Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence

Lecture Module 1

Prof Saroj Kaushik 1

Contents

 Artificial Intelligence
 Characterstics of AI Program
 Categories of System
 Turing Test
 Foundations of AI
 Views of AI Goals
 Components of AI Programs
 Sub-areas of AI
 Applications
 Latest Perception of AI

Prof Saroj Kaushik 2

Artificial Intelligence

 Quick Answer from Academia:

 Modeling human cognition or mental faculty
using computers
 Study of making computers do things at
which people are better at the moment
 Making computers do things that require
intelligence

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More Formal Definition of AI

 AI is a branch of computer science which is

concerned with the study and creation of
computer systems that exhibit

 some form of intelligence

OR
 those characteristics which we associate
with intelligence in human behavior

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 AI is a broad area consisting of
different fields, from machine vision,
expert systems to the creation of
machines that can "think".
 In order to classify machines as
"thinking", it is necessary to define
intelligence.

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What is Intelligence?

 Intelligence is a property of mind that

encompasses many related mental abilities,
such as the capabilities to
 reason
 plan
 solve problems
 think abstractly
 comprehend ideas and language and
 learn

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Characteristics of AI systems

 learn new concepts and tasks

 reason and draw useful conclusions about
the world around us
 remember complicated interrelated facts and draw
conclusions from them (inference)
 understand a natural language or perceive
and comprehend a visual scene
 look through cameras and see what's there
(vision), to move themselves and objects around
in the real world (robotics)

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Contd..

 plan sequences of actions to complete a goal

 offer advice based on rules and situations
 may not necessarily imitate human senses and
thought processes
 but indeed, in performing some tasks differently, they
may actually exceed human abilities
 capable of performing intelligent tasks effectively
and efficiently
 perform tasks that require high levels of intelligence

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Categories of AI System

 Systems that think like humans

 Systems that act like humans

 Systems that think rationally

 Systems that act rationally

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Systems that think like humans

 Most of the time it is a black box where we are

not clear about our thought process.
 One has to know functioning of brain and its
mechanism for possessing information.
 It is an area of cognitive science.
 The stimuli are converted into mental representation.
 Cognitive processes manipulate representation to build
new representations that are used to generate actions.

 Neural network is a computing model for

processing information similar to brain.

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Systems that act like humans

 The overall behaviour of the system

should be human like.

 It could be achieved by observation.

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Systems that think rationally

 Such systems rely on logic rather than human to

measure correctness.
 For thinking rationally or logically, logic formulas
and theories that synthesize outcomes are used.
 For example,
 given John is a human and all humans are mortal then
one can conclude logically that John is mortal
 Not all intelligent behaviors are mediated by
logical deliberation.

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Systems that act rationally

 Rational behavior means doing right thing.

 Even if method is illogical, the observed

behavior must be rational.

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The Turing Test
Turing proposed operational test for intelligent
behavior in 1950.

Human

Human ?
Interrogator
AI system

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ELIZA
 Eliza was first program developed by Joseph
Wiezbaum to converse in English in mid
1960's
 It passed turing test.
 The following passage shows Eliza’s talking to
a teenage girl. Blue text Eliza’s response

Men are all alike.

IN WHAT WAY
They're always bugging us about something or other.
CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE

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Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE
He says that I am depressed all the time.
I AM SORRY TO HEAR THAT YOU ARE DEPRESSED
It's true that I am unhappy
DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT
TO BE UNHAPPY
I need help, that seems certain.
WHAT WOULD IT MEAN IF YOU GOT SOME HELP
Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother.
TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY
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My mother takes care of me.
WHO ELSE IN YOUR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU
My father.
YOUR FATHER
You are like my father in some ways.
WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE
You are not very aggressive but I think you don't want me to
notice that.
WHAT MAKES YOU THINK THAT I AM NOT VERY
AGGRESSIVE

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You don’t argue with me.
WHY DO YOU THINK I DON’T ARGUE WITH YOU
You are afraid of me.
DOES IT PLEASE YOU TO BELIEVE, I AM AFRAID OF
YOU
My father is afraid of everybody.
WHAT ELSE COMES TO MIND WHEN YOU THINK OF
YOUR FATHER
Bullies.
DOES THAT HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH THE FACT
THAT YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE

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Foundations of AI

 Foundation of AI is based on
 Mathematics
 Neuroscience

 Control Theory

 Linguistics

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Foundations - Mathematics

 More formal logical methods

 Boolean logic
 Fuzzy logic

 Uncertainty
 The basis for most modern approaches to
handle uncertainty in AI applications can
be handled by
 Probability theory
 Modal and Temporal logics

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Foundations - Neuroscience
 How does the brain work?
 Early studies (1824) relied on injured and
abnormal people to understand what parts of brain
work
 More recent studies use accurate sensors to
correlate brain activity to human thought
 By monitoring individual neurons, monkeys can now
control a computer mouse using thought alone
 Moore’s law states that computers will have as
many gates as humans have neurons in 2020
 How close are we to have a mechanical brain?
 Parallel computation, remapping, interconnections,….

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Foundations – Control Theory

 Machines can modify their behavior in response

to the environment (sense/action loop)
 Water-flow regulator, steam engine governor,
thermostat
 The theory of stable feedback systems (1894)
 Build systems that transition from initial
state to goal state with minimum energy
 In 1950, control theory could only describe
linear systems and AI largely rose as a
response to this shortcoming

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Foundations - Linguistics

 Speech demonstrates so much of human

intelligence
 Analysis of human language reveals that thought
is taking place in ways not understood in other
settings
 Children can create sentences they have never heard
before
 Language and thought are believed to be tightly
intertwined

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Two Views of AI Goals

 AI is about duplicating what the (human)

brain DOES
 Cognitive Science

 AI is about duplicating what the (human)

brain SHOULD do
 Rationality (doing things logically)

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Cool Stuff in AI

 Game playing agents

 Machine learning
 Speech
 Language
 Vision
 Data Mining
 Web agents …….

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Useful Stuff

 Medical Diagnosis
 Fraud Detection
 Object Identification
 Space Shuttle Scheduling
 Information Retrieval ….

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AI Techniques

 Rule-based
 Fuzzy Logic
 Neural Networks
 Genetic Algorithms

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Components of AI Program

 AI techniques must be independent of

the problem domain as far as possible.
 AI program should have
 knowledge base
 navigational capability
 inferencing

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Knowledge Base

 AI programs should be learning in nature

and update its knowledge accordingly.
 Knowledge base consists of facts and
rules.
 Characteristics of Knowledge:
 It is voluminous in nature and requires
proper structuring
 It may be incomplete and imprecise
 It may keep on changing (dynamic)
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Navigational Capability

 Navigational capability contains

various control strategies
 Control Strategy
 determines the rule to be applied
 some heuristics (thumb rule) may be
applied

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Inferencing

 Inferencing requires

 search through knowledge base

and
 derive new knowledge

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Sub-areas of AI

 Sub areas of AI are:

 Knowledge representation
 Theorem proving
 Game playing
 Common sense reasoning dealing with
uncertainty and decision making
 Learning models, inference techniques, pattern
recognition, search and matching etc.
 Logic (fuzzy, temporal, modal) in AI
 Planning and scheduling

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Sub-areas of AI – Contd..

 Natural language understanding

 Computer vision
 Understanding spoken utterances
 Intelligent tutoring systems
 Robotics
 Machine translation systems
 Expert problem solving
 Neural Networks, AI tools etc

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Applications
 Some of the applications are given below:
 Business : Financial strategies, give advice
 Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to
create new product
 Manufacturing: Assembly, inspection & maintenance
 Mining: used when conditions are dangerous
 Hospital : monitoring, diagnosing & prescribing
 Education : In teaching
 household : Advice on cooking, shopping etc.
 farming : prune trees & selectively harvest mixed
crops.

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Latest Perception of AI

 Three typical components of AI Systems

THE WORLD

Perception Action

Reasoning

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Recent AI

 Heavy use of
 probability theory
 decision theory
 statistics
 logic (fuzzy, modal, temporal)

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