Outlines: Chapter-1 Basic Concepts of Power System
Outlines: Chapter-1 Basic Concepts of Power System
Outlines: Chapter-1 Basic Concepts of Power System
• Electric power is the product of two quantities: current and voltage. These two quantities can vary with
respect to time (AC power) or can be kept at constant levels (DC power). An electric power system is designed
to generate, transmit , distribute and control electrical energy to consumers.
II. Transmission System- Ultra-high, Extra-high, High and Medium Voltage levels
IV. The Load or Energy sink- Resistive, Capacitive and inductive Electrical devices
▪ Hydro power
• Hydroelectric power generation involves the storage of a hydraulic fluid, water, conversion of the
hydraulic (potential) energy of the fluid into mechanical (kinetic) energy in a hydraulic turbine, and
conversion of the mechanical energy to electrical energy in an electric generator.
• The early generation of electricity from about 1880 often derived from hydro-turbines, and the capacity
of total worldwide installations has grown at about 5% per year since.
• Hydro-power now accounts for about 20% of world’s electric generation. Output depends on rainfall
and the landscape.
• The term hydro-power is usually restricted to the generation of shaft power from falling water.
• The power is then used for direct mechanical purposes or, more frequently, for generating electricity.
Figure 1.6: Geothermal potential in Ethiopia, Aloto Langano, Ziway (left side) and Tendaho, Afar (right side)
▪ Natural Gas
• A natural gas is a mixture of different gases, the main ingredient is Methane, a natural compound that is made
from the decay of plant and animal remains.
▪ Nuclear Fission
• Splitting uranium atoms produces a great deal of heat energy that is processed into electrical energy in
nuclear plants.
11KV-25KV
Step-up transformer
Figure 1.11: Power flow diagram
220KV-765KV High voltage transmission
Distribution transformer
Small consumers
Figure 1.13: Cost comparison of HVDC and HVAC overhead transmission lines
✓ three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an angle shift of 120
▪ Per-phase Analysis
• It is always better to solve the balanced three phase circuits on per phase basis. When the three phase supply
voltage is given without reference to the line or phase value, then it is the line voltage which is taken into
consideration.
• Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced 3 systems with the same effort as for a single phase system.
• When analyzing balanced three-phase circuits, the first step is to transform any Delta connection into any Wye
equivalent, so that the overall circuit is of the Y-Y configuration.
• A single-phase equivalent circuit is used to calculate the line current and the phase voltage in one phase of
the Y-Y structure.
' *
V "
− Va
Sgen = 3Va" a = −5.1 − j 4.7 VA
j 0.1
• Two generators grounded and one of them is through a resistor , are connected to a bus and through
a step -up transformer to a transmission line.
• Another generator, grounded through a reactor, is connected to a bus and through a transformer
to the opposite end of the trans mission line.
• A load is connected to each bus.
• On the diagram information about the loads, ratings of the generators and transformers, and
reactance's of the different components of the circuit is often given.
• The specified power base is applicable to all parts of the power system.
• The voltage base varies across a transformer and so is the current base and impedance base. The per unit (pu)
electrical quantities are calculated as follows:
P + jQ V
S pu = = Ppu + jQ pu V pu =
Sb Vb
I
I pu = Z pu =
Z
Ib Zb
• Real power systems are convenient to analyze using their per-phase (since the system is three-phase) per-unit
(since there are many transformers) equivalent circuits. The per-phase base voltage, current, apparent power,
and impedance are as follows. Usually, base apparent power and base voltage are specified at a point in the
circuit, and the other values are calculated from them.
S B3 3 S 1B S 1B VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN ) 2 VB2, LN
I3B = = = = I1B ZB = 3
= =
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN SB 3S 1B S 1B
• Therefore, the per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this power system is shown: