SEMINAR REPORT

On

Submitted For Partial Fulfilment of Award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electrical Engineering
by
SURAJ PATEL
ROLL NO- 1605420042

Under the supervision of

Mrs. Kalpana kureel
(Assistant Professor)

Department of Electrical Engineering

BABU BANARASI DAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT, LUCKNOW
Affiliated to

Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow (U.P)

(2018-2019)
Seminar Report Paper Battery

Acknowledgment

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Prof. Rafik Ahmad

(HOD, Department of Electrical Engineering, BBDNITM Lucknow)
for the support and constant encouragement that he has provided.

I am very thankful to my seminar coordinator, Mrs.kalpana

kureel (Assistant Professor) for providing us with the facilities to
complete the project.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the

teaching and non-teaching staffs who shared their
unprecedented knowledge and valuable suggestions.

Last but not least, I thank all my classmates and friends for
their constant inspiration and support.

Department of EE BBDNITM, LKO

Seminar Report Paper battery

Abstract

Traditionally, electronics have been designed around their

batteries. In recent years, however, a new battery, known as the
paper battery, has been developed that can easily conform to
the size and shape of various electronics. The paper battery is
becoming increasingly significant as technology tends towards
thinner and more paper-like devices. This paper will include a
technical discussion of how the paper battery works. It will
assess the efficiency and explore the advantages of recent
developments in the fabrication of paper batteries. Several
applications of the paper battery will then be described, and
ethical issues that arise with it will be explored. This paper will
illustrate how the paper battery utilizes carbon nanotubes and
cellulose in its design to create a flexible battery while
maintaining electrical efficiency.
This description will be followed by a discussion on ethical
issues surrounding the paper battery, such as nanotoxicology;
since paper batteries use nanotechnology, any health risks must
be evaluated, especially for medical applications.

Department of EE BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………..…….1
2. HISTORY OF PAPER BATTERY…………………3
3. WHAT IS BATTERY………………………………..4
4. DEFINITION PF PAPER BATTERY………………5
5. APPLICATION……………………………………….6
5.1 IN ELECTRONICS………………………………6
5.2 IN MEDICAL SCIENCE…………………………7
5.3 IN AUTOMOBILE & AIRCRAFTS………………7
6. USE OF PAPER BATTERY…………………………8
7. STRUCTURE OF PAPER BATTERY………………9
8. CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER BATTERIES……….10
9. WORKING OF PAPER BATTERIES……………….11
10. NEEDS & LIMITATION OF PAPER BATTERIES …13
10.1 LIMITATION…………………………………….13
10.2 NEEDS…………………………………………..13
10.3 LIMITATION TIME ……………………………..13
10.4 LEAKAGE………………………………………..14
10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS…………… 14
11. ADVANTAGES……………………………………….15
12. DISADVANTAGES…………………………………..15
13. FUTURE SCOPE…………………………………….16
14. CONCLUSION………………………………………..17
15. REFERENCES……………………………………….18

Department of EE BBDNITM, LKO

Seminar Report Paper battery

Introduction

The continuously advancing technology of portable electronic

devices requires more flexible batteries to power them. Batteries
power a wide range of electronic devices including phones,
laptop computers and medical devices such as cardiac
pacemakers and defibrillators. With the ever increasing demand
for efficiency and design, there is a need for ultrathin, safe and
flexible energy storage options. A paper battery is a flexible,
ultra- thin energy storage and production device formed by
combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of
cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high
energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two components
that are separate in traditional electronics.
This combination allows the battery to provide long term, steady
power production and bursts of energy. Through the use of
super capacitors, batteries can be made that will deliver
renewable energy from bodily fluids such as blood or sweat. This
technology can be greatly utilized by medical devices. It
combines two essential materials, cellulose and carbon
nanotubes (CNTs), that fit the characteristics of spacer and
electrode and provide inherent flexibility as well as porosity to
the system..

Department of EE 1 BBDNITM, LKO

Seminar Report Paper battery

Cellulose, the main constituent of paper and an inexpensive

insulating separator structure with excellent biocompatibility, can
be made with adjustable porosity. CNTs, a structure with
extreme flexibility, have already been widely used as electrodes
in electrochemical devices.
By proper integration the output power of paper batteries can be
adapted to required level of voltage–current. This cellulose
based spacer is compatible with many possible electrolytes.
Researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the
battery’s electrolyte, as well as naturally occurring electrolytes
such as human sweat, blood and urine.
Due to the flexible nature of the cellulose and nanotubes, this
power source can be easily modified or placed in the body or
various medical devices. The need for surgery to replace
batteries on internal medical devices would be nonexistent. This
is because super capacitor does not show a loss in power
dissipation over time like normal chemical batteries do. Patients
with implanted medical devices will also benefit from the
flexibility because previous devices may cause discomfort for
person due to a larger solid power source.
As this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful
and could even save not only cost but lives also.

Department of EE 2 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

History of Paper Batteries

The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse

pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy
storage and chemistry. In August 2007, a research team at Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (led by Drs. Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John
H. Broadbent Senior Constellation Professor of Biocatalysis and
Metabolic Engineering at Rensselaer; Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of
materials science and engineering; and Omkaram Nalamasu, professor
of chemistry with a joint appointment in materials science and
engineering) developed the paper battery.
Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with postdoctoral
research associates Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani Kumar and
Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and lead researchers of
the project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and
Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert
Vajtai.

Department of EE 3 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

What is Battery

Battery or voltaic cell is a combination of many electrochemical

Galvanic cells of identical type to store chemical energy and to
deliver higher voltage or higher current than with single cells.
The battery cells create a voltage difference between the
terminals of each cell and hence to its combination in battery.
When an external electrical circuit is connected to the battery,
then the battery drives electrons through the circuit and electrical
work is done. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800
by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications, and is
now a multi-billion dollar industry.

Department of EE 4 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Definition of Paper battery

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and

production device formed by combining carbon nanotube s with
a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery
acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor ,
combining two components that are separate in traditional
electronics . This combination allows the battery to provide both
long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-
toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the
next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid
vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical
technologie.
Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for
different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency .
Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking them
multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able
to produce 2.5 volt s of electricity from a sample the size of a
postage stamp.

Department of EE 5 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

APPLICATIONS

With the developing technologies and reducing cost of CNTs,

the paper batteries will find applications in the following fields:
In Electronics:

• In laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld digital cameras:

The weight of these devices can be significantly reduced by
replacing the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries,
without compromising with the power requirement. Moreover,
the electrical hazards related to recharging will be greatly
reduced.
• In calculators, wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• In wireless communication devices like speakers, mouse,
keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc.
• In Enhanced Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the
sides of the PCB can be used: one for the circuit and the other
side (containing the components )would contain a layer of
customized Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-
downtransformers and the need of separate power supply unit
for most electronic circuits.

Department of EE 6 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

In Medical Sciences:

• in Pacemakers for the heart

• in Artificial tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• in Cosmetics, Drug-delivery systems
• in Biosensors, such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.

In Automobiles and Aircrafts:

• in Hybrid Car batteries

• in Long Air Flights reducing Refueling
• for Light weight guided missiles
• for powering electronic devices in Satellite programs

Department of EE 7 BBDNITM, LKO

Seminar Report Paper battery

Use of paper battery

• While a conventional battery contains a number of separate

components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery
components in a single structure, making it more energy
efficient.
• A paper battery is a battery engineered to use a paper-thin
sheet of cellulose infused with aligned carbon nanotubes.
nanotubes act as electrodes; allowing the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
• Functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor,
can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a
conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor's quick burst of
high energy.
• Integrates all of the battery components in a single structure,
making it more energy efficient.
• Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets can be rolled,
twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of
integrity or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or a Voltaic
pile), to boost total output.
• Can be made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to
broadsheet.
• The paper-like quality of the battery combined with the
structure of the nanotubes embedded within gives them their
light weight and low cost, making them attractive for portable
electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys .
• Ability to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful
for medical devices such as pacemakers & do not contain any
toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major drawback of
chemical cells.
Seminar Report Paper battery

Structure of Paper Battery

Department of EE 9 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Construction of paper batteries

1.A zinc and manganese dioxide based cathode and anode are
fabricated from proprietary links.
2. Standard silkscreen printing presses are used to print the
batteries onto paper and other substrates.
3. Power Paper batteries are integrated in to production and
assembly processes of thin electronic devices.
4. The paper is infused with aligned carbon nano tubes, which
gives the device its black color.
5. The tiny carbon filaments or nano tubes substitute for the
electrode used in conventional battery.
6. Use an ionic liquid solution as an electrolyte- the two
components which conduct electricity.
7. They use the cellulose or paper as a separator- the third
essential component of battery

Department of EE 10 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Working of paper batteries

1. The nano tubes acting as electrodes allow the storage device

to conduct electricity.
2. Chemical reaction in battery is occurs between electrolyte and
carbon nano tubes.
3. Battery produce electrons through a chemical reaction
between electrolyte and metal in the traditional battery.
4. Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal
for the chemical reaction to continue. Ionic liquid, essentially a
liquid salt, is used as the battery electrolyte.
5. The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an
“electrolyte-permeated gel state”, which is about halfway
between a solid and a liquid. This helps ions to smooth move,
reducing resistance, allowing the batteries to charge faster.
6. We can stack one sheet on top of another to boost the power
output. It’s a single, integrated device. The components are
molecularly attached to each other: the carbon nano tube print is
embedded in the paper and the electrolyte is soaked in to the
paper.

Department of EE 11 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Department of EE 12 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Needs and Limitations of paper

batteries

Limitations

1. Paper batteries have low strength they an be ‘torn’ easily.

2. The techniques and the set-ups used in the production of
Carbon Nano tubes are very expensive and very less efficient.
3. When inhaled, their interaction with the microphages present
in the lungs is similar to that with asbestor fibers. Hence may be
seriouslu hazardous to human health.

Needs

Limited Life Time:

1. Paper batteries have low strength they an be ‘torn’ easily.

2. The techniques and the set-ups used in the production of
Carbon Nano tubes are very expensive and very less efficient.
3. When inhaled, their interaction with the microphages present
in the lungs is similar to that with asbestor fibers. Hence may be
seriously hazardous to human health.

Department of EE 13 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Leakage:

In case of leakage the chemicals release may be dangerous

but no such toxic chemicals are used in paper batteries.

Environmental Concerns:

The wide spread use of batteries has created many

environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution e.t.c
while paper batteries can be easily decomposes without any
harm.

Department of EE 14 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Advantages

Used as both battery and capacitor.

It is flexible.
It is ultra thin energy storage device.
Long lasting.
Non toxic.
Steady power production.
Shaped for different applications.
High efficiency.
Available in different sizes.
Energy efficient.
It is light weight.
It is more economical.
Can be easily disposed.
Can be recharged.
Generates close to 1.5 Volts of energy.

Disadvantages

Prone to tearing.
Nanotubes made from carbon are expensive due to use of
procedures like electrolysis and laser ablation.
Should not be inhaled, as they can damage lungs.

Department of EE 15 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Future Scope

It holds great potential to advance capabilities in portable

power design for applications ranging from bioinstrumentation
to consumer electronics and even large power systems served
by conventional batteries.
The paper like qualities of the material make it especially
attractive for energy storage in medically implanted devices (for
example, a pacemaker, insulin pump or the implantable radio
chip).

Department of EE 16 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Conclusion

A paper battery is a paper like device formed by the combination

of carbon nanotubes and a conventional sheet of cellulose-
based paper which act as a flexible ultra-thin energy storage and
energy production device. In addition to using the aqueous and
RTIL (Room Temperature Ionic liquids) electrolytes, the device
operates with a suite of electrolytes based on bodily fluids. It
suggests the possibility of the device being useful as a dry-body
implant or for use under special circumstances.
As a precedent, a urine-activated battery was recently
demonstrated for bio-MEMS device applications. Body sweat,
composed of water, Na, Cl and K ions, used as electrolyte (a
drop of sweat placed on the film gets sucked into the porous
cellulose) in the RTIL-free nanocomposite affords good
capacitive behavior for the device (specific capacitance of 12
F/g, operating voltage of 2.4V). Blood (human whole blood in K2
EDTA from Innovative Research, Southfield, MI) worked even
better as an electrolyte, enhancing the capacitive behavior of the
supercapacitor, resulting in a specific capacitance of 18 F/g. As
this technology is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful
and could even save not only cost but lives also.

Department of EE 17 BBDNITM, LKO

 Seminar Report Paper battery

Reference

www.slideshare.net
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

Department of EE 18 BBDNITM, LKO