Newton's Interpolation Formulae

4/7/2019 Newton's Interpolation Formulae
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Difference operators Contents
Newton's Interpolation Formulae

As stated earlier, interpolation is the process of approximating a given function, whose values are known at
tabular points, by a suitable polynomial, of degree which takes the values at for
Note that if the given data has errors, it will also be reflected in the polynomial so obtained.
In the following, we shall use forward and backward differences to obtain polynomial function approximating
when the tabular points 's are equally spaced. Let
where the polynomial is given in the following form:
(11.4.1)
for some constants to be determined using the fact that for
So, for substitute in (11.4.1) to get This gives us Next,
So, For or equivalently
Thus, Now, using mathematical induction, we get
Thus,
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/122104018/node109.html 1/7
As this uses the forward differences, it is called NEWTON'S FORWARD DIFFERENCE FORMULA for interpolation,
or simply, forward interpolation formula.
EXERCISE 11.4.1 Show that
and
and in general,
For the sake of numerical calculations, we give below a convenient form of the forward interpolation formula.
Let then
With this transformation the above forward interpolation formula is simplified to the following form:
(11.4.2)
If =1, we have a linear interpolation given by
(11.4.3)
For we get a quadratic interpolating polynomial:

(11.4.4)
and so on.
It may be pointed out here that if is a polynomial function of degree then coincides with
on the given interval. Otherwise, this gives only an approximation to the true values of
If we are given additional point also, then the error, denoted by is estimated
by
Similarly, if we assume, is of the form
then using the fact that we have
Thus, using backward differences and the transformation we obtain the Newton's backward
interpolation formula as follows:
(11.4.5)
EXERCISE 11.4.2 Derive the Newton's backward interpolation formula (11.4.5) for
Remark 11.4.3 If the interpolating point lies closer to the beginning of the interval then one uses the Newton's
forward formula and if it lies towards the end of the interval then Newton's backward formula is used.
Remark 11.4.4 For a given set of n tabular points, in general, all the n points need not be used for
interpolating polynomial. In fact N is so chosen that forward/backward difference almost remains
constant. Thus N is less than or equal to n.
EXAMPLE 11.4.5
1. Obtain the Newton's forward interpolating polynomial, for the following tabular data and
interpolate the value of the function at
x 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

y 1.121 1.123 1.1255 1.127 1.128 1.1285
Solution: For this data, we have the Forward difference difference table
0 1.121 0.002 0.0005 -0.0015 0.002 -.0025

.001 1.123 0.0025 -0.0010 0.0005 -0.0005
.002 1.1255 0.0015 -0.0005 0.0
.003 1.127 0.001 -0.0005
.004 1.128 0.0005
.005 1.1285
Thus, for where and we get
Thus,
2. Using the following table for approximate its value at Also, find an error estimate (Note
).
0.70 72 0.74 0.76 0.78
0.84229 0.87707 0.91309 0.95045 0.98926

Solution: As the point lies towards the initial tabular values, we shall use Newton's Forward
formula. The forward difference table is:
0.70 0.84229 0.03478 0.00124 0.0001 0.00001

0.72 0.87707 0.03602 0.00134 0.00011
0.74 0.91309 0.03736 0.00145
0.76 0.95045 0.03881
0.78 0.98926
In the above table, we note that is almost constant, so we shall attempt degree polynomial
interpolation.
Note that gives Thus, using forward interpolating
polynomial of degree we get
An error estimate for the approximate value is
Note that exact value of (upto decimal place) is and the approximate value,
obtained using the Newton's interpolating polynomial is very close to this value. This is also reflected by
the error estimate given above.
3. Apply degree interpolation polynomial for the set of values given in Example 11.2.15, to estimate the
value of by taking
Also, find approximate value of

Solution: Note that is closer to the values lying in the beginning of tabular values, while
is towards the end of tabular values. Therefore, we shall use forward difference formula for
and the backward difference formula for Recall that the interpolating polynomial of
degree is given by
Therefore,
1. for and we have This gives,
2. for and we have This gives,
Note: as is closer to we may expect estimate calculated using to be

a better approximation.
3. for we use the backward interpolating polynomial, which gives,
Therefore, taking and we have This gives,
EXERCISE 11.4.6
1. Following data is available for a function
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

y 1.0 0.808 0.664 0.616 0.712 1.0
Compute the value of the function at and
2. The speed of a train, running between two station is measured at different distances from the starting
station. If is the distance in from the starting station, then the speed (in ) of the
train at the distance is given by the following table:
x 0 50 100 150 200 250

v(x) 0 60 80 110 90 0
Find the approximate speed of the train at the mid point between the two stations.
3. Following table gives the values of the function at the different values of the
tabular points
x 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

S(x) 0 0.00003 0.00026 0.00090 0.00214 0.00419
Obtain a fifth degree interpolating polynomial for Compute and also find an error estimate
for it.
4. Following data gives the temperatures (in ) between 8.00 am to 8.00 pm. on May 10, 2005 in Kanpur:
Time 8 am 12 noon 4 pm 8pm

Temperature 30 37 43 38
Obtain Newton's backward interpolating polynomial of degree to compute the temperature in Kanpur on
that day at 5.00 pm.
Next: Lagrange's Interpolation Formula Up: Newton's Interpolation Formulae Previous: Relations between
Difference operators Contents
A K Lal 2007-09-12

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4/7/2019 Newton's Interpolation Formulae

Newton's Interpolation Formulae

where the polynomial is given in the following form:

for some constants to be determined using the fact that for

So, for substitute in (11.4.1) to get This gives us Next,

So, For or equivalently

Thus, Now, using mathematical induction, we get

EXERCISE 11.4.1 Show that

If =1, we have a linear interpolation given by

For we get a quadratic interpolating polynomial:

Similarly, if we assume, is of the form

then using the fact that we have

x 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

0 1.121 0.002 0.0005 -0.0015 0.002 -.0025

Thus, for where and we get

0.70 72 0.74 0.76 0.78

0.84229 0.87707 0.91309 0.95045 0.98926

0.70 0.84229 0.03478 0.00124 0.0001 0.00001

Note that gives Thus, using forward interpolating

polynomial of degree we get

An error estimate for the approximate value is

Also, find approximate value of

2. for and we have This gives,

Note: as is closer to we may expect estimate calculated using to be

Therefore, taking and we have This gives,

1. Following data is available for a function

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Compute the value of the function at and

x 0 50 100 150 200 250

x 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

Time 8 am 12 noon 4 pm 8pm

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