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AVR202: 16-Bit Arithmetics: 8-Bit MCU With Downloadable Flash Application Note

This document discusses performing arithmetic operations on 16-bit values using AVR microcontrollers. It provides examples of how to add, subtract, compare, and negate 16-bit register variables and 16-bit values with 1-2 byte instructions. A table is included that lists the code size and execution time for common 16-bit arithmetic operations.

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Richard Krill
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83 views2 pages

AVR202: 16-Bit Arithmetics: 8-Bit MCU With Downloadable Flash Application Note

This document discusses performing arithmetic operations on 16-bit values using AVR microcontrollers. It provides examples of how to add, subtract, compare, and negate 16-bit register variables and 16-bit values with 1-2 byte instructions. A table is included that lists the code size and execution time for common 16-bit arithmetic operations.

Uploaded by

Richard Krill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AVR202: 16-Bit Arithmetics

Features Introduction 8-Bit


• Easily Expandable to 32-Bit or Any This application note lists program
Word Length
• Code Density and Speed Matches 16-Bit
examples for arithmetic operation on 16- MCU with
bit values. A listing of all implementa-
Controllers
• Runable Example Program
tions with key performance specifica- Downloadable
tions is given in Table 1.
Flash
Table 1. Performance Figures Summary
Application Code Size Execution Time
(Words) (Cycles)
Application
Add two 16-bit register variables 2 2
Add 16-bit immediate to 16-bit register variable 2 2 Note
Subtract two 16-bit register variables 2 2 AVR202
Subtract 16-bit immediate from 16-bit reg. variable 2 2
Compare two 16-bit register variables 2 2
Compare 16-bit immediate to 16-bit reg. variable 3 3
Negate a 16-bit register variable 4 4

16 + 16-Bit Register 1. Subtract immediate low byte of


Addition negated number from register low
byte.
This operation is done as follows:
2. Subtract immediate with carry high
1. Add low bytes. byte of negated number from regis-
2. Add with carry high bytes. ter high byte.
By adding more Add with Carry instruc- By adding more Add with Carry instruc-
tions, numbers of n -byte width can be tions, numbers of n -byte width can be
added using n instructions. added using n instructions.

16-Bit Register + 16-Bit 16 – 16-Bit Register


Immediate Addition Subtraction
As the AVR has no add immediate or This operation is done as follows:
add immediate with carry, the subtract 1. Subtract low bytes.
immediate and subtract immediate with
2. Subtract with carry high bytes.
carry instructions are used. The opera-
tion is done as follows: By adding more Subtract with Carry
instructions, numbers of n -byte width
can be subtracted using n instructions.

0937A-A–8/97

1
16-Bit Register + 16-Bit Immediate
Subtraction
This operation is done as follows:
1. Subtract immediate low byte from register low byte.
2. Subtract with carry immediate high byte from register
high byte.
By adding more Subtract with Carry instructions, numbers
of n-byte width can be subtracted using n instructions.

Compare two 16-bit Register Variables


This operation is done as follows:
1. Compare low bytes.
2. Compare with carry high bytes.
Note that the Compare with Carry instruction supports
zero-propagation, which means that all conditional branch
instructions can be used following the two-step compare
operation. By adding more Compare with Carry instruc-
tions, numbers of n-byte width can be compared using n
instructions.

Compare a 16-bit Register with a 16-Bit


Immediate
This operation is done as follows:
1. Compare register low byte to immediate low byte.
2. Store immediate high byte to a third register.
3. Compare with carry high bytes.

Negate (2’s Complement) a 16-Bit


Register Variable
This operation is done as follows:
1. Invert (1’s Complement) low byte
2. Invert (1’s Complement) high byte
3. Subtract $FF from low byte.
4. Subtract with carry $FF from high byte.

Note: Steps 3 and 4 are equivalent to adding $0001 to the 16-


bit number.

2 AVR202

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