174 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

Quadrilaterals
08
8.1 INTRODUCTION
You have learnt many properties of triangles in the previous chapter with justification. You
know that a triangle is a figure obtained by joining three non-collinear points in pairs. Do you
know which figure you obtain with four points in a plane ? Note that if all the points are collinear,
we obtain a line segment (Fig. (i)), if three out of four points are collinear, we get a triangle
(Fig(ii)) and if any three points are not collinear, we obtain a closed figure with four sides (Fig (iii),
(iv)), we call such a figure as a quadrilateral.

A A
A

B D
B
D

A B C D B
C D C
(i) (ii) (iii) C (iv)

You can easily draw many more quadrilaterals and identify many around you. The
Quadrilateral formed in Fig (iii) and (iv) are different in one important aspect. How are they
different?
In this chapter we will study quadrilaterals only of type
D C
(Fig (iii)). These are convex quadrilaterals.
A quadrilateral is a simple closed figure bounded by four lines
in a plane. A B

The quadrilateral ABCD has four sides AB, BC, CD and C

DA, four vertices are A, B, C and D. A , B , C and D D
are the four angles formed at the vertices.
When we join the opposite vertices (A, C) and (B, D) A B
(Fig (vi)) AC and BD are the two diagonals of the Quadrilateral
ABCD.

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 QUADRILATERALS 175

8.2 P ROPER TIES

ROPERTIES OF A Q UADRIL
ADRILAATERAL

There are four angles in the interior of a quadrilateral. Can we find the sum of these four
angles? Let us recall the angle sum property of a triangle. We can use this property in finding sum
of four interior angles of a quadrilateral.
ABCD is a quadrilateral and AC is a diagonal (see figure).
We know the sum of the three angles of !!"ABC is,

CAB $ B $ BCA # 180 o ...(1) (Angle sum property of a triangle)

Similarly, in "ADC, C
D
CAD $ D $ DCA # 180 o ...(2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get A B
CAB $ B $ BCA $ CAD $ D $ DCA # 180 o $ 180 o

Since CAB $ CAD # A and BCA $ DCA # C

So, A + B+ C + D = 360o
i.e the sum of four angles of a quadrilateral is 360o or 4 right angles.

8.3 D IFFERENT TYPES OF QUADRIL

ADRILAATERALS
TERALS

Look at the quadrilaterals drawn below. We have come across most of them earlier. We
will quickly consider these and recall their specific names based on their properties.

D C D C
E F

B
A
(i) A B H G
(ii) (iii)

A A
B B
B O D

D C D (vi)
(iv) (v) C
C

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176 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

We observe that
l In fig. (i) the quadrilateral ABCD had one pair of opposite sides AB and DC parallel to
each other. Such a quadrilateral is called a trapezium.
If in a trapezium non parallel sides are equal, then the trapezium is an isoceles trapezium.
l In fig. (ii) both pairs of opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel such a quadrilateral is
called a parallelogram. Fig.(iii), (iv) and (v) are also parallelograms.
l In fig. (iii) parallelogram EFGH has all its angles as right angles. It is a rectangle.
l In fig. (iv) parallelogram has its adjacent sides equal and is called a Rhombus.
l In fig. (v) parallelogram has its adjacent sides equal and angles of 90° this is called a
square.
l The quadrilateral ABCD in fig.(vi) has the two pairs of adjacent sides equal, i.e.
AB = AD and BC = CD. It is called a kite.
Consider what Nisha says:
A rhombus can be a square or but all squares are not rhombuses.
Lalita Adds
All rectangles are parallelograms but all parallelograms are not rectangles.
Which of these statements you agree with?
Give reasons for your answer. Write other such statements about different types of
quadrilaterals.
Illustrative examples
Example-1. ABCD is a parallelogram and A = 60o. Find the remaining angles.
Solution : The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
So in a parallelogram ABCD
C = A = 60o and B = D
and the sum of consecutive angles of parallelogram is equal to 180o.
As A and B are consecutive angles
D C
o
D = B = 180 % A
= 180o % 60o = 120o.
Thus the remaining angles are 120o, 60o, 120o. 600
A B

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 QUADRILATERALS 177

Example-2. In a parallelogram ABCD, DAB = 40o find the other angles of the parallelogram.
Solution :
D C TRY THIS
D C
40°
A
B
40°
ABCD is a parallelogram A E
B
DAB = BCD = 40° and AD || BC Extend AB to E. Find CBE. What do
As sum of consective angles you notice. What kind of angles are
CBA + DAB = 180°
ABC and CBE ?
&!! CBA = 180 % 40°
= 140°
Find this we can find !! ADC = 140° and BCD = 40°
Example-3. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 4.5 cm and 3 cm. Find its perimeter.
Solution : Since the opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal the other two sides are 4.5 cm
and 3 cm.
Hence, the perimeter = 4.5 + 3 + 4.5 + 3 = 15 cm.
Example-4. In a parallelogram ABCD, the bisectors of the consecutive angles A and B
intersect at P. Show that A PB = 90o.

Solution : ABCD is a parallelogram AP and BP are bisectors of consecutive angles, A

and B.
As, the sum of consecutive angles of a parallelogram is supplementary,
A + B = 180o
D C
1 1 180 P
A$ B#
2 2 2
' PAB $ PBA # 90o
A B
In !"!APB,
PAB $ APB $ PBA # 180o (angle sum property of triangle)

APB # 180 0 % ( PAB $ PBA)

= 180o % 90o
= 90o
Hence proved.

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178 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

EXERCISE - 8.1
1. State whether the statements are True or False.
(i) Every parallelogram is a trapezium ( )
(ii) All parallelograms are quadrilaterals ( )
(iii) All trapeziums are parallelograms ( )
(iv) A square is a rhombus ( )
(v) Every rhombus is a square ( )
(vi) All parallelograms are rectangles ( )
2. Complete the following table by writing (YES) if the property holds for the particular
Quadrilateral and (NO) if property does not holds.
Properties Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus Rectangle square
a. One pair of opposite YES
sides are parallel
b. Two pairs of opposite
sides are parallel
c. Opposite sides are
equal
d. Opposite angles
are equal
e. Consecutive angles
are supplementary
f. Diagonals
bisect each other
g. Diagonals are equal
h. All sides are equal
i. Each angle is a
right angle
j. Diagonals are per-
pendicular to each
other.
3. ABCD is trapezium in which AB || CD. If AD = BC, show that A = B and
C = D .
4. The four angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1: 2:3:4. Find the measure of each angle
of the quadrilateral.
5. ABCD is a rectangle AC is diagonal. Find the angles of "ACD. Give reasons.

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 QUADRILATERALS 179

8.4 P ARALLEL OGRAM

ARALLELOGRAM AND THEIR P ROPER TIES
ROPERTIES

We have seen parallelograms are quadrilaterals. In the following we would consider the
properties of parallelograms.

DO THIS
Cut-out a parallelogram from a sheet of paper again and cut along one of its
diagonal. What kind of shapes you obtain? What can you say about these triangles?

Place one triangle over the other. Can you place each side over the other exactly. You may
need to turn the triangle around to match sides. Since, the two traingles match exactly they are
congruent to each other.
Do this with some more parallelograms. You can select any diagonal to cut along.
We see that each diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
Let us now prove this result.

Theorem-8.1 : A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.

Proof: Consider the parallelogram ABCD.
D C
Join A and C. AC is a diagonal of the parallelogram.

Since AB || DC and AC is transversal

DCA = CAB. (Interior alternate angles) A B

Similarly DA || CB and AC is a transversal therefore DAC = BCA.

We have in "ACD and "CAB

DCA = CAB and DAC = (CA

also AC = CA. (Common side)

Therefore "ABC ) "CDA.

This means by the two traingles by A.S.A. rule (angle, side and angle) are congruent. This
means that diagonal AC divides the parallelogram in two congruent parts.

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180 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

Theorem-8.2 : In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.

Proof: We have already proved that a diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent
triangles.
Thus in figure "ACD ) "CAB D C
We have therefore AB = DC and CBA = ADC
also AD = BC and DAC = ACB
A B
CAB = DCA
&! ACB + DCA = DAC + CAB
i.e. DAB = DCB
We thus have in a parallelogram
i. The opposite sides are equal.
ii. The opposite angles are equal.
It can be noted that with opposite sides of a convex quadrilateral being parallel we can
show the opposite sides and opposite angles are equal.
We will now try to show if we can prove the converse i.e. if the opposite sides of a
quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.
Theorem-8.3 : If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is a parallelogram.
Proof : Consider the quadrilateral ABCD with AB = DC and BC = AD.
Draw a diagonal AC. A D
Consider "ABC and "CDA
We have BC = AD, AB = DC and AC = CA (Common side)
So "ABC )!"CDA B C

Therefore BCA = DAC with AC as transversal

or AB || DC ...(1)
Since ACD = CAB with CA as transversal
We have BC || AD ...(2)
Therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram. By (1) and (2)
You have just seen that in a parallelogram both pairs of opposite sides are equal and
conversely if both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then it is a parallelogram.
Can we show the same for a quadrilateral for which the pairs of opposite angles are equal?

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 QUADRILATERALS 181

Theorem-8.4 : In a quadrilateral, if each pair of opposite angles are equal then it is a parallelogram.
Proof: In a quadrilateral ABCD, A= C and B= D then prove that ABCD is a
parallelogram.
We know A + B + C + D = 360°
D C
360* E
A+ B= C+ D=
2
i.e. A + B = 180°
A B
Extend DC to E
C + BCE = 180° hence BCE = ADC
If BCE = D then AD || BC (Why?)
With DC as a transversal
We can similarly show AB || DC or ABCD is a parallelogram.

EXERCISE - 8.2
1. In the adjacent figure ABCD is a parallelogram F D E C a n d
ABEF is a rectangle show that "AFD ) "BEC.
2. Show that the diagonals of a rhombus divide it into
four congruent triangles.
A B
3. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisector of C and
D intersect at O.
1
Prove that COD # ( A $ B)
2

8.5 D IA GON
IAGON ALS
ALS
GONAL OF A P ARALLELOGRAM
ARALLELOGRAM

Theorem-8.5 : The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Proof: Draw a parallelogram ABCD.
Draw both of its diagonals AC and BD to intersect at the point ‘O’.
In "OCD and "OAB D C
4 3
Mark the angles formed as 1, 2, 3, 4
O
1 = 3 (AB || CD and AC transversal)
1 2
A B
2 = 4 (Why) (Interior alternate angles)

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182 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

and AB = CD (Property of parallelogram)

By A.S.A congruency property
"OCD ) "OAB
CO= OA, DO = OB or diagonals bisect each other.
Hence we have to check if the converse is also true. Converse is if diagonals of a
quadrilateral bisect each other then it is a parallelogram.

Theorem-8.6 : If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each

D C
other then it is a parallelogram.
Proof: ABCD is a quadrilateral. O
AC and BD are the diagonals intersect at ‘O’,
such that OA = OC and OB = OD. A B
Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.
(Hint : Consider "AOB and "COD. Are these congruent? If so then what can we say?)

8.5.1 More geometrical statemenets

In the previous examples we have showed that starting from some general premises we
can find many statements that we can make about a particular figure(Parallelogram). We use
previous results to deduce new statements. Note that these statements need not be verified by
measurements as they have been shown as true in all cases.
Such statements that are deduced from the previously known and proved statements are
called corollary. A corollary is a statement the truth of which follows readily from an established
theorem.
Corollary-1 : Show that each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
Solution : Rectangle is a parallelogram in which one angle is a right angle.
We are given : ABCD is a rectangle. Let one angle is A = 90o D C
We have to show that B = C = D = 90o
Proof : Since ABCD is a parallelogram,
thus AD || BC and AB is a transversal A B
o
so A+ B = 180 ( Interior angles on the same side of a transversal)
as A = 90o (given)
o
& B = 180 % A
= 180o % 90o = 90o
Now C = A and D = B (opposite angles of parallelogram)
o o
So C = 90 and D = 90 .
Therefore each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.

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 QUADRILATERALS 183

Corollary-2 : Show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.
Proof : A rhombus is a parallelogram with all sides equal.
ABCD is a rhombus, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O C

We want to show that AC is perpendicular to BD

Consider "AOB and "BOC
OA = OC (Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other) D O B

OB = OB (common side to "AOB and "BOC)

AB = BC (sides of rhombus)
A
Therefore "AOB ) "BOC (S.S.S rule)

So AOB # BOC

But AOB $ BOC # 180o (Linear pair)

Therefore 2 AOB # 180 o

180o
or AOB # # 90o
2

Similarly BOC # COD # AOD # 90 o (Same angle)

Hence AC is perpendicular on BD
So, the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.

Corollary-3 : In a parallelogram ABCD, if the diagonal AC bisects the angle A, then ABCD is a
rhombus.
Proof : ABCD is a parallelogram
Therefore AB || DC. AC is the transversal intersects A and C
So, BAC # DCA (Interior alternate angles) ...(1)
BCA # DAC ...(2) D C

But it is given that AC bisects A

So BAC # DAC
A B
& DCA # DAC ...(3)

Thus AC bisects C also

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184 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

From (1), (2) and (3), we have

BAC # BCA
In "ABC, BAC = BCA means that BC = AB (isosceles triangle)
But AB = DC and BC = AD (opposite sides of the parallelogram ABCD)
& AB = BC = CD = DA
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.

Corollary-4 : Show that the diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length.

Proof : ABCD is a rectangle and AC and BD are its diagonals
We want to know AC = BD
ABCD is a rectangle, means ABCD is a parallelogram with all its angles equal to right
angle. D C
Consider the triangles " ABC and "BAD,
AB = BA (Common)
B= A = 90o (Each angle of rectangle) A B
BC = AD (opposite sides of the rectangle)
Therefore, " ABC ) "BAD (S.A.S rule)
This implies that AC = BD
or the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

Corollary-5 : Show that the angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.

Proof : ABCD is a parallelogram. The bisectors of angles D C
A , B , C and D intersect at P, Q, R, S to form P
a quadrilateral. (See adjacent figure) S
Q
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, AD || BC.
Consider AB as transversal intersecting them then R
A B
A + B =180o(Consecutive angles of Parallelogram)
1 1
We know BAP = A and ABP = ! B [Since AP and BP are the bisectors
2 2
of A and B respectively]
1 1 1
' A$ B # + 180o
2 2 2

Or BAP $ ABP # 90o ...(1)

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 QUADRILATERALS 185

But In "APB,

BAP $ APB $ ABP # 180o (Angle sum property of the triangle)

So A PB = 180o % ( BAP $ ABP)

' APB # 180o % 90o (From (1))

= 90o
We can see that SPQ = APB = 90°
Similarly, we can show that CRD = QRS = 90° (Same angle)
But BQC = PQR and DSA = PSR (Why?)
& PQR = QRS = PSR = SPQ = 90°
Hence PQRS has all the four angles equal to 90°.
We can therefore say PQRS is a rectangle.

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

1. Show that the diagonals of a square are equal and right bisectors of each other.
2. Show that the diagonals of a rhombus divide it into four congruent triangles.

Some Illustrative examples l

Example-5. AB and DC are two parallel lines and D R C

a transversal l, intersects AB at P and DC at R.
Prove that the bisectors of the interior angles form a S
Q
rectangle.
A P B
Proof : AB || DC , l is the transversal intersecting
AB at P and DC at R respectively.

Let PQ, RQ, RS and PS are the bisectors of RPB, CRP , DRP and APR
respectively.
BPR = DRP (Interior Alternate angles) ...(1)
1
But RPQ # BPR ( PQ is the bisector of BPR )
2
...(2)
1
also PRS # DRP ( RS is the bisector of DPR ).
2

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186 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

From (1) and (2)

RPQ # PRS
These are interior alternate angles made by PR with the lines PQ and RS

& PQ || RS
Similarly
PRQ = RPS, hence PS || RQ
Therefore PQRS is a parallelogram ... (3)
o
We have BPR + CRP = 180 (interior angles on the same side of
the transversal l with line AB || DC )
1 1
BPR $ CRP # 90o
2 2
' RPQ $ PRQ # 90 o
But in !" PQR,
RPQ $ PQR $ PRQ # 180o (three angles of a triangle)
PQR # 180o % ( RPQ $ PRQ)
= 180o % 90o = 90o ... (4)
From (3) and (4)
PQRS is a parallelogram with one of its angles as a right angle.
Hence PQRS is a rectangle

Example-6. In a triangle ABC, AD is the median drawn on the side BC is produced to E such
that AD = ED prove that ABEC is a parallelogram.
Proof : AD is the median of "!ABC A
Produce AB to E such that AD = ED
Join BE and CE.
B
Now In "s ABD and ECD D C
BD = DC (D is the midpoints of BC)
ADB # EDC (vertically opposite angles) E
AD = ED (Given)
So "ABD ) "ECD (SAS rule)
Therefore, AB = CE (CPCT)
also ABD # ECD
!""# !""# !""#
There are interior alternate angles made by the transversal BC with lines AB and CE .
!""# !""#
& AB || CE

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 QUADRILATERALS 187

Thus, in a Quadrilateral ABEC,

AB || CE and AB = CE
Hence ABEC is a parallelogram.

EXERCISE - 8.3
1. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are (3x % 2)o and (x + 48)o.
Find the measure of each angle of the parallelogram.
2. Find the measure of all the angles of a parallelogram, if one angle is 24o less than the twice
of the smallest angle.
3. In the adjacent figure ABCD is a D C
parallelogram and E is the
midpoint of the side BC. If DE E
and AB are produced to meet at
F, show that AF = 2AB. A F
B
D Q C
4. In the adjacent figure ABCD is a parallelogram P, Q are the
midpoints of sides AB and DC respectively. Show that
PBCQ is also a parallelogram.
A B
P

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.

AD bisects exterior angle QAC and CD || BA A D
as shown in the figure. Show that
(i) DAC # BCA
(ii) ABCD is a parallelogram
B C

6. ABCD is a parallelogram AP and CQ are

perpendiculars drawn from vertices A and C on D C
diagonal BD (see figure) show that P
(i) "APB ) "CQD
Q
(ii) AP = CQ A B

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188 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

7. In "s ABC and DEF, AB || DE; BC = EF and BC || EF. Vertices A, B and C are joined
to vertices D, E and F respectively (see figure). Show that
D
(i) ABED is a parallelogram A
(ii) BCFE is a parallelogram
(iii) AC = DF E F
B
(iv) "ABC ) "DEF C
D C
8. ABCD is a parallelogram. AC and BD are the diagonals Q
intersect at O. P and Q are the points of tri section of O
the diagonal BD. Prove that CQ || AP and also AC
P
bisects PQ (see figure).
A B

9. ABCD is a square. E, F, G and H are the mid points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
Such that AE = BF = CG = DH. Prove that EFGH is a square.

8.6 THE MIDPOINT THEOREM OF TRIANGLE

We have studied properties of triangle and of a quadrilateral. Let us try and consider the
midpoints of the sides of a triangle and what can be derived from them.

TRY THIS
Draw a triangle ABC and mark the midpoints E and F of two sides of triangle.
AB and AC respectively. Join the point E and F as shown in A
the figure.
Measure EF and the third side BC of the triangle. Also
measure AEF and ABC . E F

1
We find AEF = ABC and EF = BC
2 B C
As these are corresponding angles made by the transversal
AB with lines EF and BC, we say EF || BC.
Repeat this activity with some more triangles.

So, we arrive at the following theorem.

Theorem-8.7 : The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and also half of it.
Given : ABC is a triangle with E and F as the midpoints of AB and AC respectively.

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 QUADRILATERALS 189

1 A
We have to show that : (i) EF || BC (ii) EF = BC
2
Proof:- Join EF and extend it, and draw a line parallel to F D
E
BA through C to meet to produced EF at D.
In !"s AEF and "CDF
B C
AF = CF (F is the midpoint of AC)
AFE # CFD (vertically opposite angles.)

and AEF # CDF (Interior alternate angles as CD || BA with

transversal ED.)
By A.S.A congruency rule
& " AEF ) "CDF ASA congruency rule
Thus AE = CD and EF = DF (CPCT)
We know AE = BE
Therefore BE = CD
Since BE || CD and BE = CD, BCDE is a parallelogram.
So ED || BC
' EF || BC
As BCDE is a parallelogram, ED = BC(how ?) ( DF = EF)
But we have shown FD = DF
& 2EF = BC

1
Hence EF # BC
2
We can see that the converse of the above statement is also true. Let us state it and then
see how we can prove it.
Theorem-8.8 : The line drawn through the midpoint of one of the sides of a triangle and parallel
to another side will bisect the third side
Proof: Draw "ABC. Mark E as the mid point of side AB. Draw a line l passing through E and
parallel to BC. The line intersects AC at F.
Construct CD || BA
We have to show AF = CF

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190 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

Consider "AEF and "CFD A

EAF = DCF (BA || CD and AC is

transversal) (How ?)
E F D l
,EF = D (BA || CD and ED is
transversal) (How ?)
We can not prove the congruence of the B C
triangles as we have not shown any pair of sides in
the two triangles as equal.
To do so we consider EB || DC
ED || AC
Thus EDCB is a parallelogram and we have BE = DC.
Since BE = AE we have AE = DC.
Hence "AEF ) "CFD
& AF = CF

Some more examples A

Example-7. In "ABC, D, E and F are the midpoints of

sides AB, BC and CA respectively. Show that "ABC is
divided into four congruent triangles, when the three midpoints D F
are joined to each other. ("DEF is called medial triangle)

Proof : D, E are midpoints of AB and AC of triangle ABC

B C
respectively E
so by Mid-point Theorem,
DE || AC
Similarly DF || BC and EF || AB.
Therefore ADEF, BEFD, CFDE are all parallelograms
In the parallelogram ADEF, DF is the diagonal
So "ADF ) "DEF (Diagonal divides the parallelogram into
two congruent triangles)
Similarly "BDE ) "DEF

and "CEF ) "DEF

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 QUADRILATERALS 191

So, all the four triangles are congruent. p q

We have shown that a triangle ABC is divided

in to four congruent traingles by joining the midpoints A D
of the sides. l

Example-8. l, m and n are three parallel lines B G E

intersected by the transversals p and q at A, B, C
and D,E, F such that they make equal intercepts m
AB and BC on the transversal p. Show that the
intercepts DE and EF on q are also equal. C F
n
Proof : We need to connect the equality of AB
and BC to comparing DE and EF. We join A to F
and call the intersection point with ‘m’ as G.
In "ACF, AB = BC (given)
Therefore B is the midpoint of AC.
and BG || CF (how ?)
So G is the midpoint of AF (By the theorem).
Now in "!AFD, we can apply the same reason as G is the midpoint of AF and GE || AD,
E is the midpoint of DF.
Thus DE = EF.
Hence l, m and n cut off equal intersects on q also.

Example-9. In the Fig. AD and BE are medians of "ABC and BE || DF. Prove that
1
CF = AC.
4
Proof : If "!ABC, D is the midpoint of BC and BE || DF; By Theorem F is the midpoint of CE.
A
1
&!CF = CE
2

1-1 .
# / AC 0 (How ?) E
21 2 2
F
1
Hence CF = AC .
4 B C
D
Example-10. ABC is a triangle and through A, B, C lines are drawn parallel to BC, CA and AB
respectively intersecting at P, Q and R. Prove that the perimeter of "PQR is double the perimeter
of "ABC.

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192 IX-CLASS MATHEMATICS

Proof : AB || QP and BC || RQ So ABCQ is a parallelogram. R A

Q
Similarly BCAR, ABPC are parallelograms
& BC = AQ and BC = RA
' A is the midpoint of QR B C
Similarly B and C are midpoints of PR and PQ
respectively.
1 1 1
& AB # PQ; BC # QR and CA # PR (How) P
2 2 2
(State the related theorem)
Now perimeter of "PQR = PQ + QR + PR
= 2AB + 2BC + 2CA
= 2(AB + BC + CA)
= 2 (perimeter of "ABC).
EXERCISE - 8.4
1
1. ABC is a triangle. D is a point on AB such that AD # AB and E is a
4
1
point on AC such that AE # AC. If DE = 2 cm find BC.
4
2. ABCD is quadrilateral E, F, G and H are the midpoints of AB, BC, CD and DA
respectively. Prove that EFGH is a parallelogram.
3. Show that the figure formed by joining the midpoints of sides of a rhombus successively
is a rectangle.
4. In a parallelogram ABCD, E and F are the midpoints of the D F C
sides AB and DC respectively. Show that the line segments
AF and EC trisect the diagonal BD. P
5. Show that the line segments joining the midpoints of the Q
opposite sides of a quadrilateral and bisect each other.
6. ABC is a triangle right angled at C. A line through the midpoint A B
E
M of hypotenuse AB and Parallel to BC intersects AC at D. Show that
(i) D is the midpoint of AC A

(ii) MD 3 AC
1 D M
(iii) CM = MA = AB .
2

C B

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 QUADRILATERALS 193

WHAT
HAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED
HAVE

1. A quadrilateral is a simple closed figure formed by four lines in a plane.

2. The sum of four angles in a quadrilateral is 3600 or 4 right angles.
3. Trapezium, parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square and kite are special types of
quadrilaterals
4. Parallelogram is a special type of quadrilateral with many properties. We have proved
the following theorems.
a) The diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
b) The opposite sides and angles of a parallelogram are equal.
c) If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal then it is a parallelogram.
d) If each pair of opposite angles are equal then it is a parallelogram.
e) Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
f) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other then it is a parallelogram.
5. Mid point theorm of triangle and converse
a) The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and also half of it.
b) The line drawn through the midpoint of one of the sides of a triangle and parallel
to another side will bisect the third side.

Brain teaser
1. Creating triangles puzzle

Add two straight lines to the above diagram and produce 10 triangles.
2. Take a rectangular sheet of paper whose length is 16 cm and breadth is 9 cm. Cut it
in to exactly 2 pieces and join them to make a square.

9 cm
16 cm
12 cm

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