PROJECT REPORT ON LIBRARY MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

PGDCA

Submitted By

Amandeep Kaur
Regd. No. 39512
Simarjeet Kaur
Regd. No. 39520

DAV COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

FEROZEPUR
CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO.

1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. Existing System

5. Proposed System

6. System Development Life Cycle

 System Analysis
 System Design
 System Testing and Maintenance
7. Hardware and Software Used

8. About PHP

9. Database Used
 Tables definitions
10. Data Flow Diagram
11. Context Level DFD
12. First Level DFD

13. Application Screen Shots

14. Results and discussion

15. Bibliography
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the report entitled “Library Management”
by “Amandeep Kaur And Simaranjeet Kaur” in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of
degree of PGDCA submitted to Punjab University, Department of
Computer Science at DAV College For Women, Ferozepur under PUNJAB UNIVERSITY, Chandighar
is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from 1st Feb 2018 to 15th April 2018
under
the supervision of Miss Anu.

Signature of the Student

(Name of Student)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my/our
knowledge.

Signature of the SUPERVISOR (S)

(Name of Supervisor(s))

Signature of H.O.D.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am highly grateful to the Pooja Chugh, HOD (Compute Department), and Training & Placement Officer,
DAV College For Women, Ferozepur, for providing this opportunity to carry out the six month Project.
.

I would like to expresses my gratitude to other faculty members of Computer Science

department of DAV, Ferozepur for providing academic inputs, guidance & encouragement throughout the
training period.

The help rendered by Ms Pooja, Supervisor for experimentation is greatly acknowledged.

Above all, I accord my cordial regards to my parents, and my siblings for their affection and
blessings without which this study would not have been completed.

Finally, I express my indebtedness to all who have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful
completion of my industrial training.

Signature of Candidate
INTRODUCTION

Library Manager is Library management software for monitoring and controlling the transactions
in a library .The project “Library Management System” is developed in PHP, which mainly
focuses on basic operations in a library like adding new member, new books, and updating new
information, searching books and members and facility to borrow and return books.
“Library Management System” is a web application written for 32-bit Windows operating systems,
designed to help users maintain and organize library. Our software is easy to use for both
beginners and advanced users. It features a familiar and well thought-out, an attractive user
interface, combined with strong searching Insertion and reporting capabilities. The report
generation facility of library system helps to get a good idea of which are the books borrowed by
the members, makes users possible to generate reports’ hard copy.
The software Library Management System has four main modules.

 Insertion to Database Module – User friendly input screen

 Extracting from Database module – Attractive Output Screen
 Report Generation module – borrowed book list & Available book list
 Search Facility system – search for books and members
Characteristics of Library Management
 Helps student to search books and availability
 If available student can registered online for issue of book
 Helps students to find their fine and books have been issued to one.
 Maintains record of a student for his whole tenure
 Admin will able be to record how many of particular book in Library.
 They have a record of when new orders of a specified product are due to be delivered.
 It can be used to search for the details of the supplier e.g. Name, Address, Phone Number.
 It can be used for just in time ordering (Items only ordered as they are needed.
 They can produce lists of Books stocked and suppliers.
 Hold minimum and maximum stock levels.
 Automatic reordering when minimum stock level reached.
 Automatic ordering can be overridden by staff if necessary.
 Look up delivery times for products ordered.

EXISTING SYSTEM
In existing system there is lot of overhead and wastage of time occurred during data retrieval. It is very
slow and does not provide the complied reports of the student marks.

PROBLEMS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

1. Time consuming:

The existing system had not a common security framework. So building security for every
application separately was time consuming and difficult. Due to the voluminous data it takes a
huge time to search for a particular piece of information as to search a particular record you have
to manually look through the files which is tiresome and time-consuming.

2. High Cost:

Huge cost and efforts required for building security framework. Cost goes high due to
maintaining basic records of students again and again for every updating. Efforts increases due to
the need of maintaining redundant information.

3. Ascertained control:

In existing system whole data was scattered in files so to find any type of information was difficult.
To get information of different people needed to visit different places and line up again and again
which causes wastage of time.

4. Erroneous Results:

Many times the system leads to inaccurate results. The correction of these errors becomes even more
difficult due to written nature of data maintained.

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Our System is designed to fulfill the user requirements. From a proper analysis of positive points and
constraints on the component, it can be safely concluded that the product is a highly efficient GUI based
component. This Component can be easily plugged in many other systems. Also the component is user
friendly. Generally the different departments have to face a lot of problems in t management of the people
information. This all information has to manage manually. So there is a need to develop systems that can
serve the mentioned problem. This project comes with just that solution.

FEATURES

1. Reduced paperwork.

Everything is saves on computers and no paper work is required to save the details of students.
Hence paperwork is reduced.

2. Reduced storage area

No files need to be maintained therefore no bulky material need to be kept. Each and everything is
in computer.

3. Improved output of operators.

As processing of computers is fast so is its output. Hence the output of operators also increases.

4. Improved accuracy in result.

All the calculation work is done automatic by computer and all other work is automatic, hence the
chances of errors decreases to a great extent.

5. Manage the man and machine resources efficiently.

Resource management in terms of man power and machinery is efficient and cost effective.

6. User friendly interface

Project is very user friendly. Everything is one click away.

7. Secured check in, check out & updates.

Everything is password protected so only the person having the password will be allowed to login.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

Preliminary System Study

Preliminary system study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is a brief
investigation of the system under consideration and gives a clear picture of what actually the
physical system? In practice, the initial system study involves the preparation of a ‘System
Proposal’ which lists the Problem Definition, Objectives of the Study, Terms of reference for
Study, Constraints, Expected benefits of the new system, etc. in the light of the user requirements.
The system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the system) and places it
before the user management. The management may accept the proposal and the cycle proceeds to
the next stage. The management may also reject the proposal or request some modifications in the
proposal. In summary, we would say that system study phase passes through the following steps:

1. Problem identification and project initiation

2. Background analysis
3. Inference or findings (system proposal)

Feasibility Study

In case the system proposal is acceptable to the management, the next phase is to examine the
feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the
light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and of course, the
cost effectiveness. These are categorized as technical, operational, economic and schedule
feasibility. The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope.
In the process of feasibilitystudy, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy to find
the Return on Investment (ROI). This also defines the resources needed to complete the detailed
investigation. The result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be accepted
or accepted with modifications or rejected. The system cycle proceeds only if the management
accepts it.
Detailed System Study

The detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance with the objectives of the
proposed system. This involves detailed study of various operations performed by a system and
their relationships within and outside the system. During this process, data are collected on the
available files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Interviews, on-site
observation and questionnaire are the tools used for detailed system study. Using the following
steps it becomes easy to draw the exact boundary of the new system under consideration:

1. Keeping in view the problems and new requirements

2. Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system.
3. All the data and the findings must be documented in the form of detailed data flow
diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specification.
4. Specification of what the new system is to accomplish based on the user requirements.
5. Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be performed by the new system and their
relationship with each other.
6. Functional network, which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight the
functions which are common to more than one procedure.
7. List of attributes of the entities – these are the data items.

System Analysis

Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved,
identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system
functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand
the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the
weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes
subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and
manual processes. The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for each business
process: What is being done How is it being done, Who is doing it, When is he doing it, Why is it
being done and How can it be improved? It is more of a thinking process and involves the creative
skills of the System Analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the
current needs of the user and has scope for future growth within the organizational constraints. The
result of this process is a logical system design. Systems analysis is an iterative process that
continues until a preferred and acceptable solution emerges.

System Design

Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must
be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of
a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical
system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
1. Preliminary or General Design
2. Structured or Detailed Design
 1. Preliminary or General Design:
In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs
of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is
still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage.
2. Structured or Detailed Design:
In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the
design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blue print of a
computer system solution to a given problem having the same components and inter-
relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases,
forms, codification schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the
design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which
the new system will run are also decided. There are several tools and techniques used for
describing the system design of the system. These tools and techniques are:
1. Flowchart
2. Data flow diagram (DFD)
3. Data dictionary
4. Structured English

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

Implementation phase of the software development is concerned with translating the design specifications
into the source code. After the system has been designed, arrives the stage of putting it into actual usage
known as the implementation of the system.

This involves putting up of actual practical usage of the theoretically designed system. The primary
goal of implementation is to write the source code and the internal documentation so that performance of
the code to its specifications can easily be verified and so the debugging, modifications & testing are
eased.
 This goal can be achieved by making the source code as clear and as straightforward as possible.
Simplicity, Elegance & clarity are the hallmarks of good programs whereas complexities are indications
of inadequate design & misdirected thinking.

The system implementation is a fairly complex & expensive task requiring numerous interdependent
activities. It involves the effort of a number of groups of people: user and the programmers & the
computer operating staff etc. This needs a proper planning to carry out successfully. Thus it involves the
following activities:

 Writing & testing of programs individually.

 Testing the system as a whole using the live data.
 Training & Education of the users & supervisory staff.

SYSTEM TESTING:

The most important activity at the implementation stage is the system testing with the objective of
validating the system against the designed criteria. During the development cycle, user was involved in all
the phases that are analysis, design & coding.

After each phase the user was asked whether he was satisfied with the output & the desired rectification
was done at the moment. During coding, generally bottom up technique is used. Firstly the lower level
modules are coded & then they are integrated together. Thus before implementation, it involves the testing
of the system.
 The testing phase involves testing first of separate parts of the system & then finally of the system as a
whole. Each independent module is tested first & then the complete system is tested. This is the most
important phase of the system development. The user carries out this testing & test data is also prepared
by the user to check for all possible combinations of correct data as well as the wrong data that is trapped
by the system.

TESTING STRATEGIE’S :

A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a well-planned series of
steps that result in the successful construction of software. An important software testing strategy provides
a road map. Testing is a set of activities that can be planned in advance & conducted systematically.
Various strategies are given below:

 Unit Testing: Unit testing focuses verification efforts on the smallest unit of software design i.e.
Module. Using the procedural design description as a guide, important control paths are test to
uncover errors within the boundary of the module.
 Integration Testing: Integration Testing is a systematic technique for constructing the program
structure while conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing.
 Acceptance Testing: To ensure that the final system, as it will be delivered, compiles with all the
client’s requirements of the system, as detailed in the SRS. If minor alterations are required, then
some form of regression testing may also have to be used.
 Validation Testing: At the culmination of integration testing, software is completely assembled as
a package; interfacing errors have been uncovered & corrected & a final series of software test
validation testing may begin.
 System Testing: Software is incorporated with the other system element & a series of system
integration and validation test are conducted. The various types of system testing are:
(i) Recovery Testing: Many computer based system must recover from faults & resume
processing within a pre specified time.
(ii) Security Testing: Security testing attempts to verify that protection mechanism built into a
system will in fact protect it from improper penetration.
(iii) Stress Testing: Stress tests are designed to comfort programs with abnormal situations.
(iv) Performance Testing: Performance testing is designed to test runtime performance of software
within the context of an integrated system.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE USED

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
Hardware Requirements:-

 Microprocessor Intel centurian Duo

 RAM 256 MB or more
 Operating system Windows XP,Windows 7
 Web Browser Mozilla Firefox, Opera mini

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
FRONT END:

 HTML

 PHP

BACK END:

 MySQL Server

Above mentioned system requirements are the minimum requirements that are needed to run this
system. The user may have more than above discussed system requirements.

HTML

 HTML stands for hypertext markup language. It was created by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, the
European Laboratory for particle physics in Geneva. It was later modified to act as a universally
understood language.

 HTML is a special formatting language that defines the appearance and contents of a web page.

 Its specific syntax rules allows you to define the placement and the format of text, graphics, sound
and videos on the web page.
  It is extremely simple and requires no knowledge of programming in its basic form.

 HTML is one of the most commonly used interface language used now a days for the web.

 Each word in HTML has a special meaning.

HYPERTEXT:

Refers to the text which acts as a link. You can jump to any webpage on the internet by simply
clicking at the text which acts as a link.

MARKUP:

Refers to the symbols or sequence of characters added to the ordinary text to define the structure of the
text. It can also specify links to other documents. The symbols used for markup tell the browser how
to display the text and are often called tags.

LANGUAGE:

Refers to the syntax that is similar to any other language.

So, HTML is a method where ordinary text can be converted into hypertext using a special set of
symbols to control the layout and appearance of the text.

CSS(cascading style sheet)

CSS is a presentation definition language that is used to control the layout of HTML documents by
attaching styles. With css , you can apply styles such as color of the text, set margins, style of fonts,
background images used, spacing between paragraphs and words and much more.

CSS was developed by W3C in 1997 and is supported by all the browsers. With CSS, the
site maintenance was made a lot easier as it separates the presentation style of the document with the
content of the document. This CSS document when linked to the web page of a web site provides a
consistent look to all the web pages as they take on the characteristics specified in the style sheet at once.

Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

Introduction

Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed
for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded into HTML and generally runs
on a web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP code and create web page content from
it.Originally designed for producing dynamic web pages, it has evolved to include a command line
interface capability and can be used in standalonegraphical applications.

While PHP was originally created by RasmusLerdorf in 1995, the main implementation of PHP is now
produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal
specification. Released under the PHP License, the Free Software Foundation considers it to be free
software.

It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating system and platform free of charge.
PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web servers. The most recent major
release of PHP was version 5.2.6 on May 1, 2008.

PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development
and can be embedded into HTML. It generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and
creating web pages as output. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating
system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on more than 20 million websites and 1 million web
servers. The most recent major release of PHP was version 5.2.6 on May 1, 2008.

History

The first version of PHP, PHP/FI, was developed by RasmusLerdorf as a means of monitoring page views
for his online resume and slowly started making a mark in mid 1995. This version of PHP had support for
some basic functions, primarily the capability to handle form data and support for the mySQL database.
PHP/FI 1.0 was followed by PHP/FI 2.0 and, in turn, quickly supplanted in 1997 by PHP 3.0. PHP 3.0,
developed by AndiGutmans and ZeevSuraski, was where things started to get interesting. PHP 3.0 was a
complete rewrite of the original PHP/FI implementation and it included support for a wider range of
databases, including MySQL and Oracle. PHP 3.0’s extensible architecture encouraged independent
developers to begin creating their own language extensions, which served to increase the language’s
popularity in the developer community. Before long, PHP 3.0 was installed on hundreds of thousands of
web servers, and more and more people were using it to build database-backed web applications. PHP 4.0,
which was released in 2003, used a new engine to deliver better performance, greater reliability and
scalability, support for web servers other than Apache, and a host of new language features, including
built-in session management and better OOP support. And, as if that wasn’t enough, the current version of
PHP, PHP 5.0, offers a completely revamped object model that uses object handles for more consistent
behaviour when passing objects around, as well as abstract classes, destructors, multiple interfaces, and
class type hints. PHP 5.0 also includes better exception handling, a more consistent XML toolkit,
improved MySQL support, and a better memory manager. So far, all these changes have conspired to
make PHP 5.0 the best PHP release in the language’s ten-year history. a fact amply illustrated by the
April 2004 Netcraft survey, which shows PHP in use on over fifteen million web sites.

Features of PHP

As a programming language for the Web, PHP is hard to ignore. Clean syntax, object-oriented
fundamentals, an extensible architecture that encourages innovation, support for both current and
upcoming technologies and protocols, and excellent database integration are just some of the reasons for
the popularity it currently enjoys in the developer community.

Simplicity

Because PHP uses a consistent and logical syntax, and because it comes with a clearly written manual,
even novices find it easy to learn. In fact, the quickest way to learn PHP is to step through the manual’s
introductory tutorial, and then start looking at code samples off the Web. Within a few hours, you’ll have
learned the basics and will be confident enough to begin writing your own scripts. This adherence to the
KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) principle has made PHP popular as a prototyping and rapid application
development tool for web applications. PHP can even access C libraries and take advantage of program
code written for this language, and the language is renowned for the tremendous flexibility it allows
programmers in accomplishing specific tasks.

Portability

With programming languages, portability—the ease with which a program can be made to work on
different platforms—is an important factor. PHP users have little to fear here, because cross-platform
development has been an important design goal of PHP since PHP 3.0. Today, PHP is available for a wide
variety of platforms, including UNIX, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and OS/2. Additionally, because
PHP code is interpreted and not compiled, PHP scripts written on one platform usually work as is on any
other platform for which an interpreter exists.
Speed

Out of the box, PHP scripts run faster than most other scripting languages, with numerous independent
benchmarks putting the language ahead of competing alternatives like JSP, ASP.NET, and Perl. When
PHP 4.0 was first released, it raised the performance bar with its completely new parsing engine. PHP 5.0
improves performance even further through the use of an optimized memory manager, and the use of
object handles that reduce memory consumption and help applications run faster.

Open Source

Possibly the best thing about PHP is that it’s free—its source code is freely available on the Web, and
developers can install and use it without paying licensing fees or investing in expensive hardware or
software. Using PHP can thus significantly reduce the development costs of a software application,
without compromising on either reliability or performance. The open-source approach also ensures faster
bug fixes and quicker integration of new technologies into the core language, simply due to the much
larger base of involved developers.
Extensible

Keeping future growth in mind, PHP’s creators built an extensible architecture that enables developers to
easily add support for new technologies to the language through modular extensions. This extensibility
keeps PHP fresh and always at the cutting edge of new technology. To illustrate this, consider what PHP
lets you do through its add-on modules: dynamically create image, PDF, and SWF files; connect to IMAP
and POP3 servers; interface with MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQLite databases; handle electronic
payments; parse XML documents; and execute Perl, Java, and COM code through a PHP script. And as if
all that wasn’t enough, there’s also an online repository of free PHP classes called PEAR, the PHP
Extension and Application Repository, which provides a source of reusable, bug-free PHP components.

XML and Database Support

Regardless of whether your web application sources its data from an XML file or a database, PHP has you
covered. PHP 5.0 comes with an improved MySQL extension that enables you to take advantage of new
features in the MySQL RDBMS (including sub queries, transactions, and referential integrity), and the
language also supports DB2, PostgreSQL, Oracle, mSQL, MS-SQL, Informix, Sybase, and SQLite.
Alternatively, if it’s XML you’re after, PHP 5.0 offers a completely redesigned XML API built around the
libxml2 toolkit; this API supports SAX, DOM, and XSLT, as well as the new SimpleXML and SOAP
extensions.

Usage

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP generally
runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It can also be used
for command-line scripting and client-sideGUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers,
many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management
systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to
build, customize and extend for their own use.

PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions
and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. It can automatically detect
the language of the user. From PHP 4, the PHP parsercompiles input to produce bytecode for processing
by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.

Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP's principal focus is server-side scripting, and it is
similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client,
such as Microsoft's ASP.NET system, Sun Microsystems' JavaServerPages, and mod_perl. PHP has also
attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to
promote rapid application development (RAD). The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web
industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside
Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl.

Speed optimization

As with many scripting languages, PHP scripts are normally kept as human-readable source code, even on
production web servers. Therefore, these PHP scripts will be compiled at runtime by the PHP engine.
Compiling at runtime increases the execution time of the script because it adds an extra step in runtime.
PHP scripts can be compiled before runtime using PHP compilers just like other programming languages
such as C (the programming language PHP is programmed in and used to program PHP extensions).

Code optimizers improve the quality of the compiled code by reducing its size and making changes that
can reduce the execution time and improve performance. The nature of the PHP compiler is such that
there are often opportunities for code optimization, and an example of a code optimizer is the Zend
Optimizer PHP extension.

PHP accelerators can offer significant performance gains by caching the compiled form of a PHP script in
shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs.

Security

The proportion of insecure software written in PHP, out of the total of all common software
vulnerabilities, amounted to: 12% in 2003, 20% in 2004, 28% in 2005, 43% in 2006, 36% in 2007, and
33.8% for the first quarter of 2008. More than a third of these PHP software vulnerabilities are listed
recently. Most of these software vulnerabilities can be exploited remotely, that is without being logged on
the computer hosting the vulnerable application. The most common vulnerabilities are caused by not
following best practice programming rules and vulnerabilities related to software written in old PHP
versions. One very common security concern is register_globals which was disabled by default since 2002
in PHP 4.2.

There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch, especially designed for web
hosting environments. Installing PHP as a CGI binary rather than as an Apache module is the preferred
method for added security.
Resources

PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a fundamentally Internet-aware
system with modules built in for accessing FTP servers, many database servers, embedded SQL libraries
such as embedded MySQL and SQLite, LDAP servers, and others. Many functions familiar to C
programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build. PHP has
traditionally used features such as "magic_quotes_gpc" and "magic_quotes_runtime" which attempt to
escape apostrophes (') and quotes (") in strings in the assumption that they will be used in databases, to
prevent SQL injection attacks. This leads to confusion over which data is escaped and which is not, and to
problems when data is not in fact used as input to a database and when the escaping used is not completely
correct. To make code portable between servers which do and do not use magic quotes, developers can
preface their code with a script to reverse the effect of magic quotes when it is applied.

PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. These can then
be compiled into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for
the Windows API, process management on Unix-likeoperating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode),
cURL, and several popular compression formats. Some more unusual features include integration with
Internet relay chat, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, and even speech synthesis.
The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP
language.

DATABASE DESIGN

A database is an organized mechanism that has the capability of storing information through which a
user can retrieve stored information in an effective and efficient manner. The data is the purpose of any
database and must be protected.
The database design is a two level process. In the first step, user requirements are gathered together and a
database is designed which will meet these requirements as clearly as possible. This step is called
Information Level Design and it is taken independent of any individual DBMS.
In the second step, this Information level design is transferred into a design for the specific DBMS
that will be used to implement the system in question. This step is called Physical Level Design,
concerned with the characteristics of the specific DBMS that will be used. A database design runs parallel
with the system design. The organization of the data in the database is aimed to achieve the following two
major objectives:
 • Data Integrity

• Data independence

Normalization is the process of decomposing the attributes in an application, which results in a set of
tables with very simple structure. The purpose of normalization is to make tables as simple as possible.
Normalization is carried out in this system for the following reasons.
• To structure the data so that there is no repetition of data , this helps insaving.

• To permit simple retrieval of data in response to query and report request.

• To simplify the maintenance of the data through updates, insertions, deletions.

• To reduce the need to restructure or reorganize data which new application Requirements
arise.

RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (RDBMS)

A relational model represents the database as a collection of relations. Each relation resembles a table of
values or file of records. In formal relational model terminology, a row is called a tuple, a column header
is called an attribute and the table is called a relation. A relational database consists of a collection of
tables, each of which is assigned a unique name. A row in a tale represents a set of related values.
RELATIONS, DOMAINS & ATTRIBUTES:
A table is a relation. The rows in a table are called tuples. A tuple is an ordered set of n elements.
Columns are referred to as attributes. Relationships have been set between every table in the database.
This ensures both Referential and Entity Relationship Integrity. A domain D is a set of atomic values. A
common method of specifying a domain is to specify a data type from which the data values forming the
domain are drawn. It is also useful to specify a name for the domain to help in interpreting its values.
Every value in a relation is atomic, that is not decomposable.

RELATIONSHIPS:
• Table relationships are established using Key. The two main keys of prime importance are Primary
Key & Foreign Key. Entity Integrity and Referential Integrity Relationships can be established
with these keys.

• Entity Integrity enforces that no Primary Key can have null values.

• Referential Integrity enforces that no Primary Key can have null values.
 • Referential Integrity for each distinct Foreign Key value, there must exist a matching Primary Key
value in the same domain. Other key are Super Key and Candidate Keys.

• Relationships have been set between every table in the database. This ensures both Referential and
Entity Relationship Integrity.

NORMALIZATION:

As the name implies, it denoted putting things in the normal form. The application developer via
normalization tries to achieve a sensible organization of data into proper tables and columns and where
names can be easily correlated to the data by the user. Normalization eliminates repeating groups at data
and thereby avoids data redundancy which proves to be a great burden on the computer resources. These
includes:
• Normalize the data.

• Choose proper names for the tables and columns.

• Choose the proper name for the data.

First Normal Form:

The First Normal Form states that the domain of an attribute must include only atomic values and that the
value of any attribute in a tuple must be a single value from the domain of that attribute. In other words
1NF disallows “relations within relations” or “relations as attribute values within tuples”. The only
attribute values permitted by 1NF are single atomic or indivisible values.
The first step is to put the data into First Normal Form. This can be donor by moving data into
separate tables where the data is of similar type in each table. Each table is given a Primary Key or
Foreign Key as per requirement of the project. In this we form new relations for each nonatomic attribute
or nested relation. This eliminated repeating groups of data.
A relation is said to be in first normal form if only if it satisfies the constraints that contain the primary
key only.
Second Normal Form:
According to Second Normal Form, for relations where primary key contains multiple attributes, no
nonkey attribute should be functionally dependent on a part of the primary key.
In this we decompose and setup a new relation for each partial key with its dependent attributes.
Make sure to keep a relation with the original primary key and any attributes that are fully functionally
dependent on it. This step helps in taking out data that is only dependant on apart of the key.
A relation is said to be in second normal form if and only if it satisfies all the first normal form conditions
for the primary key and every non-primary key attributes of the relation is fully dependent on its primary
key alone.
Third Normal Form:
According to Third Normal Form, Relation should not have a nonkey attribute functionally determined
by another nonkey attribute or by a set of nonkey attributes. That is, there should be no transitive
dependency on the primary key.
In this we decompose and set up relation that includes the nonkey attributes that functionally
determines other nonkey attributes. This step is taken to get rid of anything that does not depend entirely
on the Primary Key.
A relation is said to be in third normal form if only if it is in second normal form and more over the non
key attributes of the relation should not be depend on other non-key attribute.
SNAPSHOTS OF DATABASE

TABLES STRUCTURE

 Project database
Admin table
Author Table -> tblauthors
Book Table > tblbooks
Category Table -> tblcategory
Issue book details Table -> tblissusbookdetails
Student Table -> tblstudents
Snapshots
Home Page

Signup

Student Login
Admin Login

Dashboard
ADD CATEGORY

MANAGE CATEGORY
ADD AUTHOR

MANAGE AUTHOR
ADD BOOK

MANAGE AUTHOR
HOME PAGE
About us
Contact us
Agent login
Travel agency info
Tour info
User login
Family tour
Adventure tours
Religious tours
Special event tours
National parks
FLOW OF PROJECT
DIFFERENT MODULES

Whole Project is divided in 2 Modules followed by access to various Services benefit approved by
Administration Part.

1. DATA ENTERY INTERFACE

Admin can access all the services. Moreover can Insert, Update, and Select all the subject and
class details and reports. Basic work of data entry operator is to insert initial data into database
through the information that he gets from various departments.
2. OPERATOR-INTERFACE

Operator is provided with right to insert and check reports. Operator can enter new data as well as
do data retrieved and reports are issued of every updation done by that operator. At the end of the
day Operator can check student details, their marks and update records.

Work in the project will be done in the following way:

1. The categories of services are decided, uploaded and defined manually.
2. A server is used for storing the record of various services.
3. Record are stored and retrieved successfully.
4. Data is fully secured by allotting the permission to users at different level.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is an important technique for modeling a system’s high-level detail by
showing how input data is transformed to output results through a sequence of functional
transformations. DFDs reveal relationships among and between the various components in a
program or system. DFDs consist of four major components: entities, processes, data stores and
data flow.

Advantages of data flow diagrams

 It gives further understanding of the interestedness of the system and sub-systems
 It is useful from communicating current system knowledge to the user
 Used as part of the system documentation files
 Dataflow diagram helps to substantiate the logic underlining the dataflow of the
organization
 It gives the summary of the system
 DFD is very easy to follow errors and it is also useful for quick reference to the
development team for locating and controlling errors

DFD SYMBOLS

 Data Process :
A data process transforms data values. A label should be places
within the oval.
 Data Store :
A data store stores data passively for later access. It responds to request to store and access
data.
 Actor :
An actor produces and consumes data, driving the dfd. System interacts with people through
actor.
 Data Flow :
A data flow moves data between processes or between processes and data stores.

ER Diagram
Admin Panel
System Implementation
In computer science, an implementation is a realization of a technical specification or algorithm as
a program, software component, or other computer system. Basically when the system is actually
installed on the user’s site that is the implementation of the system implementation of the system.
Many implementations may exist for a given specification or standard computer.

Successful implementation may not guarantee improvement in the organization using the
new system, but improper installation will prevent it. It has been observed that even the best
system cannot show good result if the analysts managing the implementation do not attend to
every important detail. This is an area where the systems analysts need to work with most care.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.w3schools.com,
 www.google.com