English Grammar Word: People Animals Things Ideas

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Word  smallest part of language with meaning
Types of words
Noun  something sth.
People Animals Things Ideas
student dog house intelligence

John cow London life
family cattle cities purposes
Regular plural forms (according to a rule)
Singular Plural
student students
house houses
class -s classes
fish -sh fishes
beach -ch beaches
box -x boxes
family (cons.) -y families
baby (cons.) -y babies
life -fe lives
wolf -f wolves
Irregular plural forms (no rule)
Singular Plural
Man Men
Woman Women
Person People
Child Children
Mouse Mice
Louse Lice
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Goose Geese
Ox Oxen
Pronouns  replace something
Subject Personal  These pronouns are ONLY used

to replace the protagonist (subject) and when an
AUXILIARY or FULL action is used.
examples
I I am intelligent
You You and I study English
He Does he work? Yes, he does
She She loves him
It It is easy
We Are we busy? No, we aren´t
They What are they doing?
Object Personal  These pronouns are ONLY used
to replace the complement (object) and when an
AUXILIARY or FULL action is NOT used.
X examples
Me He runs with me
You They need you
Him Who is Mark? Him
Her He wants her to sing
It Write it
Us Help us, please
Them Who are your parents? Them
Possessive  These pronouns replace possession

and are NOT followed by it.
POSSESSIVE examples
Mine This book is mine
Yours My car is blue, yours is red
His It’s not mine, it’s his
Hers The job is hers
Ours Your idea is good but ours is better
Theirs That house is theirs
Reflexive  These pronouns replace object when
it is protagonist and agent (when is self acted),
and are also used to emphasise
REFLEXIVE examples
Myself I love myself
Yourself You did it by yourself
Himself Mark is proud of himself
Herself Sheila sees herself at the mirror
Itself The dog bit itself
Ourselves We cook for ourselves
Yourselves You encourage yourselves
Themselves They will help themselves
Demonstrative  These pronouns replace

something indicating distance and quantity
Singular Plural
near This These
far That Those
This this is my favourite place

That I want that
These These are my suggestions for you
Those He prefers those
Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
I Me Mine Myself
You You Yours Yourself
He Him His Himself
She Her Hers Herself
It It Its Itself
We Us Ours Ourselves
You You Yours Yourselves
They Them Theirs Themselves
Articles  identify something
Definite Indefinite
(Specific-known) (Uncertain-unknown)
The book A book Used only for
The eraser An eraser SINGULAR element
The books
The erasers Some books
Plural
The cheese Some erasers
Some cheese Substance
Definite article can be used with no restrictions for

singular, plural and substances. Its pronunciation
changes if it is followed by consonant or vowel
sound.
It is not used when generalising or already

specified in any way
The milk is white 
Milk is white 
The next week 

Next week 
This exception applies if 2 conditions are met:
 Generalising something, and,

 Something must be substance – plural - idea
Sand is yellow
substance He likes coffee with milk
Orange juice has vitamin C
Children like playing
plural Smoking harms lungs
I like apples
Life is great
idea He loves Soccer
Friendship is priceless
In other cases, definite article is not used before:
 Proper names (with or without titles) Mr. Brown,

President Reagan. Except for families: The
Smiths
 Lakes or mountains: Lake Guatavita, Mount

Everest
 Meals: breakfast, lunch, and dinner
 Sports: I like football (substances in general)
 Illnesses (British): I have toothache
 Body parts or clothes (use poss. adj.): Put your

hat on your head
 Places as institutions: home, work, church,

school, bed, court, hospital, prison, and town
Verb  action
Types of verbs
FULL: is the principal action. It is the most common

verb and cannot be used to make questions or
negative sentences
-ing form  BE ING he is swimming

-ing form is the principal action of a sentence if BE
is the auxiliary and it makes a PROGRESSIVE tense.
BE changes to express past, present or future (am,
is, are, was, were, will be)
P.P. form  HAVE P.P. he has swum
P.P. form is made adding –ed to regular verbs (for

irregular verbs, refer to list)
P.P. form is the principal action of a sentence if
HAVE is the auxiliary and it makes a PERFECT tense.
HAVE changes to express past, present or future
(have, has, had, will have)
Base form  he swims
Base form is the principal action if it takes no

auxiliary in affirmative sentences and makes a
SIMPLE tense.
Base form changes to express past, present or
future
AUXILIARY: as seen, helps principal verb to
indicate tense, and mainly to make questions and
negative statements. They are:
BE (am, is, are, was, were),

DO (do, does, did), and
HAVE (have, has, had)
ANYTIME NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

SENTENCES ARE MADE, 1 AUXILIARY VERB IS
NECESSARY
Negative sentences
Adverb of negation NOT is placed after 1 auxiliary.

If there are more than 1, NOT comes after the first
auxiliary.
If there is no auxiliary; DO, DOES or DID, are used
- he is not swimming
- he has not swum
- he does not swim
Interrogative sentences
1 auxiliary is placed first. If there are more than 1,

the first auxiliary is placed.
If there is no auxiliary; DO, DOES or DID, are used
? Is he swimming? Yes, he is
No, he isn’t
? Has he swum? Yes, he has
No, he hasn’t
? Does he swim? Yes, he does
No, he doesn’t
MODAL AUXILIARY: as auxiliary verbs, help

principal action to make questions and negative
sentences, but instead of indicating tenses,
indicate a special intention or message. They are:
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, WILL, WOULD, SHALL,
SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MUST, HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, BE TO, NEED, DARE, USED TO.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Word  smallest part of language with meaning

Noun  something sth.

People Animals Things Ideas

student dog house intelligence

Regular plural forms (according to a rule)

Pronouns  replace something

Subject Personal  These pronouns are ONLY used

Possessive  These pronouns replace possession

Demonstrative  These pronouns replace

This this is my favourite place

Articles  identify something

Definite article can be used with no restrictions for

It is not used when generalising or already

The next week 

This exception applies if 2 conditions are met:

 Generalising something, and,

In other cases, definite article is not used before:

 Proper names (with or without titles) Mr. Brown,

 Lakes or mountains: Lake Guatavita, Mount

 Sports: I like football (substances in general)

 Illnesses (British): I have toothache

 Body parts or clothes (use poss. adj.): Put your

 Places as institutions: home, work, church,

FULL: is the principal action. It is the most common

-ing form  BE ING he is swimming

P.P. form  HAVE P.P. he has swum

P.P. form is made adding –ed to regular verbs (for

Base form  he swims

Base form is the principal action if it takes no

BE (am, is, are, was, were),

ANYTIME NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

Adverb of negation NOT is placed after 1 auxiliary.

1 auxiliary is placed first. If there are more than 1,

MODAL AUXILIARY: as auxiliary verbs, help

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