PHOTOSHOP

Photoshop is an image editing software developed and manufactured by Adobe

Systems Inc. The software allows users to manipulate, crop, resize, and correct
color on digital photos.

The software provides many image editing features for raster (pixel-
based) images. It uses a layer-based editing system that enables image creation
and altering with multiple overlays that support transparency. Layers can also
act as masks or filters, altering underlying colors. Shadows and other effects can
be added to the layers. An option known as Photoshop CC (Creative Cloud)
allows users to work on content from any computer.

PHOTOSHOP WORKSPACE

A workspace is a preset layout for the various elements that make up

Photoshop's interface. Workspaces determine which of Photoshop's panels are
displayed on your screen and how those panels are arranged.

Adobe Photoshop workspace has following components:

1. Menu bar - Menu bar contains all the main functions of Photoshop, such
as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, View, Window, and Help.
2. Drawing canvas - The drawing canvas is the area in which you will create
and/or modify images.
3. Tool Box – Tool Box contains tools for editing images.
4. Options Bar – Options Bar displays options for the currently selected tool
5. Palette - Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify
images. These are the palettes that are usually visible: Navigator, Color,
Histogram, Layer. If none of the palettes are visible, go to Window in the
Menu bar and choose palettes.

PHOTOSHOP TOOLS

1) Move And Selection Tools

 Move Tool - The Move Tool is used to move layers, selections and
guides within a Photoshop document. Enable "Auto-Select" to
automatically select the layer or group you click on.
  Rectangular Marquee Tool - The Rectangular Marquee Tool draws
rectangular selection outlines. Press and hold Shift as you drag to
draw a square selection.
 Elliptical Marquee Tool - The Elliptical Marquee Tool draws
elliptical selection outlines. Press and hold Shift to draw a selection in
a perfect circle.
 Single Row Marquee Tool -The Single Row Marquee Tool in
Photoshop selects a single row of pixels in the image from left to
right.
 Single Column Marquee Tool - Use the Single Column Marquee
Tool to select a single column of pixels from top to bottom.
 Lasso Tool - With the Lasso Tool, you can draw a freeform selection
outline around an object.
 Polygonal Lasso Tool - Click around an object with the Polygonal
Lasso Tool to surround it with a polygonal, straight-edged selection
outline.
 Magnetic Lasso - The Magnetic Lasso Tool snaps the selection
outline to the edges of the object as you move your mouse cursor
around it.
 Quick Selection Tool - The Quick Selection Tool lets you easily
select an object simply by painting over it with a brush. Enable "Auto-
Enhance" in the Options Bar for better quality selections.
 Magic Wand Tool - Photoshop's Magic Wand Tool selects areas of
similar color with a single click. The "Tolerance" value in the Options
Bar sets the range of colors that will be selected.
2. Crop And Slice Tools
 Crop Tool - Use the Crop Tool in Photoshop to crop an image and
remove unwanted areas. Uncheck "Delete Cropped Pixels" in the
Options Bar to crop an image non-destructively.
 Perspective Crop Tool - Use the Perspective Crop Tool to both crop
an image and fix common distortion or perspective problems.
 Slice Tool - The Slice Tool divides an image or layout into smaller
sections (slices) which can be exported and optimized separately.
 Slice Select Tool - Use the Slice Select Tool to select individual slices
created with the Slice Tool.
3. Measurement Tools
  Eyedropper Tool - Photoshop's Eyedropper Tool samples colors
in an image. Increase "Sample Size" in the Options Bar for a better
representation of the sampled area's color.
 Color Sampler Tool - The Color Sampler Tool displays color
values for the selected (sampled) area in an image. Up to four areas
can be sampled at a time. View the color information in
Photoshop's Info panel.
 Ruler Tool - The Ruler Tool measures distances, locations and
angles. Great for positioning images and elements exactly where
you want them.
 Note Tool - The Note Tool allows you to attach text-based notes to
your Photoshop document, either for yourself or for others working
on the same project. Notes are saved as part of the .PSD file.
4. Retouching And Painting Tools

 Spot Healing Brush Tool - The Spot Healing Brush in Photoshop

quickly removes blemishes and other minor problem areas in an
image. Use a brush size slightly larger than the blemish for best
results.
 Healing Brush Tool - The Healing Brush lets you repair larger
problem areas in an image by painting over them. Hold Alt (Win) /
Option (Mac) and click to sample good texture, then paint over the
problem area to repair it.
 Patch Tool - With the Patch Tool, draw a freeform selection outline
around a problem area. Then repair it by dragging the selection outline
over an area of good texture.
 Content-Aware Move Tool - Use the Content-Aware Move Tool to
select and move part of an image to a different area. Photoshop
automatically fills in the hole in the original spot using elements from
the surrounding areas.
 Red Eye Tool - The Red Eye Tool removes common red eye
problems in a photo resulting from camera flash.
 Brush Tool - The Brush Tool is Photoshop's primary painting tool.
Use it to paint brush strokes on a layer or on a layer mask.
 Pencil Tool - The Pencil Tool is another of Photoshop's painting tools.
But while the Brush Tool can paint soft-edge brush strokes, the Pencil
Tool always paints with hard edges.
  Color Replacement Tool - Use the Color Replacement Tool in
Photoshop to easily replace the color of an object with a different
color.
 Mixer Brush Tool - Unlike the standard Brush Tool, the Mixer Brush
in Photoshop can simulate elements of real painting such as mixing
and combining colors, and paint wetness.

 Eraser Tool - The Eraser Tool in Photoshop permanently erases pixels

on a layer. It can also be used to paint in a previous history state.

 Background Eraser Tool -The Background Eraser Tool erases areas of

similar color in an image by painting over them.

 Magic Eraser Tool -The Magic Eraser Tool is similar to the Magic
Wand Tool in that it selects areas of similar color with a single click. But
the Magic Eraser Tool then permanently deletes those areas.

ANIMATION

Animation refers to the process of creating motion and shape illusions changing
by the means of rapid display of a sequence of still images that differ from each
other by very minimal contrats.

TYPES OF ANIMATION

1.Traditional animation -Traditional animation is sometimes called hand-

drawn animation or cel animation. Thousands of pictures were drawn entirely
by hand on acetate sheets, or cels, with each cel being slightly different from the
one before it. Each cel was photographed onto a separate frame of film so that
when the filmreel was played, the animation moved.
2. Computer animation - Computer animation is an animation that is created
digitally using a computer. It is more controllable and faster than traditional
animation. Computer animation can be broken down into two main types:

(i) 2D animation (vector based) – 2D animation is created using computer

programs such as Flash. Animators using this process have the option of not
drawing each frame individually. They can instead opt to move only a body part
or object in the frame to show movement.

(ii) 3D animation - 3D animation requires a unique set of technical skills. This

technique is essentially like showing the movement of a puppet on screen,
rather than showing movement through frames. The animator will
use keyframing to set the character position. The computer programs fill in the
movement between the key frames to create a full animation.

3. Stop motion animation - Stop motion requires photographing an object in a

sequence of pictures. Even the slightest movement gets its own shot.
It is a simple, but time-consuming, form of animation where objects are
physically manipulated and filmed frame-by-frame.

4. Motion graphics animation - This animation method is different from the

entire lot since it involves moving around graphical elements. Animated logos,
film titles, ad commercials and educational videos employ this method. Motion
graphics involves using pieces of text to create an animation.

2D ANIMATION

2D animation is the process of creation of characters/pictures in a two-

dimensional environment. 2D animation focuses on creating
character,storyboards and backgrounds in two dimensional environments.The
figures in 2D animated video can move up,down or left,right. 2D animation
uses bitmap and vector graphics to create and edit the animated images and is
created using computers and software programs, such as Adobe Photoshop,
Flash, After Effects. Bitmap graphic are made up of pixels of different colors.
Vector Graphics are created in graphics packages and consist of shapes. Vector
Graphics are used to create graphics such as interface elements (banners,
buttons) text, line art and detailed drawings (plans, maps).
 2D animation is done by sequencing consecutive images, or "frames",that
simulate motion by each image showing the next in a gradualprogression of
steps. To smoothly run an animation, consecutive images are shown at a rate of
24 frames per second or faster.

The techniques for creating 2D animation are as follows:

(a)Cell animation – Cell animation is based on a series of frames or cells in

which the object is redrawn in each consecutive cel to depict motion. Cel comes
from the word celluloid (a transparent sheet material) which was first used to
draw the images and place them on a stationary background.

(b) Path animation - Path Based animation is the simplest form of animation and
the easiest to learn. It moves an object along a predetermined path on the screen.
The path could be a straight line or it could include any number of curves. Often
the object does not change, although it might be resized or reshaped.

3D animation

3D Animation is the process of generating three-dimensional moving images in

the digital environment. It is a type of animation that uses computer generated
images to create animated scenes. Manipulation of 3D models or objects is
carried out within the 3D software for exporting image sequences giving them
the illusion of movement and animation.

The procedure of generating 3D is sequentially categorised into three main

sections, and these are modelling, layout and animation and rendering.

Modelling is the phase that describes the procedure of generating 3D objects

within a certain scene using computer software that can accurately describe
every surface and detail of an object in all three dimensions.

Layout and Animation phase describes that the process followed for animating
and positioning the objects within a certain scene.

Rendering described the result or output of completed computer graphics.

Hardware used

 4 GB of RAM (8GB recommended)

 64-bit Intel or AMD multi-core processor

  Webcam

 Headset with microphone

 Three button mouse (a two button mouse will not work with Maya)

 4GB of free disk space for installing Maya

Software used

 Adobe After Effects, Flash, Motion, CreaToon, Toon Boom, and Anime
Studio are some of commonly used software used to create 2D animation.

 Autodesk 3Ds Max, Autodesk Maya, Cinema 4D, Houdini, ZBrush, and
Blender are some of commonly used software used to create 3D
animation.

MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia is any combination of digitally manipulated text, image, sound,

animation and video. It is a collection of various media that comes together to
form a single unit.

Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer controlled integration of

text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and
any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored,
transmitted and processed digitally.

Basic Elements of Multimedia

1. Text - characters that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs .
2. Audio – music, speech, or any other sound
3. Video – photographic images that are played back at speeds of 15 to 30
frames a second and the provide the appearance of full motion.
4. Animation – Flipping through a series of still images. It is a series of
graphics that create an illusion of motion.
5. Graphics - A digital representation of non-text information, such as a
drawing, chart, or photograph.
Types of Multimedia

Multimedia may be broadly divided into Linear and Non-linear Multimedia.

1. Linear Multimedia - In Linear Multimedia the active content progresses

without any navigational control for the viewer. The viewer does not
control the progress of the content.

For example a movie uses a combination of audio, graphics and

animations, but the viewer has no control over the sequence of events.

2. Non Linear Multimedia - Non-linear uses interactivity to control progress

as with a video game or self-paced computer based training. Hypermedia
is an example of non-linear content.

Multimedia Documents

A multimedia document is a document which is comprised of information

coded in atleast in a continuous and discrete media. Hypertext and
hypermedia are type of multimedia documents that have a property of non –
linear interactive link.

 Hypertext – Hypertext is a text which contains links to other text. It

uses a text that is indexed or marked up to navigate through large
volumes of information.
 Hypermedia – Hypermedia is a term which includes non linear links
of hypertext along with the graphics, video and sound. In other words,
hypermedia is a nonlinear medium of information that includes graphics,
audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks.

Applications of Multimedia

Multimedia finds its application in various areas.

1. Education - In education, multimedia can be used as a source of

information. Students can search encyclopaedias such as Encarta, which
provide facts on a variety of different topics using multimedia
presentations. It can be used to make lessons more interesting by using
animations to highlight or demonstrate key points.
2. Business - Multimedia is used for advertising and selling products on the
Internet. It is used in business for training employees, presenting sales,
educating customers etc. It helps for the promotion of business and new
products.
 3. Entertainment - One of the most exciting applications of multimedia is
games. Nowadays the live internet is used to play gaming with multiple
players has become popular. In fact, the first application of multimedia
system was in the field of entertainment and that too in the video game
industry. The integrated audio and video effects make various types of
games more entertaining.
4. Science and Technology - Multimedia had a wide application in the field
of science and technology. It is capable of transferring audio, sending
message and formatted multimedia documents. At the same time the it
also helps in live interaction through audio messages and it is only
possible with the hypermedia.
At the same time, it is useful for surgeons as they can use images created
from imaging scans of human body to practice complicated procedures
such as brain removal and reconstructive surgery. The plans can be made
in a better way to reduce the costs and complications.

5. Mass Media - It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various
magazines and newspapers that are published periodically. The use of
multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing house. There is not only the text
that we can see in the newspaper, but we can also see photographs in
newspaper.