT clause, can do bulk updates using UPDATE clause and DELETE
clause.

Query Structure
JPQL syntax is very similar to the syntax of SQL. Having SQL like syntax is an advantage because
SQL is simple and being widely used. SQL works directly against relational database tables,
records, and fields, whereas JPQL works with Java classes and instances.

For example, a JPQL query can retrieve an entity object rather than field result set from a
database, as with SQL. The JPQL query structure as follows.

SELECT ... FROM ...

[WHERE ...]
[GROUP BY ... [HAVING ...]]
[ORDER BY ...]

The structure of JPQL DELETE and UPDATE queries are as follows.

DELETE FROM ... [WHERE ...]

UPDATE ... SET ... [WHERE ...]

Scalar and Aggregate Functions

Scalar functions return resultant values based on input values. Aggregate functions return the
resultant values by calculating the input values.

We will use the same example Employee Management as in the previous chapter. Here we will go
through the service classes using scalar and aggregate functions of JPQL.

Let us assume the jpadb.employee table contains following records.

Eid Ename Salary Deg

1201 Gopal 40000 Technical Manager

1202 Manisha 40000 Proof Reader

1203 Masthanvali 40000 Technical Writer

1204 Satish 30000 Technical Writer

1205 Krishna 30000 Technical Writer

1206 Kiran 35000 Proof Reader

Create a class named ScalarandAggregateFunctions.java under

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows.

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;

public class ScalarandAggregateFunctions

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager();
//Scalar function
Query query = entitymanager.
createQuery("Select UPPER(e.ename) from Employee e");
List<String> list=query.getResultList();

for(String e:list)
{
System.out.println("Employee NAME :"+e);
}
//Aggregate function
Query query1 = entitymanager.
createQuery("Select MAX(e.salary) from Employee e");
Double result=(Double) query1.getSingleResult();
System.out.println("Max Employee Salary :"+result);
}
}

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get the following output on the
console panel of Eclipse IDE.

Employee NAME :GOPAL

Employee NAME :MANISHA
Employee NAME :MASTHANVALI
Employee NAME :SATISH
Employee NAME :KRISHNA
Employee NAME :KIRAN
ax Employee Salary :40000.0

Between, And, Like Keywords

Between, And, and Like are the main keywords of JPQL. These keywords are used after Where
clause in a query.

Create a class named BetweenAndLikeFunctions.java under

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;
public class BetweenAndLikeFunctions
{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager();
//Between
Query query = entitymanager.
createQuery( "Select e " +
"from Employee e " +
"where e.salary " +
"Between 30000 and 40000" )
List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( );

for( Employee e:list )

{
System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
System.out.println("\t Employee salary :"+e.getSalary( ));
}

//Like
Query query1 = entitymanager.
createQuery("Select e " +
"from Employee e " +
"where e.ename LIKE 'M%'");
List<Employee> list1=(List<Employee>)query1.getResultList( );
for( Employee e:list1 )
{
System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
System.out.println("\t Employee name :"+e.getEname( ));
}
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program, you will get the following output in the console
panel of Eclipse IDE.

Employee ID :1201 Employee salary :40000.0

Employee ID :1202 Employee salary :40000.0
Employee ID :1203 Employee salary :40000.0
Employee ID :1204 Employee salary :30000.0
Employee ID :1205 Employee salary :30000.0
Employee ID :1206 Employee salary :35000.0

Employee ID :1202 Employee name :Manisha

Employee ID :1203 Employee name :Masthanvali

Ordering
To order the records in JPQL, we use the ORDER BY clause. The usage of this clause is same as in
SQL, but it deals with entities. The following example shows how to use the ORDER BY clause.

Create a class Ordering.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service package as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class Ordering

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
 {
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager();
//Between
Query query = entitymanager.
createQuery( "Select e " +
"from Employee e " +
"ORDER BY e.ename ASC" );
List<Employee> list=(List<Employee>)query.getResultList( );

for( Employee e:list )

{
System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( ));
}
}
}

compiling and executing the above program you will produce the following output in the console
panel of Eclipse IDE.

Employee ID :1201 Employee Name :Gopal

Employee ID :1206 Employee Name :Kiran
Employee ID :1205 Employee Name :Krishna
Employee ID :1202 Employee Name :Manisha
Employee ID :1203 Employee Name :Masthanvali
Employee ID :1204 Employee Name :Satish

Named Queries
A @NamedQuery annotation is defined as a query with a predefined query string that is
unchangeable. In contrast to dynamic queries, named queries may improve code organization by
separating the JPQL query strings from POJO. It also passes the query parameters rather than
embedding the literals dynamically into the query string and therefore produces more efficient
queries.

First of all, add @NamedQuery annotation to the Employee entity class named Employee.java
under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.NamedQuery;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@NamedQuery(query = "Select e from Employee e where e.eid = :id",
name = "find employee by id")
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO)
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;
public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
 this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}
public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}

public String getEname( )

{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [e
+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
}
}

Create a class named NamedQueries.java under com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service

package as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.Query;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class NamedQueries

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
 createEntityManager();
Query query = entitymanager.createNamedQuery(
"find employee by id");
query.setParameter("id", 1204);
List<Employee> list = query.getResultList( );
for( Employee e:list )
{
System.out.print("Employee ID :"+e.getEid( ));
System.out.println("\t Employee Name :"+e.getEname( ));
}
}
}

After compiling and executing of the above program you will get the following output in the
console panel of Eclipse IDE.

Employee ID :1204 Employee Name :Satish

After adding all the above classes the package hierarchy looks as follows:

Eager and Lazy Fetching

The most important concept of JPA is to make a duplicate copy of the database in the cache
memory. While transacting with a database, the JPA first creates a duplicate set of data and only
when it is committed using an entity manager, the changes are effected into the database.

There are two ways of fetching records from the database.

Eager fetch
In eager fetching, related child objects are uploaded automatically while fetching a particular
record.

Lazy fetch
In lazy fetching, related objects are not uploaded automatically unless you specifically request for
them. First of all, it checks the availability of related objects and notifies. Later, if you call any of
the getter method of that entity, then it fetches all the records.

Lazy fetch is possible when you try to fetch the records for the first time. That way, a copy of the
whole record is already stored in the cache memory. Performance-wise, lazy fetch is preferable.

JPA - ADVANCED MAPPINGS

JPA is a library which is released with Java specifications. Therefore, it supports all the object-
oriented concepts for entity persistence. Till now, we are done with the basics of object relational
mapping. This chapter takes you through the advanced mappings between objects and relational
entities.

Inheritance Strategies
Inheritance is the core concept of any object-oriented language, therefore we can use inheritance
relationships or strategies between entities. JPA support three types of inheritance strategies:
SINGLE_TABLE, JOINED_TABLE, and TABLE_PER_CONCRETE_CLASS.

Let us consider an example. The following diagram shows three classes, viz. Staff, TeachingStaff,
and NonTeachingStaff, and their relationships.

In the above diagram, Staff is an entity, while TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff are the sub-
entities of Staff. Here we will use the above example to demonstrate all three three strategies of
inheritance.

Single Table strategy

Single-table strategy takes all classes fields bothsuperandsubclasses and map them down into a single
table known as SINGLE_TABLE strategy. Here the discriminator value plays a key role in
differentiating the values of three entities in one table.

Let us consider the above example. TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff are the sub-classes of
Staff. As per the concept of inheritance, a sub-class inherits the properties of its super-class.
Therefore sid and sname are the fields that belong to both TeachingStaff and NonTeachingStaff.
Create a JPA project. All the modules of this project are as follows:

Creating Entities
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a
new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorColumn;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE )
@DiscriminatorColumn( name="type" )
public class Staff implements Serializable
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
private int sid;
private String sname;
public Staff( int sid, String sname )
{
super( );
this.sid = sid;
this.sname = sname;
}
public Staff( )
{
super( );
}
public int getSid( )
{
return sid;
}
public void setSid( int sid )
{
this.sid = sid;
}
public String getSname( )
{
return sname;
}
public void setSname( String sname )
{
this.sname = sname;
}
}

In the above code @DescriminatorColumn specifies the field name type and its values show the
remaining TeachingandNonTeachingStaff fields.

Create a subclass class to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value="TS" )
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String qualification;
private String subjectexpertise;

public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String qualification,String subjectexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.qualification = qualification;
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}

public TeachingStaff( )
{
super( );
}
 public String getQualification( )
{
return qualification;
}

public void setQualification( String qualification )

{
this.qualification = qualification;
}

public String getSubjectexpertise( )

{
return subjectexpertise;
}

public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )

{
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}
}

Create a subclass class to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@DiscriminatorValue( value = "NS" )
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String areaexpertise;

public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String areaexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}

public NonTeachingStaff( )
{
super( );
}

public String getAreaexpertise( )

{
return areaexpertise;
}

public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )

{
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml contains the configuration information of database and the registration
information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service class
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’
package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.

Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store Staff, TeachingStaff, and
NonTeachingStaff class fields. The SaveClient class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Teaching staff entity

TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
//Non-Teaching Staff entity
NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
3, "Satish", "Accounts");
NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

//storing all entities

entitymanager.persist(ts1);
entitymanager.persist(ts2);
entitymanager.persist(nts1);
entitymanager.persist(nts2);
entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program you will get notifications on the console panel of
Eclipse IDE. Check MySQL workbench for output. The output in a tabular format is shown as
follows:

Sid Type Sname Areaexpertise Qualification Subjectexpertise

1 TS Gopal MSC MED Maths

2 TS Manisha BSC BED English

3 NS Satish Accounts

4 NS Krishna Office Admin

Finally you will get a single table containing the field of all the three classes with a discriminator
column named Type field.

Joined table Strategy

Joined table strategy is to share the referenced column that contains unique values to join the
table and make easy transactions. Let us consider the same example as above.

Create a JPA Project. All the project modules are shown below.

Creating Entities
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a
new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED )
public class Staff implements Serializable
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
private int sid;
private String sname;
public Staff( int sid, String sname )
{
super( );
this.sid = sid;
this.sname = sname;
}
public Staff( )
{
super( );
}
public int getSid( )
{
return sid;
}
 public void setSid( int sid )
{
this.sid = sid;
}
public String getSname( )
{
return sname;
}
public void setSname( String sname )
{
this.sname = sname;
}
}

Create a subclass class to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String qualification;
private String subjectexpertise;

public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String qualification,String subjectexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.qualification = qualification;
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}

public TeachingStaff( )
{
super( );

public String getQualification( )

{
return qualification;
}

public void setQualification( String qualification )

{
this.qualification = qualification;
}

public String getSubjectexpertise( )

{
return subjectexpertise;
}

public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )

{
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}
}

Create a subclass class to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(referencedColumnName="sid")
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String areaexpertise;

public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String areaexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}

public NonTeachingStaff( )
{
super( );
}

public String getAreaexpertise( )

{
return areaexpertise;
}

public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )

{
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file contains the configuration information of the database and the registration
information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service class
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’
package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.

Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store fields of Staff,
TeachingStaff, and NonTeachingStaff class. Then SaveClient class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;

public class SaveClient

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Teaching staff entity

TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
//Non-Teaching Staff entity
NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
3, "Satish", "Accounts");
NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

//storing all entities

entitymanager.persist(ts1);
entitymanager.persist(ts2);
entitymanager.persist(nts1);
entitymanager.persist(nts2);

entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program you will get notifications in the console panel of
Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench.

Here three tables are created and the result of staff table is displayed in a tabular format.

Sid Dtype Sname

1 TeachingStaff Gopal

2 TeachingStaff Manisha

3 NonTeachingStaff Satish

4 NonTeachingStaff Krishna

The result of TeachingStaff table is displayed as follows:

 Sid Qualification Subjectexpertise

1 MSC MED Maths

2 BSC BED English

In the above table sid is the foreign key referencefieldformstafftable The result of NonTeachingStaff
table is displayed as follows:

Sid Areaexpertise

3 Accounts

4 Office Admin

Finally, the three tables are created using their respective fields and the SID field is shared by all
the three tables. In the Staff table, SID is the primary key. In the remaining two tables
TeachingStaffandNonTeachingStaff, SID is the foreign key.

Table per class strategy

Table per class strategy is to create a table for each sub-entity. The Staff table will be created, but
it will contain null values. The field values of Staff table must be shared by both TeachingStaff and
NonTeachingStaff tables.

Let us consider the same example as above.

Creating Entities
Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a
new java class named Staff.java under given package. The Staff entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.Table;

@Entity
@Table
@Inheritance( strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS )
public class Staff implements Serializable
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
private int sid;
private String sname;
public Staff( int sid, String sname )
{
super( );
this.sid = sid;
this.sname = sname;
}
public Staff( )
{
super( );
}
public int getSid( )
{
 return sid;
}
public void setSid( int sid )
{
this.sid = sid;
}
public String getSname( )
{
return sname;
}
public void setSname( String sname )
{
this.sname = sname;
}
}

Create a subclass class to Staff class named TeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The TeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class TeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String qualification;
private String subjectexpertise;

public TeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String qualification,String subjectexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.qualification = qualification;
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}

public TeachingStaff( )
{
super( );

public String getQualification( )

{
return qualification;
}
public void setQualification( String qualification )
{
this.qualification = qualification;
}

public String getSubjectexpertise( )

{
return subjectexpertise;
}

public void setSubjectexpertise( String subjectexpertise )

{
this.subjectexpertise = subjectexpertise;
}
}

Create a subclass class to Staff class named NonTeachingStaff.java under the

com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity package. The NonTeachingStaff Entity class is shown as
follows:
package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Entity;

@Entity
public class NonTeachingStaff extends Staff
{
private String areaexpertise;

public NonTeachingStaff( int sid, String sname,

String areaexpertise )
{
super( sid, sname );
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}

public NonTeachingStaff( )
{
super( );
}

public String getAreaexpertise( )

{
return areaexpertise;
}

public void setAreaexpertise( String areaexpertise )

{
this.areaexpertise = areaexpertise;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file contains the configuration information of database and registration
information of entity classes. The xml file is shown as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Staff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service class
Service classes are the implementation part of business component. Create a package under ‘src’
package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.

Create a class named SaveClient.java under the given package to store Staff, TeachingStaff, and
NonTeachingStaff class fields. The SaveClient class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.NonTeachingStaff;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.TeachingStaff;
public class SaveClient
{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Teaching staff entity

TeachingStaff ts1=new TeachingStaff(
1,"Gopal","MSc MEd","Maths");
TeachingStaff ts2=new TeachingStaff(
2, "Manisha", "BSc BEd", "English");
//Non-Teaching Staff entity
NonTeachingStaff nts1=new NonTeachingStaff(
3, "Satish", "Accounts");
NonTeachingStaff nts2=new NonTeachingStaff(
4, "Krishna", "Office Admin");

//storing all entities

entitymanager.persist(ts1);
entitymanager.persist(ts2);
entitymanager.persist(nts1);
entitymanager.persist(nts2);

entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program, you will get notifications on the console panel
of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench.

Here the three tables are created and the Staff table contains null records.

The result of TeachingStaff is displayed as follows:

Sid Qualification Sname Subjectexpertise

1 MSC MED Gopal Maths

2 BSC BED Manisha English

The above table TeachingStaff contains fields of both Staff and TeachingStaff Entities.

The result of NonTeachingStaff is displayed as follows:

Sid Areaexpertise Sname

 3 Accounts Satish

4 Office Admin Krishna

The above table NonTeachingStaff contains fields of both Staff and NonTeachingStaff Entities.

JPA - ENTITY RELATIONSHIPS

This chapter takes you through the relationships between Entities. Generally the relations are
more effective between tables in the database. Here the entity classes are treated as relational
tables conceptofJPA, therefore the relationships between Entity classes are as follows:

@ManyToOne Relation
@OneToMany Relation
@OneToOne Relation
@ManyToMany Relation

@ManyToOne Relation
Many-To-One relation between entities exists where one entity columnorsetofcolumns is referenced
with another entity columnorsetofcolumns containing unique values. In relational databases, these
relations are applied by using foreign key/primary key between the tables.

Let us consider an example of a relation between Employee and Department entities. In

unidirectional manner, i.e., from Employee to Department, Many-To-One relation is applicable.
That means each record of employee contains one department id, which should be a primary key
in the Department table. Here in the Employee table, Department id is the foreign Key.

The following diagram shows the Many-To-One relation between the two tables.

Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_MTO. All the modules of this project
are discussed below.

Creating Entities
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named
‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named
Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Department
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
private int id;
private String name;

public int getId()

{
return id;
}

public void setId(int id)

{
this.id = id;
}

public String getName( )

{
return name;
}

public void setName( String deptName )

{
this.name = deptName;
}
}

Create the second entity in this relation - Employee entity class named Employee.java under
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

@Entity
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO )
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;
@ManyToOne
private Department department;

public Employee(int eid,

String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
 public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}

public String getEname( )

{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}

public Department getDepartment() {

return department;
}

public void setDepartment(Department department) {

this.department = department;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file is required to configure the database and the registration of entity classes.

Persitence.xml will be created by the eclipse IDE while creating a JPA Project. The configuration
details are user specifications. The persistence.xml file is shown as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
 <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service Classes
This module contains the service classes, which implements the relational part using the attribute
initialization. Create a package under ‘src’ package named
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named ManyToOne.java is created
under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class ManyToOne

{
public static void main( String[ ] args )
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Create Department Entity

Department department = new Department();
department.setName("Development");
//Store Department
entitymanager.persist(department);

//Create Employee1 Entity

Employee employee1 = new Employee();
employee1.setEname("Satish");
employee1.setSalary(45000.0);
employee1.setDeg("Technical Writer");
employee1.setDepartment(department);

//Create Employee2 Entity

Employee employee2 = new Employee();
employee2.setEname("Krishna");
employee2.setSalary(45000.0);
employee2.setDeg("Technical Writer");
employee2.setDepartment(department);

//Create Employee3 Entity

Employee employee3 = new Employee();
employee3.setEname("Masthanvali");
employee3.setSalary(50000.0);
employee3.setDeg("Technical Writer");
employee3.setDepartment(department);

//Store Employees
entitymanager.persist(employee1);
entitymanager.persist(employee2);
entitymanager.persist(employee3);

entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}
After compiling and executing the above program, you will get notifications on the console panel
of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench. In this example, two tables are created.

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of Department table will be displayed
as follows:

Select * from department

ID Name

101 Development

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of Employee table will be displayed as
follows.

Select * from employee

Eid Deg Ename Salary Department_Id

102 Technical Writer Satish 45000 101

103 Technical Writer Krishna 45000 101

104 Technical Writer Masthanwali 50000 101

In the above table Deparment_Id is the foreign key referencefield from the Department table.

@OneToMany Relation
In this relationship, each row of one entity is referenced to many child records in other entity. The
important thing is that child records cannot have multiple parents. In a one-to-many relationship
between Table A and Table B, each row in Table A can be linked to one or multiple rows in Table B.

Let us consider the above example. Suppose Employee and Department tables in the above
example are connected in a reverse unidirectional manner, then the relation becomes One-To-
Many relation. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_OTM. All the modules of
this project are discussed below.

Creating Entities
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named
‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named
Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;

@Entity
public class Department
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
private int id;
 private String name;

@OneToMany( targetEntity=Employee.class )
private List employeelist;

public int getId()

{
return id;
}

public void setId(int id)

{
this.id = id;
}

public String getName( )

{
return name;
}

public void setName( String deptName )

{
this.name = deptName;
}

public List getEmployeelist()

{
return employeelist;
}

public void setEmployeelist(List employeelist)

{
this.employeelist = employeelist;
}
}

Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Employee.java under
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO )
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;

public Employee(int eid,

String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
 }

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}

public String getEname( )

{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}
}

Persistence.xml
The persistence.xml file is as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>
Service Classes
This module contains the service classes, which implements the relational part using the attribute
initialization. Create a package under ‘src’ package named
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The DAO class named OneToMany.java is created
under given package. The DAO class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class OneToMany

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Create Employee1 Entity

Employee employee1 = new Employee();
employee1.setEname("Satish");
employee1.setSalary(45000.0);
employee1.setDeg("Technical Writer");

//Create Employee2 Entity

Employee employee2 = new Employee();
employee2.setEname("Krishna");
employee2.setSalary(45000.0);
employee2.setDeg("Technical Writer");

//Create Employee3 Entity

Employee employee3 = new Employee();
employee3.setEname("Masthanvali");
employee3.setSalary(50000.0);
employee3.setDeg("Technical Writer");

//Store Employee
entitymanager.persist(employee1);
entitymanager.persist(employee2);
entitymanager.persist(employee3);

//Create Employeelist
List<Employee> emplist = new ArrayList();
emplist.add(employee1);
emplist.add(employee2);
emplist.add(employee3);

//Create Department Entity

Department department= new Department();
department.setName("Development");
department.setEmployeelist(emplist);

//Store Department
entitymanager.persist(department);

entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications in the console
panel of Eclipse IDE. For output check MySQL workbench as follows.

In this project three tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result
of department_employee table will be displayed as follows:

Select * from department_Id;

Department_ID Employee_Eid

254 251

254 252

254 253

In the above table, deparment_id and employee_id are the foreign keys referencefields from
department and employee tables.

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of department table will be displayed in
a tabular format as follows.

Select * from department;

ID Name

254 Development

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of employee table will be displayed as
follows:

Select * from employee;

Eid Deg Ename Salary

251 Technical Writer Satish 45000

252 Technical Writer Krishna 45000

253 Technical Writer Masthanwali 50000

@OneToOne Relation
In One-To-One relationship, one item can be linked to only one other item. It means each row of
one entity is referred to one and only one row of another entity.

Let us consider the above example. Employee and Department in a reverse unidirectional
manner, the relation is One-To-One relation. It means each employee belongs to only one
department. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_OTO. All the modules of
this project are discussed below.

Creating Entities
Follow the above given diagram for creating entities. Create a package named
‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named
Department.java under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Department
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy=GenerationType.AUTO )
private int id;
private String name;

public int getId()

{
return id;
}

public void setId(int id)

{
this.id = id;
}

public String getName( )

{
return name;
}

public void setName( String deptName )

{
this.name = deptName;
}
}

Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Employee.java under
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;

@Entity
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy= GenerationType.AUTO )
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;

@OneToOne
private Department department;

public Employee(int eid,

String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
 this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}

public String getEname( )

{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}

public Department getDepartment()

{
return department;
}

public void setDepartment(Department department)

{
this.department = department;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
 <class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service Classes
Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The
DAO class named OneToOne.java is created under the given package. The DAO class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspointeclipselink.service;

import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class OneToOne

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Create Department Entity

Department department = new Department();
department.setName("Development");

//Store Department
entitymanager.persist(department);

//Create Employee Entity

Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.setEname("Satish");
employee.setSalary(45000.0);
employee.setDeg("Technical Writer");
employee.setDepartment(department);

//Store Employee
entitymanager.persist(employee);

entitymanager.getTransaction().commit();
entitymanager.close();
emfactory.close();
}
}

After compilation and execution of the above program you will get notifications in the console
panel of Eclipse IDE. For output, check MySQL workbench as follows.
In the above example, two tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the
result of department table will be displayed as follows:

Select * from department

ID Name

301 Development

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of employee table will be displayed as
follows:

Select * from employee

Eid Deg Ename Salary Department_id

302 Technical Writer Satish 45000 301

@ManyToMany Relation
Many-To-Many relationship is where one or more rows from one entity are associated with more
than one row in other entity.

Let us consider an example of a relation between two entities: Class and Teacher. In bidirectional
manner, both Class and Teacher have Many-To-One relation. That means each record of Class is
referred by Teacher set teacherids, which should be primary keys in the Teacher table and stored in
the Teacher_Class table and vice versa. Here, the Teachers_Class table contains both the foreign
key fields. Create a JPA project in eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_MTM. All the modules of this
project are discussed below.

Creating Entities
Create entities by following the schema shown in the diagram above. Create a package named
‘com.tutorialspoin.eclipselink.entity’ under ‘src’ package. Create a class named Clas.java
under given package. The class Department entity is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;

@Entity
public class Clas
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
private int cid;
private String cname;

@ManyToMany(targetEntity=Teacher.class)
private Set teacherSet;

public Clas()
{
super();
}
public Clas(int cid,
String cname, Set teacherSet)
{
super();
this.cid = cid;
this.cname = cname;
this.teacherSet = teacherSet;
}
public int getCid()
{
return cid;
}
public void setCid(int cid)
{
this.cid = cid;
}
public String getCname()
{
return cname;
}
public void setCname(String cname)
{
this.cname = cname;
}
public Set getTeacherSet()
{
return teacherSet;
}
public void setTeacherSet(Set teacherSet)
{
this.teacherSet = teacherSet;
}
}

Create the second entity in this relation -Employee entity class, named Teacher.java under
‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity’ package. The Employee entity class is shown as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;

@Entity
public class Teacher
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue( strategy = GenerationType.AUTO )
private int tid;
private String tname;
private String subject;

@ManyToMany(targetEntity=Clas.class)
private Set clasSet;

public Teacher()
{
super();
}
public Teacher(int tid, String tname, String subject,
Set clasSet)
{
super();
this.tid = tid;
this.tname = tname;
this.subject = subject;
this.clasSet = clasSet;
}
public int getTid()
{
return tid;
}
public void setTid(int tid)
{
this.tid = tid;
}
public String getTname()
{
return tname;
}
public void setTname(String tname)
{
this.tname = tname;
}
public String getSubject()
{
return subject;
}
public void setSubject(String subject)
{
this.subject = subject;
}
public Set getClasSet()
{
return clasSet;
}
public void setClasSet(Set clasSet)
{
this.clasSet = clasSet;
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.0"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Department</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service Classes
Create a package under ‘src’ package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’. The
DAO class named ManyToMany.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Clas;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Teacher;

public class ManyToMany

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
entitymanager.getTransaction( ).begin( );

//Create Clas Entity

Clas clas1=new Clas(0,"1st",null);
Clas clas2=new Clas(0,"2nd",null);
Clas clas3=new Clas(0,"3rd",null);

//Store Clas
entitymanager.persist(clas1);
entitymanager.persist(clas2);
entitymanager.persist(clas3);

//Create Clas Set1

Set<Clas> classSet1 = new HashSet();
classSet1.add(clas1);
classSet1.add(clas2);
classSet1.add(clas3);

//Create Clas Set2

 Set<Clas> classSet2 = new HashSet();
classSet2.add(clas3);
classSet2.add(clas1);
classSet2.add(clas2);

//Create Clas Set3

Set<Clas> classSet3 = new HashSet();
classSet3.add(clas2);
classSet3.add(clas3);
classSet3.add(clas1);

//Create Teacher Entity

Teacher teacher1 = new Teacher(0,
"Satish","Java",classSet1);
Teacher teacher2 = new Teacher(0,
"Krishna","Adv Java",classSet2);
Teacher teacher3 = new Teacher(0,
"Masthanvali","DB2",classSet3);

//Store Teacher
entitymanager.persist(teacher1);
entitymanager.persist(teacher2);
entitymanager.persist(teacher3);

entitymanager.getTransaction( ).commit( );
entitymanager.close( );
emfactory.close( );
}
}

In this example project, three tables are created. Pass the following query in MySQL interface and
the result of teacher_clas table will be displayed as follows:

Select * form teacher_clas

Teacher_tid Classet_cid

354 351

355 351

356 351

354 352

355 352

356 352

354 353

355 353

356 353

In the above table teacher_tid is the foreign key from teacher table, and classet_cid is the
foreign key from class table. Therefore different teachers are allotted to different class.

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of teacher table will be displayed as
follows:

Select * from teacher

 Tid Subject Tname

354 Java Satish

355 Adv Java Krishna

356 DB2 Masthanvali

Pass the following query in MySQL interface and the result of clas table will be displayed as follows:

Select * from clas

Cid Cname

351 1st

352 2nd

353 3rd

JPA - CRITERIA API

Criteria is a predefined API that is used to define queries for entities. It is an alternative way of
defining a JPQL query. These queries are type-safe, portable, and easy to modify by changing the
syntax. Similar to JPQL, it follows an abstract schema easytoeditschema and embedded objects. The
metadata API is mingled with criteria API to model persistent entity for criteria queries.

The major advantage of Criteria API is that errors can be detected earlier during the compile time.
String-based JPQL queries and JPA criteria based queries are same in performance and efficiency.

History of criteria API

The criteria is included into all versions of JPA therefore each step of criteria is notified in the
specifications of JPA.

In JPA 2.0, the criteria query API, standardization of queries are developed.
In JPA 2.1, Criteria update and delete bulkupdateanddelete are included.

Criteria Query Structure

The Criteria and the JPQL are closely related and are allowed to design using similar operators in
their queries. It follows javax.persistence.criteria package to design a query. The query
structure means the syntax criteria query.

The following simple criteria query returns all instances of the entity class in the data source.

EntityManager em = ...;
CriteriaBuilder cb = em.getCriteriaBuilder();
CriteriaQuery<Entity class> cq = cb.createQuery(Entity.class);
Root<Entity> from = cq.from(Entity.class);
cq.select(Entity);
TypedQuery<Entity> q = em.createQuery(cq);
List<Entity> allitems = q.getResultList();

The query demonstrates the basic steps to create a criteria.

EntityManager instance is used to create a CriteriaBuilder object.

CriteriaQuery instance is used to create a query object. This query object’s attributes will be
modified with the details of the query.
 CriteriaQuery.form method is called to set the query root.

CriteriaQuery.select is called to set the result list type.

TypedQuery<T> instance is used to prepare a query for execution and specifying the type
of the query result.

getResultList method on the TypedQuery<T> object to execute a query. This query returns
a collection of entities, the result is stored in a List.

Example of criteria API

Let us consider the example of employee database. Let us assume the jpadb.employee table
contains following records:

Eid Ename Salary Deg

401 Gopal 40000 Technical Manager
402 Manisha 40000 Proof reader
403 Masthanvali 35000 Technical Writer
404 Satish 30000 Technical writer
405 Krishna 30000 Technical Writer
406 Kiran 35000 Proof reader

Create a JPA Project in the eclipse IDE named JPA_Eclipselink_Criteria. All the modules of this
project are discussed below:

Creating Entities
Create a package named com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity under ‘src’

Create a class named Employee.java under given package. The class Employee entity is shown
as follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
public class Employee
{
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy= GenerationType.AUTO)
private int eid;
private String ename;
private double salary;
private String deg;
public Employee(int eid, String ename, double salary, String deg)
{
super( );
this.eid = eid;
this.ename = ename;
this.salary = salary;
this.deg = deg;
}

public Employee( )
{
super();
}

public int getEid( )

{
return eid;
}
 public void setEid(int eid)
{
this.eid = eid;
}

public String getEname( )

{
return ename;
}
public void setEname(String ename)
{
this.ename = ename;
}

public double getSalary( )

{
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary)
{
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getDeg( )

{
return deg;
}
public void setDeg(String deg)
{
this.deg = deg;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [e
+ salary + ", deg=" + deg + "]";
}
}

Persistence.xml
Persistence.xml file is as follows:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<persistence version="2.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_0.xsd">
<persistence-unit name="Eclipselink_JPA"
transaction-type="RESOURCE_LOCAL">
<class>com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee</class>
<properties>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url"
value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/jpadb"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password"
value="root"/>
<property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver"
value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="FINE"/>
<property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation"
value="create-tables"/>
</properties>
</persistence-unit>
</persistence>

Service classes
This module contains the service classes, which implements the Criteria query part using the
MetaData API initialization. Create a package named ‘com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service’.
The class named CriteriaAPI.java is created under given package. The DAO class is shown as
follows:

package com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.service;

import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.persistence.Persistence;
import javax.persistence.TypedQuery;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
import javax.persistence.criteria.Root;
import com.tutorialspoint.eclipselink.entity.Employee;

public class CriteriaApi

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
EntityManagerFactory emfactory = Persistence.
createEntityManagerFactory( "Eclipselink_JPA" );
EntityManager entitymanager = emfactory.
createEntityManager( );
CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entitymanager
.getCriteriaBuilder();
CriteriaQuery<Object> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder
.createQuery();
Root<Employee> from = criteriaQuery.from(Employee.class);

//select all records

System.out.println(“Select all records”);
CriteriaQuery<Object> select =criteriaQuery.select(from);
TypedQuery<Object> typedQuery = entitymanager
.createQuery(select);
List<Object> resultlist= typedQuery.getResultList();

for(Object o:resultlist)
{
Employee e=(Employee)o;
System.out.println("EID : "+e.getEid()
+" Ename : "+e.getEname());
}

//Ordering the records

System.out.println(“Select all records by follow ordering”);
CriteriaQuery<Object> select1 = criteriaQuery.select(from);
select1.orderBy(criteriaBuilder.asc(from.get("ename")));
TypedQuery<Object> typedQuery1 = entitymanager
.createQuery(select);
List<Object> resultlist1= typedQuery1.getResultList();

for(Object o:resultlist1)
{
Employee e=(Employee)o;
System.out.println("EID : "+e.getEid()
+" Ename : "+e.getEname());
}

entitymanager.close( );
emfactory.close( );
}
}

After compiling and executing the above program you will get the following output in the console
panel of Eclipse IDE.
Select All records
EID : 401 Ename : Gopal
EID : 402 Ename : Manisha
EID : 403 Ename : Masthanvali
EID : 404 Ename : Satish
EID : 405 Ename : Krishna
EID : 406 Ename : Kiran
Select All records by follow Ordering
EID : 401 Ename : Gopal
EID : 406 Ename : Kiran
EID : 405 Ename : Krishna
EID : 402 Ename : Manisha
EID : 403 Ename : Masthanvali
EID : 404 Ename : Satish