DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Uraian Materi
There are three degrees of comparison:

POSITIVE degree, COMPARATIVE degree, SUPERLATIVE degree:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Cool Coolest
more intelligent
intelligent most intelligent

1. COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY

Adjective + er Noun
Subject + verb + Adverb + er + than +
More + adj/adv Pronoun

Today is hotter than yesterday

LESS ..... THAN + the adjective.
It is LESS cold today THAN it was yesterday.
Kelly is LESS old THAN Sandra.
2. SUPERLATIVE OF INFERIORITY

Adjective + est In + singular count noun

Subject + verb + the + Adverb + est +
Most + adj/adv Of + Plural count noun

John is the tallest boy in my family

Diana is the shortest of the three sisters
THE LEAST ....... OF (or IN) + the adjective.
Sunday was THE LEAST cold day of the week.
Christina is THE LEAST old girl in that class.
4. COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE OF SUPERIORITY
a) Monosyllabic adjectives form their COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE by
adding - ERand - EST to the POSITIVE degree.
tall tallER THAN THE tallEST
warm warmER THAN THE warmEST
Exceptions:
just MORE just THAN THE MOST just
right MORE right THAN THE MOST right
real MORE real THAN THE MOST real
wrong MORE wrong THAN THE MOST wrong

b) Adjectives with more than two syllables form their COMPARATIVE and
SUPERLATIVE by putting MORE and THE MOST in front of the adjective.

difficult MORE difficult THAN THE MOST difficult

important MORE important THAN THE MOST important

c) Disyllabic (two syllables) adjectives form their COMPARATIVE and

SUPERLATIVE in two different ways:
1. Adjectives ending in ED, ING, RE, FUL, OUS and those with the stress on the
first syllable usually take MORE and THEMOST:
charming MORE charming THAN THE MOST charming
famous MORE famous THAN THE MOST famous
hopeful MORE hopeful THAN THE MOST hopeful
learned MORE learned THAN THE MOST learned
obscure MORE obscure THAN THE MOST obscure

2. Adjectives ending in ER, Y, LE, OW and those with the stress on the second
syllable add ER and EST to the POSITIVE degree.
clever cleverER THAN THE cleverEST
narrow narrowER THAN THE narrowEST
pretty prettiER THAN THE prettiEST
polite politER THAN THE politEST
simple simplER THAN THE simplEST
Note: Adjectives ending in SOME and the words cheerful, common, cruel, pleasant,
quiet, civil may be compared by adding ER and EST or by MORE and MOST.
pleasant pleasantER THAN THE pleasantEST
or
THE MOST
pleasant MORE pleasant THAN
pleasant

5.ORTHOGRAPHIC NOTES
a) Add R and ST to adjectives ending in E.
large largeR THAN THE largeST
ripe ripeR THAN THE ripeST
b) VOWEL SANDWICH (VOWEL + CONSONANT + VOWEL) (THE LAST
VOWEL IS DOUBLED)
big bigGER THAN THE bigGEST
fat fatTER THAN THE fatTEST
NO SANDWICH (JUST THE SUFFIX)
small smallER THAN THE smallEST
sweet sweetER THAN THE sweetEST

c) Adjectives ending in - ypreceded by a consonant, change Y into I before ER and

EST.
THE happIEST
happY happIER THAN

Exceptions:
shY shYER THAN THE shYEST
gaY gaYER THAN THE gaYEST
greY greYER THAN THE greYEST

6. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
good better than the best
bad worse than the worst
little less than the least
much more than the most
many more than the most
far farther than the farthest
far further than the furthest
old older than the oldest
old elder than the eldest
NOTES:
1. FARTHER and FARTHEST generally refer to distance; FURTHER and FURTHEST
also refer to distance but they may have the meaning of "additional".
I live farther from here than you do.
Give me further details.
2. OLDER and OLDEST refer to persons or things; ELDER and ELDEST can only be
used for members of the same family:
My elder sister is afraid of mice.
My older friend is afraid of wasps.
but ELDER can not be placed before THAN so OLDER is used:
My sister is two years older than I am.

7. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH COMPARATIVES

a) Gradual increase:
Those exercises are getting EASIER AND EASIER. OR
Those exercises are getting MORE AND MORE EASY.
The weather is getting NICER AND NICER. OR
The weather is getting MORE AND MORE NICE.
The rent of our flat is getting MORE AND MORE EXPENSIVE

B) Parallel increase: (THE + comparative ...... THE + comparative).

THE MORE I see you THE MORE I want you.
THE HOTTER, THE BETTER.
THE MORE he studies, THE BETTER he becomes.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
1. COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE of SUPERIORITY.
a) Monosyllabic adverbs from their comparative and superlative of superiority in the
same way as monosyllabic adjectives.
high highER THAN THE highEST
soon soonER THAN THE soonEST
fast fastER THAN THE fastEST
b) Adverbs of more than one syllable take MORE and MOST.
quickly MORE quickly THAN THE MOST quickly
slowly MORE slowly THAN THE MOST slowly
seldom MORE seldom THAN THE MOST seldom
Exception:
early earliER THAN THE earliEST

2. IRREGULAR COMPARISONS
well better than the best
badly worse than the worst
little less than the least
much more than the most
late later than the last
 DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Uraian Materi
Like, the same as, different from, the same … as and as …as
Notice the use of the same as and different from
My pencil and your pencil are the same
There is no difference

Jhon’s coat is large and brown.

Paul’s coat is small and gray
Jhon’s coat is different from Paul’s
The same as and different from are used to compare two persons, things, places,
animals, etc.

Notice the use of the same . . . as and as . . . as

My pencil is the same length as yours
My pencil is as long as yours
1. The same . . . as is used with noun
2. As . . . as is used with adjectives

READING
Uraian Materi
Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for
‘The Nicest Garden Competition’ each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith’s garden
is larger than Joe’s. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables,
but Joe’s garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden
bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for
the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the
town!
Additional reading material in Indonesia

Contoh Comparative degree pada regular one syllable adjective adalah:

Adverb Meaning Contoh Kalimat
Raisha looks bigger than Hamish in television. (Raisa lebih
Big – Bigger Lebih besar
besar daripada Hamish di televisi.)
This year, Sava is taller than Siva. (Tahun ini Sava lebih
Tall – Taller Lebih Tinggi
tinggi daripada Siva)
He is fatter than I remember before. (Dia lebih gemuk dari
Fat – fatter Lebih gemuk
yang saya ingat sebelumnya)
This summer is hotter than last summer. (Musim panas
Hot – Hotter Lebih Panas
tahun ini lebih panas dibandingkan musim panas tahun lalu)
Smart – Sunny is smarter than Henim in every subjects. ( Sunny
Lebih Pintar
Smarter lebih pintar dari Henim)
After I practice more and more, my score is
Best – Better Lebih baik getting better than before. (Setelah saya latihan nilai saya
lebih baik dari sebelumnya)
My mother said my room looks cleaner than yesterday. I
Clean –
Lebih Bersih tried to clean it yesterday. (Ibu saya berkata bahwa kamar
Cleaner
saya lebih bersih daripada kemarin)
After we got married my feeling is deeper to him than
Deep – before we got married. (Setelah kami menikah perasaan
Lebih dalam
Deeper saya jauh lebih dalam kepadanya dari sebelum kami
menikah)
Happy – Lebih Her face looks happier than before she divorce. (Wajahnya
Happier Bahagia terlihat lebih bahagia daripada sebelum bercerai)
Warm – My home is warmer than Raina’s home. (Rumah saya lebih
Lebih hangat
Warmer hangat dibanding rumah Raina)
Selain degan penambah suffix -er, regular adjective memiliki bentuk lain apabila
adjective yang digunakan merupakan past participle, maka akan lebih banyak
menggunakan tambahan more (lebih banyak) atau less (lebih sedikit).
 Contoh :

 Tired – More tired (Lebih capek / lebih lelah)

Raihan seemed more tired than his brother. (Raihan terlihat lebih lelah dari saudara laki-
lakinya)
 Bored – more bored (lebih Bosan)
The student seemed more bored than the other. (Pelajar tersebut tampak lebih bosan
dari yang lain.)

Pada adjective lebih dri satu suku kata, kata sifat akan ditambah more didepannya.
Adverb Meaning Contoh Kalimat
I think Ario is more playful than his brother, Rino.
Playful – More Lebih
(Saya rasa Ario lebih menyenangkan dibandingkan
Playful Menyenangkan
saudara laki-lakinya, Rino).
This Cherry Blossom looks more beautiful at this
Beautiful –
Lebih Cantik time than the other time. ( Sakura ini terlihat lebih
more beautiful
cantik saat ini dibandingkan waktu lainnya)
Fandi is more diligent than before, because he wants
Diligent –
Lebih rajin pass the exam. ( Fandi lebih rajin dibanding
More diligent
sebelumnya, karena dia igin lulus ujian)
Syarat lain pada dua siabel selain penambahan more adalah apabila adjective berakhiran
y maka huruf y nya akan dihilangkan kemudian akan ditambahkan dengan suffix -ier.
Contoh dari adjective ini adalah.

Adverb Meaning Contoh Kalimat

Cloudy – This afternoon is cloudier than yesterday afternoon. ( Sore
Mendung
Cloudier ini lebih mendung dibandingkan sore kemarin)
This English exam is easier than the Sundanese exam for
Easy – easier Lebih mudah me. (Ujian Bahasa Inggris ini lebih mudah dibandingkan
dengan Ujian Bahasa Sunda menurut say)
Happy – Lebih Her face look happier than before she divorce. (Wajahnya
happier bahagia terlihat lebih bahagia daripada sebelum bercerai)
Pretty – Her face look prettier than 5 years ago. (Wajahnya terlihat
Lebih cantik
Prettier cantik dibandingkan 5 tahun yang lalu).

adjective selain memiliki bentuk regular juga memiliki bentuk irregular. Beberapa
contohnya Contoh Irregular Verb adalah:
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
bad Buruk worse worst
far Jauh further furthest
good Baik better best
little Sedikit less least
many, much,
Banyak more most
some
Old Tua Elder Eldest
Ill Sakit worse Worst
Late Terlambat Later Latest

EXERCISE
DEGREES OF COPARISON

Change degrees of comparison Below

The same idea can be expressed using positive, comparative and superlative
adjectives.
For example, all of the three sentences given below mean the same.
1. Supriya is the smartest girl in the class.
2. No other girl in the class is as smart as Supriya.
3. Supriya is smarter than any other girl in the class.
Exercise
Rewrite the sentences given below using different degrees of comparison.
1. Shakespeare is the most famous of all writers in English.
2. Iron is more useful than any other metal.
3. I earn as much money as Ram.
4. China is larger than India.
5. Greenland is the largest island in the world.
6. Air is lighter than water.
7. I am taller than my brother.
8. Shyam is the strongest boy in the class.

Answers example:
1. No other writer in English is as famous as Shakespeare. / Shakespeare is greater
than any other writer in English.
2. ……….
3. ……….
4. ………
5. ……….
6. ………
7. ………
8. ………

Read through the text about a circus, then answer the questions below.

The Rodriguez Brothers Circus is in town! Every year, the circus arrives and
stays for a week. Then they go to the next town. There are not many animals in the
circus. People told the circus that they didn't like seeing animals performing. There is an
elephant called Jacob and two old lions, Hattie and Meg.

Most of the performers are human! There is Leopold, The Strongest Man In The
World. His father also worked in the circus, but Leopold is stronger than him, he has
bigger arms and bigger legs too! Leopold performs his act every night for the town's
people who come to watch.

Another performer is Clara. She says she has the longest hair in the world. It's
about 4 metres long! She also has a daughter who works in the circus. Her name is Sue-
Ellen. Her hair is a lot shorter, but she wants to grow it as long as her mother's. Sue-
Ellen helps look after the animals and she's also learning how to juggle.

The highlight of the circus is the three clowns, Pit, Pot and Pat. They all wear
long red shoes, but Pat's shoes are the longest and sometimes, he falls over because
they're so long! They perform for about twenty minutes and they are always the most
popular act with the audience, especially the children. Many people think Pit, Pot and
Pat are three brothers, but Pat is older than the other two - he's their father! He's the
oldest clown in the country, but he has a lot of energy. Tomorrow will be the longest
day because the circus is leaving town and everything must be packed away into big
trucks.

Exercise

1. What is the topic of the text above?

2. What is the conclusion of the text above?
3. The circus comes to the town twice a year.
a. True
b. False
4. There are not many animals in the circus.
a. True
b. False
5. People don't come to the circus because of the animals.
a. True
b. False
6. Leopold and his father work in the circus together.
a. True
 b. False
7. Leopold's father is the strongest
a. True
b. False
8. Clara's hair is longer than her daughter's hair.
a. True
b. False
9. Sue-Ellen wants to be a clown in the circus.
a. True
b. False
10. Pit is the father of the other two clowns.
a. True
b. False
11. The three clowns wear identical shoes.
a. True
b. False
12. Everyone is very tired on the day that the circus leaves town.
a. True
b. False
13. Please makes comparative degree sentences by using like, the same as, different
from, as…..as by your self.
 DERIVATIVE WORDS

Uraian Materi
NOUN SUFFIXES
Ness : adjective + ness = noun
Adjective Ness Noun Meaning
Bitter Ness Bitterness Pahitnya
Busy Ness Business Kesibukan
Bright Ness Brightness Terangnya
Clean Ness Cleanness Lebersihan
Empty Ness Emptiness Kekonsongan
dark Ness Darkness Kegelapan
Ill Ness Illness Penyakit
Soft Ness Softness Kehalusan
Lonely Ness Loneliness Rasa kesepian
careless Ness carelessness kecerobohan

Ity : adjective + ity = noun

Adjective Ity Noun Meaning
Active Ity Activity Kegiatan
Crude Ity Crudity Kekerasan
Difficult Ity Difficulty Kesulitan
Formal Ity Formality Keresmian
Stupid Ity Stupidity Kebodohan
Credible Ity Credibility Kepercayaan
Real Ity Reality Kenyataan
Odd Ity Oddity Keanehan
Curious Ity Curiosity Keingintahuan
able Ity ability kemampuan

Ment : verbe + ment = non

Verbe Ment Non Meaning
 Agree Ment Agreement Persetujuan
Appoint Ment Appointment Pengangkatan
Arrange Ment Arrangement Susunan, rencana
Assign Ment Assignment Tugas
Announce Ment Announcement Pengumuman
Achieve Ment Achievement Prestasi
Equip Ment Equipment Perlengakapan
Pay Ment Payment Pembayaran
Improve Ment Improvement Perbaikan
Entertain Ment Entertainment Hiburan

Ion ; Verb + ion = noun

Verb Ion Noun Meaning
Act Ion Action Perbuatan
Correct Ion Correction Pembetulan
Suggest Ion Suggestion Saran
Immaginate Ion Imagination Hayalan
format Ion formation Pembentukan

ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES
Y : Noun + y = Adjective
Noun Y Adjective Meaning
Wealth Y Wealthy Makmur
Health Y Healthy Sehat
Hair Y Hairy Berambut
Wind Y Windy Berangin
Rain Y Rainy Berhujan
Cloud Y Cloudy Berawan
Dust Y Dusty Berdebu
Fun Y Funny Lucu
 Fog Y Foggy Berkabut
anger Y Angry Marah

Full : Noun + full = adjective

Noun Full Adjective Meaning
Wonder Full Wonderful Ajaib
Delight Full Delightful Nyaman
Care Full Careful Hati-hati
Wish Full Wishful Berkeinginan
Dread Full Dreadful Mengerikan
Peace Full Peaceful Penuh perdamaian
Power Full Powerful Penuh kekuatan
Doubt Full Doubtful Ragu sekali
Success Full Successful Sangat berhasil
Respect Full Respectful Hormat

Ly and ish : Noun + ly and ish = adjective

Noun Ly and Adjective Meaning
ish
Day Ly Dayly Harian
Week Ly Weekly Mingguan
Black Ish Blackish Kehitam-hitaman
Yellow Ish Yellowish Kekuning-kuningan
Fool Ish Foolish Bodoh
Self Ish Selfish Egois

VERB PREFFIXES
Miss : verb + mis = verb
Verb Mis Verb Meaning
Advice Mis Misadvice Salah menasehati
Appropriate Mis Misappropriate Menyelewengkan
 Pronounce Mis Mispronounce Salah mengucapkan
Name Mis Misname Salah nama
Read Mis Misread Salah baca
Lead Mis Mislead Menyesatkan
Calculate Mis Miscalculate Salah hitung
Inform Mis Misinform Salah informasi
Spend Mis Misspend Salah menggunakan
Lay Mis Mislay Salah meletakkan

Dis : verb + dis = verb

Verb Dis Verb Meaning
Trust Dis Distrust Tidak mempercayai
Unit Dis Disunit Memecah belah
Obey Dis Disobey Tidak mematuhi
Connect Dis Disconnect Memutuskan
Approve Dis Disapprove Tidak setuju
Believe Dis Disbelieve Tidak percaya
Appear Dis Disappear Tidak tampak
Arm Dis Disarm Melucuti senjata
Continue Dis Discontinue Memutuskan
Agree Dis Disagree Tidak setuju

Additional reading

Derivative words merupakan suatu kata baru yang merupakan kata

turunan yang berasal dari akar kata (root words). Root words bisa berupa noun
(kata benda), adjective (kata sifat) maupun verb (kata kerja). Proses
pembentukan derivative words dilakukan dengan menambahkan affixes
(imbuhan), seperti preffixes (awalan) maupun suffixes (akhiran) pada root
words. Preffixes biasanya ditambahkan ke noun (kata benda) untuk membentuk
kata baru dengan arti yang berbeda tanpa merubah kelas kata dari root words.
Sedangkan suffixes biasanya ditambahkan pada kata kerja (verb) atau kata sifat
(adjective) untuk membentuk kata baru dengan arti yang berbeda dengan ikut
merubah kelas kata dari root words.

Kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut ini untuk membentuk kata benda
(noun) baru: ness, ty, hood, ian, cy, er, or, ship, ist, ment, tion, ance, t, y, sion,
action, al, se, iture, ant, ent, ce

Contoh:

Asal Kata Derivatives Arti

Happy(Adj) Happiness Kebahagiaan
Good (Adj) Goodness Kebaikan
Dense(Noun) Density Kepadatan
Electric (Nouns) Electricity Kelistrikan
Child(Noun) Childhood MasaAnak-anak
Neighbour (Noun) Neighbourhood Lingkungan
Library(Noun) Librarian Pustakawan
Comedy (Noun) Comedian Pelawak
Pregnant(Noun) Pregnancy Kehamilan
President (Noun) Presidency Kepresidenan
Drive (Verb) Driver Supir
Record (Verb) Recorder Alat Rekam
Act (verb) Actor Aktor
Detect (Verb) Detector Alat untuk mendeteksi
Friend (Noun) Friendship Persahabatan
Relation (Noun) Relationship Hubungan
Piano (Noun) Pianist PemainPiano
Art (Noun) Artist Artis
Develop (Verb) Development Perkembangan
Manage (Verb) Management Manajemen
Promote (Verb) Promotion Promosi
 Compose (Verb) Composition Komposisi
Assist (Verb) Assistance Bantuan
Remember (Verb) Rememberance Ingatan
See (Verb) Sight Pandangan
Fly (Verb) Flight Penerbangan
Deliver (Verb) Delivery Pengiriman
Discover (Verb) Discovery Penemuan
dll
Contoh penggunaannya pada kalimat:

 He is very handsome, but his handsomeness doesn't make him proud of it.
 They're hostile, and they have decided to stop their hostility.
 Her pregnancy must be checked.
 The government develop the arrangement of the density of inhabitants.
Kita bisa menggunakan affixes berikut ini untuk membentuk kata sifat
(adjective) baru:

full, ish, less, like, ous, y, cy, al, ic, ary, ed, an, able, ible, ive, dll.
Contoh:

Asal Kata Derivatives Arti

Hope (Noun) Hopeful Penuh Harapan
Sorrow (Noun) Sorrowful Sedih
Boy (Noun) Boyish Kekanak-kanakan
Blue (Noun) Blueish Kebiru-biruan
Care (Noun/Verb) Careless Ceroboh
Help (Noun/Verb) Helpless Tidak ada lagi bantuan
Woman (Noun) Womanlike Seperti wanita
Man (Noun) Manlike Seperti Pria
Sun (Noun) Sunny Cerah
Cloud (Noun) Cloudy Mendung
Danger (Noun) Dangerous Bahaya
Continue (Verb) Continuous Terus Menerus
 dll
Contoh penggunaannya pada kalimat:

 She is beautiful, and her beauty has made her proud.

 Don't be careless!
 It's sunny today.
Kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut untuk membentuk kata kerja (verb) baru:

en..., diss..., mis..., re..., ...ize, ...ate, in..., a..., ...fy dll
Contoh:

Asal Kata Derivatives Arti

Danger (Noun) Endanger Membahayakan
Courage (Noun) Encourage Memberanikan diri
Like (Verb) Dislike Tidak Suka
Agree (Verb) Disagree Tidak Setuju
Understand (Verb) Misunderstand Salah Paham
Carry (Verb) Miscarry Salah Bawa
Tell (Verb) Retell Menceritakan kembali/ulang
Check (Verb) Recheck Mengecek kembali/ulang
Memory (Noun) Memorize Mengingat
Summary (Noun) Summarize Menyimpulkan
dll
Contoh penggunaanya pada kalimat:

 They misunderstand what I mean.

 You have to retell the story.
 My teacher asked me to shorten the myth.
Untuk membentuk kata negatif baru, kita bisa menambahkan affixes berikut ini:

un.., dis..., in..., ir..., im..., non-..., mis...

Contoh:

 unhappy
 unusual
 dislike
 disagree
 incomplete
 indirect
 irregular
 irrasional
 impolite
 immortal
 non-stop
 non-member
 misunderstand
 misspell
Untuk menunjukkan orang yang mengerjakan sesuatu, tambahkan er, or, ant,
ent
Contoh:

 driver
 actor
 assistant
 expedient
Ada juga pembentukan Adverb dari Adjective dengan menambahkan ...ly,
...wise, ...ward
Contoh:

 angrily
 quickly
 likewise
 sidewise
 backward
 outward
 More reading materials

Derivatives adalah kata jadian yang berasal dari kata lain atau dari
pangkal/dasar kata kerja/sifat dan sejenisnya. Particle yang ditambahkan disebut
affixes. Particle yang ditambahkan di awal kata disebut prefix, di tengah disebut
infix, dan di akhir disebut suffix.

Awalan/prefix
Penambahan awalan merubah arti kata, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata.
as : asleep
dis- : dismiss
in- : insufficient, incorrect
out- : outdoor, outgoing
post- : postpone
re- : rewrite

Awalan yang membentuk kata kerja: en- : enlarge

Akhiran/suffix
Akhiran dapat digunakan untuk membentuk kata benda, kerja, keterangan, dan
sifat. Akhiran/suffix akan mengubah jenis kata asalnya. contoh
-ty : activity

Macam-macam Derivation
1. Adjective Derivation
Contoh adjective derivation dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
No. Noun Affixes Contoh Adjective Derivation
(Suffix/prefix)
1 -able, -ble changeable, credible, readable, questionable, teachable,
workable
2 -al, -ial, -ical aboriginal, disfunctional, periodical, procedural, territorial,
 theorical
3 -ant, -ent, -ient convenient, different, exultant, ignorant, important,
observant
4 -ar, -ary singular, spectacular, unitary
5 -ate fortunate, intimate, latinate, passionate, separate
6 -ed bearded, bored, coordinated, melted, monied, tender-hearted
7 -en silken
8 -ful beautiful, delightful, hopeful, hurtful, playful, useful
9 -ic empiric, energetic, enthusiastic, generic, periodic, romantic
10 -ile fragile, projectile, volatile
11 -ing absorbing, blushing, charming, encouraging, interesting,
sparkling
12 -ish boyish, brownish, childish, newish, reddish, snobbish
13 -istic characteristic, communistic, impressionistic, meterialistic,
pessimistic
14 -ive, -ative, -itive abusive, cooperative, festive, initiative, instinctive, sensitive,
talkative
15 -less careless, hopeless, motiveless, priceless, tasteless, useless
16 -like childlike, ladylike, lifelike
17 -ly friendly, kindly, lively, lovely, neighborly, womanly
18 -ous, -eous, -ose, -ious adventurous, gaseous, mysterious, momentous, religious,
scandalous
19 -ward backward, heavenward
20 -wide communitywide, worldwide
21 -y brainy, dreamy, juicy, rumbly, shaky, windy

Contoh adjective derivation dari kata Active (adjective) :

Activate (Verb), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ate

Activation (Noun), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ation
Actively (Adverb), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ly

2. Noun Derivation
Noun derivation adalah kata benda yang terbentuk dari proses pembentukan kata
turunan dimana noun hasil bentukan tersebut akan memiliki makna berbeda dari
kata dasarnya.

No. Noun Affixes Contoh Noun Derivation

(Suffix/prefix)
1 -acy, -cy conspiracy, intimacy, supremacy
2 -age courage, marriage, tonnage
3 -al disposal, emotional, refferal
4 -an, -ian electrician, guardian, technician
5 -ance, -ence clearance, independance, tolerance
6 -ancy, -ency brilliancy, consistency, expectancy
7 -ant, -ent astringent, constant, pleasant
8 -ary revolutionary, visionary
9 -ate nitrate, delegate, magistrate
10 -ation, -tion imagination, supremation, specialization
11 -dom freedom, kingdom, officialdom
12 -er, -or painter, sailor, worker
13 -(e)ry bakery, fishery, trickery
14 -ess goddess, lioness, waitress
15 -ful mouthful, spoonful
16 -hood brotherhood, childhood, likelihood
17 -ia anemia, reptilia, romania
18 -iatry psychiatry, podiatry
19 -ics, -c economics, mathematics, politics
20 -ice malice, notice
21 -ing building, reading, running
22 -ion abduction, demonstration, description
 23 -ism despotism, intellectualism, realism
24 -ist novelist, realist, socialist
25 -ite dynamite, sulfite, vulcanite
26 -ity, -ty purity, royalty, thirty
27 -ive destructive, passive, sportive
28 -ment apartment, development, development
29 -ness carelessness, happiness, inclusiveness
30 -ory excretory, sensory, territory
31 -ship fellowship, friendship, relationship
31 -t weight
33 -th depth, length, strength
34 -ure departure, exposure, pressure
35 -y carpentry, infamy, society

3. Adverb Derivation
Adverb derivation adalah kata keterangan yang terbentuk dari proses
pembentukan kata turunan dimana adverb hasil bentukan tersebut akan
mempunyai arti yang berbeda dari kata dasarnya.

No. Affixes Contoh Adverb Derivation

(Suffix/prefix)
1 a- along, aside, away
2 -ever whenever, wherever
3 -fold threefold
4 -ily explanatorily, fairily, happily
5 -ly clearly, tightly, validly
6 -place someplace, everyplace
7 -ward backwards, frontwards, shorewards
8 -where anywhere, somewhere
9 -wise clockwise, likewise, profitwise
4. Verb Derivation
Verb derivation adalah kata kerja yang terbentuk dari proses pembentukan kata
turunan dimana verb hasil bentukan tersebut akan memiliki makna berbeda dari
kata dasarnya.

No. Affixes (Suffix/prefix) Contoh Verb Derivation

1 -ate activate, communicate, validate
2 -ed studied, talked, walked
3 -en blacked, heighten, widen
4 -er flicker, shiver
5 -ify beautify, justivy, intensivy
6 -ize centralize, criticize, sympathize
7 en- enclose, endanger, enlarge
8 be- befriend, behappy

Contoh verb derivation dari kata Inform (verb) :

1. Information (Noun), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ation

2. Informative (Adjective), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ative
3. Informatively (Adverb), dengan menambahkan suffix —> -ative dan –ly

Namun selain beberapa penambahan suffixes atau prefix terhadap kata benda (
noun) diatas, ada beberapa kata kerja yang pembentukannya hanya merubah bunyi
atau merubah akhiran. Berikut contohnya.
1. Kata benda yang diakhiri dengan bunyi (S) pada kata kerjanya diakhiri
dengan bunyi (Z)
Contoh : Nouns ======= Verbs

 Advise (S) === advise (Z)

 Excuse (S) === Excuse (Z)

 House (S) === house (Z)

  Use (S) === Use (Z)

2. Kata benda yang diakhiri dengan (d) maka kata kerjanya diakhiri dengan
(S) atau (Z)
Contoh: Nouns ======== Verbs

 applause (Z) === applaud

 success(S) === succeed

 defence(S) === defend

 offense(S) === offend

 pretense(S) === pretend

3. Kata benda yang berakhiran (f) maka kata kerjanya berakhiran dengan
(v)
Contoh :Nouns ======= Verbs

 belief === believe

 proof === prove

 relief === relieve

Additional reading for derrivative word

Derivatives are words that are derived from other words,called root words.
They are formed by adding an affix to the root words.
Affix can be added either before, after or within a root word.

Example: -un, -our, -ence, -tion

1. Honour- Honourable
2. Occur- Occurrence
3. Simple- Simplify
4. Memory- Memorize
 5. Kind-Kindness

Derrivative words are Words that are formed from existing words can
also be confusing - sometimes the original spelling stays the same and
sometimes it changes. Some of them to remember are:

1. Words ending in -our:

Examples : honour, favour, labour, humour.
Keep the u when you add -able or -er.
Examples : honourable, favourable, labourer; favourite

But u is very often lost before -ous.

Examples : humorous, glamorous, rigorous, honorary and honorific

2. Occur and occurrence but refer and reference.

In verbs ending in -ur, double the r when you add -ence. Leave it single
if the verb ends in -er or -ear.
Examples : appear and apparent
3. Drop the o if you add -iation to a verb ending in -ounce.
Examples : pronunciation from pronounce.

Exercice of derrivative words:

Fill in the gaps with a suitable form of the word given.
1. The bloodstain on her dress was very ………………………..……… . NOTICE
2. Nobody wanted to live in the ……………………... part of the town.
INDUSTRY
3. The police asked him to give a …………………….…….. of the suitcase he had
lost. DESCRIBE
4. He had no ……………..………………. That he was being watched. SUSPECT
5. This is Alexandra, my personal ……………………. . ASSIST
6. Although some of my work-mates quickly found new jobs after the factory
closed down, my brother and I were …………………………….. for several
months. EMPLOY
7. Although I was positive that the girl had stolen my ring, I could not find any
…………………………….. . PROVE
8. The doctor dealt with the hysterical patient with ……………………………. .
UNDERSTAND
9. There’s a …………………………….. at the British Embassy tonight.
RECEIVE
10. The next-door neighbours are so …………..... that we have stopped talking to
them. FRIEND
11. This jewel is not simply valuable, it is …………………….. . VALUE
12. Yes, I can speak a little Spanish because I spent some of my
……………………. in Spain. BOY
13. After all he has done for us, it would be very …………………………. of us if
we didn’t do this for him now. CONSIDER
14. With the world’s population increasing at the present rate, there will be a terrible
food ………………………… soon. SHORT
15. Penelope has ………………………….. failed her driving test again. FORTUNE
16. Fruit is always ………………………. in summer here. PLENTY
17. The ………………………………. of the money from the cash-box shows that
somebody in this office is a thief. APPEAR
18. You must accept the …………………………. of the committee. DECIDE
19. Vernon and Wanda arrived late at the opera and were refused
…………………….. until the end of the first act. ADMIT
20. The coat is too short for today. Do you think you could …………………………
it a little for me? LONG
21. Write down the derrivative word of words below:
a. Teach
b. Listen
c. Read
d. Submit
e. Black
f. Blue
g. High
h. Smell
i. Star
j. Moon
 QUESTION TAQS

Uraian Materi
QUESTION TAQS

a) Jack can come, can’t he ? A tag question is a question added at the

b) Fred can’t come, can he ? end of a sentence. Speakers use tag
questions chiefly to make sure their
information is correct or to seek
agreement.
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG AFFIRMATIVE
ANSWER EXPEXTED
Mary is here, isn’t she ? yes, she is
You like tea, don’t you ? yes, I do
They have left, haven’t they ? yes, they have
NEGATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG NEGATIVE ANSWER
EXPEXTED
Mary isn’t here, is she ? No, she is
You don’t like tea, do you ? No, I do
They haven’t left, have they ? No, they have

c) This/that is your book, isn’t it ? The tag pronoun for this/that = it

These/those are your book, aren’t The tag pronoun for these/those = they
they ?
d) There is a meeting tonight, isn’t there ? In sentences with there +be, there is ued
in the tag
e) Everythiing is okay, isn’t it ? Personal pronouns are used to refer to
f) Everyone took the test, didn’t they ? indefinite pronouns. They is usuaally
used in a tag to refer to everyone,
everybody, someone, somebody, no one,
nobody.
g) Nothing is wrong, is it ? Sentences woth negative words take
 h) Nobody called on the phone, did they ? affirmative tags.
i) you have never been there, have you ?
j) I am supposed to be there, am Inot ? In (j) : am I not ? is formal English
k) I am supposed to be there, aren’t I ? In (k) : aren’t I ? is informal English

Question tags

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly
in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult
to learn.

Positive/negative

If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative ….

 He’s a doctor, isn’t he?

 You work in a bank, don’t you?

... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

 You haven’t met him, have you?

 She isn’t coming, is she?

With auxiliary verbs

The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an
auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.

 They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?

 They weren’t here, were they?

 He had met him before, hadn’t he?

 This isn’t working, is it?

Without auxiliary verbs

If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an
appropriate form of ‘do’.

 I said that, didn’t I?

 You don’t recognise me, do you?

 She eats meat, doesn’t she?

With modal verbs

If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same
modal verb.

 They couldn’t hear me, could they?

 You won’t tell anyone, will you?

With ‘I am’

Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I
am’ is ‘aren’t I?’

 I’m the fastest, aren’t I?

Intonation

Question tags can either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the answer or
simply asking for agreement when we already know the answer.

If the question tag is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.
If we already know the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.
CARA MEMBUAT QUESTION TAG

Question tag adalah pertanyaan singkat yang sering terdapat pada akhir sebuah kalimat
dalam suatu kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, question tag bisa diartikan
kan?/bukan?/ya?/ yuk?.

Beberapa ketentuan dalam membuat question tag, yaitu:

1. Jika kalimatnya positif, maka question tag-nya negatif.

Contoh:

 Soyong is smart, isn’t she?

 Won Bin and Tim are making a bowl of noodle, aren’t they?

Catatan: Jika question tag-nya negatif, maka not harus disingkat.

Contohnya : isn’t he? bukan is not he?

2. Jika kalimatnya berupa larangan atau perintah, gunakan will you untuk question tag-
nya.

Contoh:

 Don’t be noise, will you?

 Don’t make me upset, will you?

3. Jika kalimatnya negatif, maka question tag-nya positif.

Contoh:

 Soyong is not smart, is she?

 Won Bin and Tim are not making a bowl of noodle, are they?
4. Jika kalimatnya menggunakan kata kerja (verb), maka gunakan do/does atau did.

Contoh:

 Sinta buys Amanda Cakes in Bandung, doesn’t she?

 Jack found the key on that desk, didn’t he?

5. Jika subjeknya I am, maka question tag-nya aren’t I. Namun, bila subjeknya I am not,
maka question tag-nya am I.

Contoh:

 I am not rude, am I?

 I am diligent, aren’t I?

6. Jika kalimatnya menggunakan modals, maka gunakan modals untuk question tag-nya.
Khusus untuk modals have to, gunakan kata bantu do untuk question tag-nya.

Contoh:

 Taeyeon will be come back soon, won’t she?

 Jack can’t drive a car, can he?

 They have to make a film now, don’t they?

7. Jika subjeknya somebody, everyone, someone, everybody, no one dan nobody, maka
gunakan they dalam question tag.

Contoh:

 Everybody went to the restaurant, didn’t they?

 Somebody brought the guitar to my studio last week, didn’t they?

8. Jika kalimatnya mengandung sebuah kata dengan arti negatif, contohnya nobody,
hardly no one, rarely nothing, seldom, barely maka gunakan question tag positif.

Contoh:

 No one come to my house, do they?

 She never seems to care, does she?

9. Jika subjeknya something, everything, dan nothing, maka gunakan it dalam question
tag.

Contoh:

 Something is moving, isn’t it?

 Everything should be ready, shouldn’t it?

10. Jika kalimatnya dimulai dengan let’s, maka question tag-nya adalah shall we.

Contoh:

 Let’s forget it, shall we?

 Let’s draw the good picture here, shall we?

SPECIAL CASES IN QUESTION TAQ

Beberapa ketentuan khusus (special cases) dalam penggunaan question

tag, diantaranya:

a. Negative words (kata negatif)

Beberapa kata berikut terlihat seperti pernyataan positif. Tetapi sesungguhnya kata-kata
berikut memiliki arti/makna negatif. Kata-kata tersebut memiliki arti tidak pernah,
jarang, hampir tidak, tak seorangpun. Beberapa kata tersebut, diantaranya:

– Never
– Seldom
– Hardly
– Rarely
– Barely
– Scarcely
– Nothing
– Nobody/No one

Apabila suatu pernyataan menggunakan salah satu dari kata tersebut, maka pernyataan
tersebut merupakan pernyataan negatif (negative statement). Oleh sebab itu, kita
menggunakan tag positif (positive tag). Lihat contoh berikut:

NEGATIVE STATEMENT POSITIVE TAG

ARTI
(-) (+)

You never come to this place do you? Kamu tidak pernah datang ke tempat ini,
kan?

We seldom washed the shoes did we? Kita jarang mencuci sepatu, iya kan?

You barely ever meet me do you? Kamu hampir tidak pernah bertemu aku,
kan?

Nobody calls me do they?* Tak seorangpun menghubungi saya, kan?

NEGATIVE STATEMENT POSITIVE TAG
ARTI
(-) (+)

Nothing came to this inbox did it?** Tak ada satupun yang masuk ke inbox, ya
kan?

*Jika subjeknya nobody, no one, somebody, someone, everyone, maka menggunakan tag
‘they‘.

**Jika subjeknya nothing dan everything, maka menggunakan tag ‘it‘.

b. Imperative (kalimat perintah) menggunakan tag “will you?”

– Close the door, will you?

– Turn off the lamp, will you?
– Sit down, will you?
– Don’t come late, will you?
– Open the window, will you?

c. “I am” menggunakan tag “aren’t I?”

1. I am wrong, aren’t I?
2. I am sad, aren’t I?
3. I am clever, aren’t I?

d. “Have” menggunakan tag:

– “Have” bisa digunakan sebagai auxiliary, contohnya:

• We have visited Bandung Zoo, haven’t we? (Kita telah mengunjungi Bandung Zoo,
kan?)
• You have finished, haven’t you? (Kamu sudah selesai, kan?)
– “Have” bisa digunakan sebagai verb (kata kerja), contohnya:
• She has a doll, doesn’t she? (Dia mempunyai boneka, ya kan?)
——- Ingat dalam kalimat tersebut sebenarnya: She (does) has a doll. Jadi question
tagnya adalah: doesn’t, she?
• Thet have new car, don’t they? (Mereka mempunyai mobil baru, ya kan?)
——- Ingat dalam kalimat tersebut sebenarnya: They (do) have new car. Jadi question
tagnya adalah: don’t, they?

e. “Let’s” (let us) menggunakan tag “shall”.

1. Let’s go, shall we?

2. Let’s read, shall we?
3. Let’s write, shall we?

f. “Had better” menggunakan tag “hadn’t”

– He’d better to stay here, hadn’t he?

– You’d better to run, hadn’t you?
Exceptions

Some verbs / expressions have different question tags. For example:

I am - I am attractive, aren't I?

Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you?

Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you?

Let's - Let's go to the beach, shall we?

Have got (possession) - He has got a car, hasn't he?

There is / are - There aren't any spiders in the bedroom, are there?

This / that is - This is Paul's pen, isn't it?

Intonation

When we are sure of the answer and we are simply encouraging a response, the
intonation in the question tag goes down:

 This is your car, isn't it?

(Your voice goes down when you say isn't it.)

When we are not sure and want to check information, the intonation in the question tag
goes up:

 He is from France, isn't he?

(Your voice goes up when you say isn't he.)

Exercise of question taq

1. She is collecting stickers, ?

2. We often watch TV in the afternoon, ?

3. You have cleaned your bike, ?

4. John and Max don't like maths, ?

5. Peter played handball yesterday, ?

6. They are going home from school, ?

7. Mary didn't do her homework last Monday, ?

8. He could have bought a new car, ?

 9. Kevin will come tonight, ?

10. I'm clever, ?

Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

isn't he
1. Mr McGuinness is from Ireland, ?

2. The car isn't in the garage, ?

3. You are John, ?

4. She went to the library yesterday, ?

5. He didn't recognize me, ?

6. Cars pollute the environment, ?

7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently, ?

8. The trip is very expensive, ?

9. He won't tell her, ?

10. Hugh had a red car, ?