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Chapter 3 Dynamic

3.1 Newton's laws of motion

3.2 Linear momentum and its conservation
3.3 Elastic and inelastic collisions
3.4 Centre of mass
3.5 Frictional forces

Introduction

Dynamics - A study to explain the motion of an object and the effect that produces motion (Force).
In our everyday life a Force is a push and pull. The concept of Force has given us the quantitative
description of interaction between two bodies or a body and its environment.
Type of Forces
We can list the force into two type, one contact forces and two long range forces. Examples of
the force are shown below:
Contact Forces Long range forces
Applied Force Gravitational force
Tension Electric Force
Restoring Force Magnetic Force
Normal Force
Friction Force
Buoyancy
Table 3- 1
From the experiment it’s found that forces are combined according to the vector Addition. This
would mean that the effect of any number of forces applied at a point on a body is the same as the
effect of a single force(Resultant Force, R) that is the vector sum of the forces (The net
force,F).This important principle is called superposition of forces. The Resultant Force also
known as Reaction forces.
This is given by:
    
R  F1  F2  F3 .......   F (3.1)
In component version it’s written by
   
Rx   Fx and R y   Fy (3.2)
3.1 Newton's laws of motion
Learning Outcome:
(a) State Newton's laws of motion;
dv dm
(b) Use the formula F  m v for constant m or constant v only;
dt dt

> Newton's first law of motion

Newton’s First law state that : If no net force act on a body, then the body’s velocity cannot
change; that is the body cannot accelerate.
1. A body remains at rest or move along a straight line with constant speed, unless acted
upon by a External force. It’s mean that the net force is what matters in the Newton’s
First Law.

 0
F (3.3)

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2. This concept derives to inertia where an object resists changes to its state of rest or
motion. The inertia of an object is measured by its mass.
3. Because of Newton’s first law being used to define Inertia frame of reference, It’s
sometimes called law of inertia.

> Newton's second law of motion

Newton’s second law state that: The net force1 is directly proportional to the mass of the body
times the acceleration of the body
1. This statement only meant that if a net force act on a body, the body will accelerates and the
direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force (resultant Force).
R  F  ma (3.4)
2. Resultant Force, R
-The unit for resultant force is kg m s -2 or Newton (N).

Newton,N
Newton, N is defined as the forces required accelerating a mass of 1 kg at a rate
of 1 m s -2

Newton’s third law of motion

- Newton's third law states that: when two different body interact, the action force exerts will have
an equal but opposite reaction force.
1. If an object A exerts a force on an object B, then B exerts an equal but opposite force On A.
The action and reaction pair of force act on different bodies and of the same type of forces.
 
FAonB   FBonA (3.5)
2. The action force is the force applied to an object by other object. Whenever there is action
force It’s will be the reaction force produce.

Action and Reaction pair analyses

1. A hand is pulling the rope and the rope is pulling the block with a constant force.

Figure 3- 1
F1 – Force exert by hand on the rope
F2 – Force exert by rope on the hand
F3 – Force exert by rope on the block
F4 – Force exert by block on the rope

2. Explanation:

1
Here we can see the term of resultant force, net force and the sum of force, all this term are the same but
it’s used in a different context.

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(F1 and F2) pair of action and reaction
(F2 dan F3) not a pair of action and reaction
(F3 dan F4 ) pair of action and reaction
And so
F1 = -F2 dan F3 = -F4
Put in mind that F2  F3 ,but F2 = F3 when the rope is static of it’s move with
a constant speed.
Let m be the mass of the rope,
 F1 –F4 = ma, a = acceleration of the rope
If a = 0
F1 –F4 = 0
 F1 = F4
Then F1 = F2 and F3 = F4
 F2 = F3

F2 and F3 that act in the rope known as Tension.

Tension
Tension is the force that always opposes the stretch force.

Note:
“Stretch Force” is the outward force that always co-exist with the tension (or centripetal
force). It is created by the mass. That why it is not being mention during determining the
force of the object.

Using Newton’s Law

Newton’s three law of motion contain all the basic principles we need to solve a wide variety of
problems in mechanics. Here is strategy to solve problem involving Newton’s law:
Step 1. Define The surface or line that parallel with surface, the Coordinate system,
especially the origin, positive and negative axis.
Step 2. Be consistent with the sign.
Step 3. Always concentrate on specific body2, draw a free body diagram showing all the
forces acting, on this body, do not include forces that the body exert on any
other body. The acceleration of body is determined by forces acting on it.
Step 43. Identify the known and unknown quantities and give each unknown quantity an
algebraic symbol. Keep in mind that the component of this force.
Step 5. Write Newton’s First law or Newton’s second law in component form

Application of Newton’s law.

A) Newton’s First Law : Acceleration is zero (a=0), net force is zero (Fnet = 0), state of Equlibrium

2
Step 3 is very important, to explain and understand how the force act. It is being use to the whole situation
in this course (STPM Physic). The question ‘where?’ is very important in solving the problem involving the
Force (Vector)
3
This is the worst part. The student need to symbolize the quantity of physic with alphabet then executed
the calculation. This step have to be remind to the student every time, always.

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Example 3- 1

Figure 3- 2
A crane lifts an object using the arrangement of ropes as shown. What is the tension, T in each of
the cords?

Solution

Figure 3- 3: a free body diagram

Component Method Solving Problem

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Total Vector Component On:
x-axis :
F x  T2 cos 60  T1 cos 60
y-axis :
F y  T2 sin 60  T1 sin 60  10000N

Figure 3- 4: converting vector T1 and T2 to it’s components The object is in Equilibrium, applying Newton’s First
Law.

F  0
More detail mean that
 
 x
F  0 and  y 0
F

Then:
F x  T2 cos 60  T1 cos 60  0

T2  T1  T

Then
F y  T2 sin 60  T1 sin 60  10000N  0
2T1 sin 60  10000 N
10000 N
T1   5773.5 N
2 sin 60

Triangle Method

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The magnitude of Tension can be determine using :
a. Drawing Method

Figure 3- 5

Figure 3- 6
T1 = T2 = 5700N (approximately)
or
b. Cosine rule4

Figure 3- 7
c  a  b  2ab cos c
2 2 2

(10000) 2  T1  T1  2T1 cos120

2 2 2

10000 2
T1 
2

2  2 cos120
T1  5773.5 N
The direction of the vectors determine by connecting
the head and tail of every vector.

Each string must be supporting half the weight of the 10 000 N object.
So the vertical component of the force due to each string must be 5000 N.
So
T sin 60 = 5000 N
or T = 5773.5 N

Example 3- 2

a b c
4
Sine Rule  
sin a sin b sin c

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Figure 3- 8

A small object is held in equilibrium by the strings shown in the diagram. The tension in the strings
is shown in the diagram. If the system is in equilibrium, what is the weight of the object?
Solution

Figure 3- 9 : a free body diagram

The forces on the object must be balanced whether you consider horizontally or vertically (one of
the equilibrium conditions).

Figure 3- 10 : Converting Tension to it’s component.

Consider vertical component of forces
T sin 30° = W…………..(1)
Consider horizontal component of forces
T cos 30° = 100…………(2)

B) Newton’s Second Law : Acceleration is not Zero, net force is not zero.
Example 3- 3

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Figure 3- 11
A force, F, of 600 N is applied to accelerate two bodies that are in contact with each other as
shown. What force does the 100 kg mass exert on the 200 kg mass? (Ignore friction)

Solution.
Problem Analysis
To solve the problem we have to do these:
1. Separate the object

Figure 3- 12 : Mass 100kg have the same acceleration with mass 200kg.
F
2. The acceleration of the two bodies is exactly the same so a  for each body.
m
3. Determine action and reaction forces. Then used Newton’s Second Law.

Let P = force between 100 kg and 200 kg.

Using Fnet = ma
For 100 kg; 600-P= 100a ......(1)
For 200 kg; P = 200a ......(2)

(1)+(2) 600 = 300a

a =2ms -2
So, P = 200(2)
= 400 N

Example 3- 4

Figure 3- 13.
A box 5 kg is placed in a steep floor as shown in the diagram above.
Taking g as 10 ms-2 , calculate:
(a) The force, F acted to the box when the box is stationary.
(b) The force, F acted to the box when the box moves downwards with acceleration 2 ms-2.

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(c) A force F is shown in the diagram to enable the object to move with constant velocity 3ms-1
upwards. What is the value for F?

Solution:

Figure 3- 14 : Resolving F to it’s component according to the chosen axis.

(a) The Force, F that make the box stationary.

Fx  F cos30
Wx  W sin30
F x 0
F cos30  W sin30  0
25
F  28.86
0.866
(b) The Force,F that is moving the box downward
F x  ma
W sin30  F cos30  ma
25  F cos30  ma
25  10  F cos30
15
F  17.32N
cos30
(c) Since the box moves with constant velocity,
the resultant force = 0
Force acted parallel to the floor = 25 N
F cos 30° = 25 N
F = 28.86 N

Example 3- 5

Figure 3- 15

Objects A and B are of masses 1.5 kg and 2.0 kg respectively. They are connected in the manner
as shown in Figure 3-15. Object A is placed 2.0 m from the edge of the table. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between A and the table is 0.30. The objects are released from rest. Determine the
time taken by A to move a distance of 2.0 m.

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Solution:
Problem Analysis
To solve the problem we have to do these:
1. Separate the object
2. The acceleration of the two bodies is exactly the same so for each body.
3. The Tension is also the same.

Object A Object B

T  ff  ma (3.6) T  Mg  Ma (3.7)

Ma  Mg   mg  ma
Ma  ma  (  m  M )g
(  m  M )g
a
M m
Using M=2kg, m=1.5kg, =0.3 and g=9.81m s-2.
[0.3(1.5)  2]9.81
a
2  1.5
 4.34ms 2
Applying ‘suvat’ no 3
1
s  ut  at 2
2
1
2  0  (4.34)t 2
2
 t  1.0s

Project Analysis 3.1

(a) Draw freebody diagram

(b) Write down the forces analysis

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3.2 Linear Momentum and Its Conservation
Learning Outcome:
(a) state the principle of conservation of momentum, and verify the principle using Newton's laws
of motion;
(b) apply the principle of conservation of momentum;
(c) define impulse as  Fdt ;
(d) solve problems involving impulse

1. The net force,F in second Newton’s law also can be interpret as rate of change of
momentum of a body is directly proportional to the net force and it takes place along the direction
of the net force.
2. Momentum is a vector quantity, that has magnitude (mv) and a direction (the same as velocity
vector) and it’s unit is kg ms-1.
Momentum,P is the product of the particle’s mass and velocity

Momentum P = mv; m is the mass and v is the velocity of the mass.

Example 3- 6
An object of mass 1.5 kg is projected from the ground at a speed of 15 m s-1 and at angle 60° to
the ground. Determine the linear momentum of the object when it reaches the maximum height.

Solution :
Problem Analysis
At the maximum height, the velocity of the object is horizontal.
It’s magnitude is equal to the horizontal component of the velocity at the moment the object is
projected upward.

 
P  mv  (1.5kg )(15Cos 60)  11.3kgms 1
Impulse
Impulse, J is defined as the product of force and its duration of action.

Figure 3- 16. During collision m1 acted on m2,in t.

1. Impulse, J is Ft ; F the action force and t is the duration of the action force (time during
collision, refer figure above) .
J = Ft = m1v –m1u = P [Momentum-Impulse Theorem]
P  F t

 P   F t
P   Fdt

Example 3- 7

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Figure 3- 17
The forces of an object with 5 kg are shown at the graph above. Calculate the momentum of the
object in 10.0 s.

Solution:
Problem analysis
- Impulse, J is the area under the graph is the change of momentum (mv-mu)
- Duration of the average acting Force is 10s
- Initial velocity is zero, because when t = 0 , F = 0

1
Impulse, J  (20N )(10s )  100Ns
2
mv  mu  100Ns
5kg(v )  5kg(0)  100Ns
v  20ms 1

Collision
1. In everyday language, a collision occurs when object crash into each other. In physic collision
range from the microscopic scale of subatomic particles to astronomic scale.
Collision is an isolated event in which two or more bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively
strong forces on each other for relatively short time
2. We must distinguish times that are before, during and after the collision

Figure 3- 18

During collision, m1 exerts a force F1, on m2, and m2 exerts a force F2 on m1

3. The principle of conservation of linear momentum for a system of colliding bodies can be
deduced using Newton's laws of motion.

According to Newton's third law of motion:

Action = -Reaction
F1 = -F2
mv  mu
Using Newton's second law of motion, F 
t
Hence, F1 = -F2

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m1v 1  m1u1 m v  m2u 2
 2 2
t t
m1u1  m2u 2  m1v 1  m2v 2

Principle of conservation of linear momentum

Principle Of Conservation of linear momentum states that “the total linear momentum of a system
of bodies is constant if no external forces act on the system.(closed system)”

3. A collision has the following characteristics:

•What happens after collision differs from what was happening before the collision.
•Large force acts on the object during the collision.
•At least one of the colliding objects experiences a change in velocity.
•It occurs in a short interval.
•Total Momentum and total energy of the system are conserved.

3.3 Collision Elastic and Inelastic

Candidates Should be able to:
(a) distinguish between elastic collisions and inelastic collisions (knowledge of coefficient of
restitution is not required);
(b) solve problems involving collisions between particles in one dimension;

Elastic
1 2
1. A collision between two objects is elastic if the total kinetic energy ( mv ) of the objects is
2
conserved.
2. Perfectly elastic collision
For perfectly elastic collision, the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of
separation.
U2 - U1 = v1 -v2

Newton's law of restitution when two objects collide,

1. Relative velocity after collision = -e (relative velocity before collision)
2. Where e = coefficient of restitution and 0  e  1
•For a perfectly elastic collision, e = 1
•For a perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0

Example 3- 8
The collision about to occur between A and B is perfectly elastic. What is the final velocity of
object B if the final velocity of A is 2 ms -1 to the right?

Figure 3- 19
Solution:
m A  1kg , mB  2kg,u A  10ms 1 , uB  0, v A  2ms 1 , v B  ?

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m Au A  m B u B  m Av A  m B v B
Then
(m A u A  m B u B )  m A v A {1kg(10ms 1 )  2kg(0)}  {1kg(2ms 1 )}
vB  
mB 2kg
 4ms 1

Inelastic
1. A collision between two objects is inelastic if the total kinetic energy of the objects is not
conserved.

Example 3- 9

Figure 3- 20

From the diagram above, what would be the final velocity of the bodies if the collision was
perfectly inelastic?

Solution:
mA = 1kg, mB = 2kg , uA=1m s-1 ,uB= 0 and (mA + mB) = 3kg , vAB = ?

m A u A  m B u B  (m A  m B )v AB
m Au A  m B u B
v AB 
m A  mB
1kg(1ms 1 )  2kg(0)

3
1
 0.333ms

System of Variable Mass

Rocket Propulsion
Momentum considerations are particularly useful for analysing a system in which the masses of
parts of the system change with time. In such cases we can't use Newton's second law
 F  ma directly because m changes. Rocket propulsion offers a typical and interesting
example of this kind of analysis. A rocket is propelled forward by rearward ejection of burned fuel
that initially was in the rocket. The forward force (thrust) on the rocket is the reaction to the
backward force(Action) on the ejected material. The total mass of the system is constant, but the
mass of the rocket itself decreases as material is ejected. As a simple example, we consider a
rocket fired in outer space, where there is no gravitational force and no air resistance.
Consider a rocket drifting in gravity free space. The rocket's engine is fired for time t and, during
this period, ejects gases at a constant rate and at a constant speed relative to the rocket (exhaust
velocity). Assume there are no external forces, such as gravity or air resistance.

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Figure 3- 21

Figure 3-21(a) shows the situation at time t. The rocket and fuel have a total mass M and the
combination is moving with velocity v as seen from a particular frame of reference. At a time t
later the configuration has changed to that shown in Figure 1.2(b). A mass M has been ejected
from the rocket and is moving with velocity u as seen by the observer. The rocket is reduced to
mass M- M and the velocity v of the rocket is changed to v+ v.

Because there is no external forces dP  0 , we can write in term of time interval,t as:
dt

P ( P2  P1 )
0 
t t
Where P1 is the initial momentum of the system, and P2 is the final momentum of the system. So
the system above we can write as:
[( M  M )(v  v)  Mu ]  Mv
0
t
If we let t approach zero, v/ t approaches dv/dt, the acceleration of the body. The quantity
M is the mass ejected in t; this leads to a decrease in the mass M of the original body. Since
dM/dt, the change in mass of the body with time, is negative in this case, in the limit the quantity
M/ t is replaced by -dM/dt. The quantity u-(v+ v) is Vrel, the relative velocity of the ejected
mass with respect to the rocket. With these changes, equation (1.4) can be written as
 dv   dM 
M    (u  (v  v))  
 dt   dt 
 dM 
 vrel  
 dt 
The right-hand term depends on the characteristics of the rocket and, like the left-hand term, has
the dimensions of a force. This force is called the thrust, and is the reaction force exerted on the
rocket by the mass that leaves it. The rocket designer can make the thrust as large as possible by
designing the rocket to eject mass as rapidly as possible (dM/dt large) and with the highest
possible relative speed (Vrel large).
Thrust is the force that propels a rocket or spacecraft and is measured in pounds, kilograms or
Newtons. Physically speaking, it is the result of pressure which is exerted on the wall of the
combustion chamber.
Comparing the thrust to Newton second’s law will be:
dm
F v
dt

3.4 Centre of Mass

Learning Outcome:
(a) Define centre of mass for a system of particles in a plane;
(b) Predict the path of the centre of mass of a two particle system

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1. Physicists love to look at something complicated and find in it something simple and familiar.
Here is an example. If you flip a half meter ruler into the air, its motion as it turns is clearly more
complicated than that of, say, a nonspinning tossed tennis ball, which moves like a particle. Every
part of the meter ruler moves in a different way from every other part, so you cannot represent the
meter ruler as a tossed particle; instead, it is a system of particles.
2. However, if you look closely, you will find that one special point of the ruler moves in a simple
parabolic path, just as a particle would if tossed into the air. In fact, that special point moves as
though (1) the ruler’s total mass were concentrated there and (2) the gravitational force on the
ruler acted only there. That special point is said to be the Center Of Mass (COM) of the meter
ruler.

The centre of mass of a system of particle is the point where the mass of the body is assumed to
be concentrated.
If a force is applied through the Centre of mass
- The motion is a linear motion with no rotational motion.
- The body accelerates in the direction of the force.

3. The position of the centre of mass

The center of mass of a meter ruler lies along the ruler central axis. You can locate it by balancing
the meter ruler horizontally on an outstretched finger: The center of mass is on the ruler's axis just
above your finger. Generally the center of mass can be determined easily if the object has a point,
a line or a plane of symmetry.
System of Particle The position of Center Of Mass

Arbitrarily choose M as the origin :

d
m
M m xCOM  d
M m

The origin is outside of the system:

Mx1  mx2
xCOM 
M m
X1 Where x is the distance from the origin to the particle.

d
M m
For the n particle(more than two particle) system:
m1 x1  m2 x 2  m3 x3  .......  mn x n
X2 xCOM 
m1  m2  m3  .........  mn
n
mi x i

i 1 mi

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Example 3- 10
Particles with mass 0.30 kg and 0.60 kg are at 30.0 cm and 40.0 cm mark respectively on a
uniform metre rule of mass 0.2 kg. Find the position of the centre of mass of the system.

x1= 30 cm x2 = 40 cm 50 cm
0 cm
0.3kg 0.6 kg 100 cm

Origin

Figure 3- 22

Solution:
Problem Analysis:
Origin chosen is at the 0cm
Weight of the ruler acted at 50cm and it’s magnitude is 0.2kg

m1 x 1  m 2 x 2  m 3 x 3
x COM 
m1  m 2  m 3
0.3kg(0.3m )  0.6kg(0.4m )  0.2kg(0.5m )

0.3kg  0.6kg  0.2kg
 0.39m
3.5 Frictional Forces
Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the variation of frictional force with sliding force;
(b) define and use coefficient of static friction and coefficient of kinetic friction

1. When we discuss about frictional force, it’s useless to proceed without including the Normal
Reaction Force, N. Reaction force, R occur when two surface contacted each other.
Microscopically the surface of the object is not fully smooth.

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Figure 3- 23

Normal Reaction Force, N is the total Reaction Force that is perpendicular to the surface

Figure 3- 24
2. Friction acts whenever two surfaces move or try to move relative to one another. Friction force
is the component of the reaction force. Friction force occurred when the object is start to move
(static friction) and during the movement (kinetic friction). When the mass is moving the
reaction force exerted because of the action force acted to the mass.

a. Static friction
(i) It is a force at the contact surfaces which prevents the surfaces from sliding over each
other.

Figure 3- 25

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(ii) The frictional force always acts in the opposite direction to the pulling force P. It is
always self-adjusting, constantly equalising itself to P, maintaining static equilibrium as
long as the limiting friction is not exceeded.
(iii) If the pulling force is greater than the limiting friction, the block moves and another
frictional force known as kinetic friction comes into effect.

(iv) Limiting friction:

(a) Depands on the nature of the surfaces.
(b) Is independent of the area of contact.
(c) Is proportional to the normal reaction,N. Thus limiting friction (friction force)
has a value Ff = N
(v) This shows that the limiting force is depend on the Normal. Then we can see that the
Normal is maximum when it is perpendicular with the surface and it is smaller when it’s
on the slope.

Figure 3- 26

b.Kinetic friction
1. It is a force between two moving surfaces which opposes the sliding motion.

Figure 3- 27
2. When the pulling force P exceeds the limiting friction, the resultant force accelerates the block.
3. Once in motion, the frictional force decreases. The frictional force involved now is the kinetic
friction.
4. To maintain constant velocity, the pulling force P has to be decreased to the same magnitude
as the frictional force (kinetic friction).
5. The kinetic friction is independent of the relative velocity of the surfaces.

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Physic 960
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Figure 3- 28

Example 3- 11
A car of mass 1000 kg moves up a slope with an angle of 30° to the horizontal. It moves at a
constant speed and therefore has a constant friction force of 500 N. Taking g as 10 ms-2, what
force must the engine provide to keep the car moving?,

Solution.
Problem Analysis
Need to work out the total force acting down the slope.
This will be the force that the engine has to provide to maintain a constant velocity (balanced
forces).
The two forces acting down the slope are friction and a component of the weight.
The friction force, 500 N, all acts down the slope because it opposes the motion of the car.
Note that the weight of the car is 1000 kg x 10 ms-2 = 10 000N

The component of the weight that acts down the slope is 10 000 sin 30° = 5000 N
So the total force acting down the slope = 5000 N + 500 N = 5500 N.

Memorizing List:
1. Name of forces and its directions and calculation of its
magnitude
20 Newton’s law
2. Steps used to solve
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Physic 960
amimo
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