A

Compilation Report

Submitted to Prof. De Jesus

Faculty Graduate School Universidad de Manila

GRADUATE STUDIES

In

Partial Fulfilment On the requirements

For the subject

MODELLING AND DEVELOPMENT

IN CRIMINOLOGY (AFIS)

Submitted By:

Ryan Jay D Balagtas

Master of Science in Criminal Justice

With Specialization in Criminology

SY: 2015-2016

JANUARY 2016

AFIS
 AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AFIS)

AFIS is a type of biometric system that uses digital imaging to capture

a fingerprint, which then can then be compared to a database of fingerprint
records to help determine the identity of an individual.

AFIS is a biometrics system commonly used in law enforcement

where sets of prints recovered in the crime scene were compared against
the database of known and
unknown prints.

Law Enforcement AFIS has the ability to perform the following

functions:

1 .Search a set of known fingerprints (tenprints) against the records of an

existing tenprint database (Tenprint Inquiry (TI);

2. Search a latent print from a crime scene against a tenprint database

(Latent Inquiry (LI));

3. Search a latent print from a crime scene against the record of existing
unsolved crimes database (Latent to Latent Inquiry (LLI)); and

4. Search a new tenprint against the record of existing unsolved crimes

database (Tenprint to Latent Inquiry (TLI)).

Brief History of PNP-AFIS

AFIS was approved under the Japanese General Grant Aid Program
(GGAP) in April 1998 in the amount of Y839,291,634 (P419,645,817.80).

In August 2004, AFIS started operation and was eventually turned over
to the PNP in May 2005.

Background of the PNP AFIS Project:

• In 1980 to 1997 – during the incumbency as Chief of Philippine
Constabulary crime Laboratory (PCCL) of Col PEDRO ELVAS up to then
PSSUPT REYNALDO ACOP, the idea of having an AFIS has been
nurtured and carefully laid out. Leg works, studies and initial contacts with
the Japanese government were initiated.

• In April - 1998 – then C, PNP PDG SANTIAGO ALINIO signed the

letter addressed then NEDA Secretary Cielito F Habito recommend the
endorsement to the Japanese Government, through JICA of the proposed
AFIS project. The recommendation was made based on the memorandum
sent during the incumbency of the PNP Director of Crime Laboratory
PCSUPT VICTOR G BATAC.
 • In 1998 – 2001 – conduct of planning activities and sourcing of
funds for the required building for AFIS during the incumbencies of then
PCSUPT
AFIS
• HERCULES CATALUÑA, PCSUPT VIRTUS GIL and PCSUPT
MATOWE PEDREGOSA as Crime Lab Directors.

• In December 2001 – The construction of AFIS building was started

as required counterpart from the Government of the Philippines.

• On July 15, 2002 to August 03, 2002 – JICA sent initial study team
to the Philippines.

• On January 19, 2003 – JICA sent to the Philippines its Draft Report
on the Basic Design Study.

• On January 24, 2003 – confirmation of the main items of the basic

design study report formally signed by the CPNP PDG HERMOGENES
EBDANE JR and Mr Motofeni Kohara, the leader of the JICA Basic Design
Study (BDS) Team.

• In February 2003 – formal submission of the BDS Report to the

Investment Coordination Committee through NEDA.

• On June 30, 2003 – Diplomatic notes were signed and Exchanged

by and between then Foreign Affair Secretary Blas Ople and Japanese
Ambassador Kojiro Takano which officially sealed the start of the GRANT
AID worth more or less 975 million yen.

• In December 2003 – Delivery and installations of the equipments

started.

• On August 15, 2004 – formal launching of the AFIS Project.

• September 16, 2004 – Registration/conversion or encoding

fingerprint images and details in AFIS started.

Purpose of Equipment

• AFIS is the answer to the labor-intensive and time consuming

process of classifying, searching, and matching fingerprint used for
identification.

• AFIS is primarily use by law enforcement agencies for criminal

identification. The most important of which include identifying a person
suspected of committing a crime or linking a suspect to other unsolved
crimes. It also helps to identify victim of natural and man-made disasters.
 • No matter how competent the evidence technician is at performing
his job, the gathering of physical evidence at a crime scene will be futile
unless such evidence can be properly processed and analyzed. Since
fingerprints are by far the most frequently retrieved physical evidence,
making the system of analyzing such prints effective will contribute the
most toward greater success in identifying criminal offenders through the
use of physical evidence. (Petersilia, 1975, p 12)
AFIS
FINGERPRINT - A Fingerprint is the pattern of elevated and depressed
(“ridge” and valley”) lines on the surface of fingertips. BThese
patterns contain many identifiable points including the beginning,
ending, dot, intersection, or bifurcation of ridge lines. These points
are called minutiae. Minutiae do not change as a person ages.
No Two Fingerprint Are Identical and Fingerprints Do Not Change Throughout Life

TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS

1. Arch
- Simple arch or Tented arch
- These are simple patterns that originate from the left or right side of
the fingertip and flow to the oppoite side

2. Right-slanted loop
- Loop slanted to the left in the print
- Finger number is not relevant

3. Left-slanted loop
- Loop slanted to the right in the print
- Finger number is not relevant

4. Whorl
- Has at least one (1) whorl or has at least two
(2) Deltas
- These patterns are circles, ovals, or swirls
formed around the center.
5. Scar
- Contains scar that obscures determination of Pattern Type
- Finger is amputated or bandaged
AFIS

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
There are two types of fingerprint identification: Tenprint Identification
used to confirm the identity and criminal histories of arrested suspects, and
Latent Print Identification using latent print from the scene of a crime to
identify a suspect. The PNP Crime Laboratory (PNP CL) uses an
Automated Fingerprint Identification System to process these operations.
The procedure of fingerprint identification is as follows:

FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM

Fingerprint Identification system has a Tenprint Database that contains the

minutia data for rolled prints, and a Latent print Database that contain the
minutia data for latent prints. Both Databases have their own Fingerprint
Image Database that contains the images of the fingerprints.

1. Outline
File Types-The Fingerprint Identification system has a Tenprint
Database that contains the minutia data
for rolled prints, and a Latent print Database that contain the minutia data
for latent prints. Both Databases have their own Fingerprint Image
Database that contains the images of the fingerprints.
File Function-The Tenprint Database is used for Tenprint to Tenprint
Inquiries (TI) and Latent to Tenprint Inquiries (LI). The Latent print
Database is used to check if the arrested suspect has committed a
previous crime (TLI) and check also if the collected Latent print match with
another unsolved crimes (LLI). The images of the candidate fingerprints are
retrieved from the Fingerprint Image Database and displayed on the
fingerprint workstation.

2. Characteristics
Partial Fingerprint Inquiries In addition to clear fingerprints that have been
rolled on the fingerprint cards, partial fingerprints can also be searched.

Automatic Extraction and Registration of Minutia

The minutia of tenprint and latent prints are automatically extracted and
registered in the tenprint and latent database respectively.\

Reading Speed
Conducts searching for 40,500 fingerprints per second Ex: search a print
versus 10 million fingerprints in less than 4 minutes
(It would take over 25 years for Fingerprint Examiner to conduct the same
manually)
Verification Using Fingerprint Images
The images of tenprint and latent prints are storedon istorage disk.
Candidate images resulting from an inquiry are automatically retrieved from
these istorage disks and displayed on the Fingerprint Workstation

Registered in PNP-AFIS Database as of December 09, 2013

2004 -2013 TOTAL

Tenprint 702,587
Latent Print 16,994

AFIS “HITS”
A “HIT” is a term used if the findings of an AFIS examiner/operator
matched the search print and the file print in the database.

.. No. of AFIS HIT as of April 15, 2013

2004 -2013 TOTAL
Hit Cases 319 cases

PNP-AFIS Significant Hits

a. Post mortem Identification
February 2009 - A human body parts particularly left right arm of a
suspected malefactor and believe to be a victim of summary execution was
found at Maligaya Park, Fairview, Quezon City Immediately thereafter the
result was completed in less than an hour that yielded to the positive
identification of the owner of the fingerprints

b. Identification of suspect (Series of Crimes)

c. Identification Other Identity and Criminal History

The AFIS is about to reach its obsolescence in this year because the
hardware is no longer available in the market as per NECJ letter on July 20,
2010 and the end of its maintenance in 2013.To prolong the lifespan of
AFIS the PNP bought spare parts needed as recommended while waiting
for the UPGRADING/REPLACEMENT of AFIS.
The PNPCL recommend an estimated amount of 329 million for the
purpose. However, these amounts were reduced to 270 million by the
UESB, down to PNPDL for procurement but due to some reason the
procurement of AFIS budget is now at the DBM.
This unit is looking forward for the success of the UPGRADING
/REPLACEMENT of AFIS for speedy identification of unidentified suspect
through fingerprint for the early solution of crime and administration of
justice to include the identification of unidentified victim of natural and
manmade disaster for their family and relatives and, to the victims dignified
burial be given to them as last respect from their love one