PRE-PARTITION

Arrival of Muslims in subcontinents

Muhammad Bin Qasim:
There are many great people found in the history of Sub-continent, who devoted their lives for
Islam. One of the very famous heroes of history is Mohammad Bin Qasim who played a major
role in spread of Islam in the sub-continent. He lived a very short life of twenty years, but he is
known for his courage and disciplines. He was born on December 31st, 695 at ta’if. As he was
orphaned, when he was a child, thus he grew up under his mother’s eye. A generous and
religious person was the son-in-law of Hajjaj Bin Yousaf.

Mohammad Bin Qasim, the soldier of Islam, established peace and took first step to install
Muslim Society in the Sub-continent. The local population was so impressed by his justice,
leniency and fair-play of the Muslims that when Muhammad Bin Qasim and later Umayyad
Caliph Umer Bin Abdul Aziz invited the people to accept Islam, the response was good.

Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD. As a result of his efforts, he succeeded in
capturing Daibul. He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Nirun (A city near modern
Hyderabad), fortress (called Sikka), Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat. After the conquest
of Multan, he carried his arms to the borders of Kigdom of Kashmir, but his dismissal stopped
the further advance. Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to
the borders of Kashmir in the north.

Mahmood Ghaznavi:
The very first ruler in history to assume the title of "Sultan" was Mahmud of Ghazni, founder of
the Ghaznavid Empire. His title signified that the Muslim Caliph remained the religious leader of
the empire despite being the political leader of a vast swath of land, encompassing much of what
is now Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.

Ruling a Huge State

Over the next three decades, Mahmud of Ghazni would make more than a dozen military strikes
into Hindu and Ismaili kingdoms to the south. His empire stretched all the way to the shores of
the Indian Ocean at southern Gujarat before his death.

Domestic Policies
The Sultan Mahmud loved books and honored learned men. In his home base at Ghazni, he built
up a library to rival that of the Abbasid caliph's court in Baghdad, now in Iraq.
Mahmud of Ghazni also sponsored the construction of universities, palaces, and grand mosques,
making his capital city the jewel of Central Asia

Final Campaign and Death

In 1026, the 55-year-old sultan set out to invade the state of Kathiawar, on India's west (Arabian
Sea) coast. His army drove as far south as Somnath, famous for its beautiful temple to the Lord
Shiva.

Although Mahmud's troops successfully captured Somnath, looting and destroying the temple,
there was troubling news from Afghanistan. A number of other Turkic tribes had risen up to
challenge Ghaznavid rule, including the Seljuk Turks, who had already captured Merv
(Turkmenistan) and Nishapur (Iran). These challengers had already begun to nibble away at the
edges of the Ghaznavid Empire by the time Mahmud died on April 30, 1030. The sultan was just
59 years old.

Sultan Muhammad Ghori:

After Mahmud of Ghazni the next invader in India was Muhammad Ghori, whose royal title was
Mu'izzuddin. As a prince, he was known as Shahab-ud-din. He belonged to the Ghorid dynasty
which replaced the Ghaznavids in Afghanistan.

He assisted his elder brother Ghiyas-ud-din and remained a loyal subordinate until his death in
1202 and became the ruler of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206. His dynasty is
known as Ghori because his family belonged to the territory of Ghor in Afghanistan.

After the death of Mahmud of Ghazni, for nearly hundred and fifty years there was no Turkish
invasion in India. Shahab-ud-din Ghori's first invasions were on the Muslim states of Multan and
the fortress of Uch.

In 1179, he attacked Gujrat but was defeated by its raja. His next attack was on Lahore in 1181,
which was a successful one and this ultimately ended the Ghaznavids Empire, bringing the
remaining territory under Ghori's control.

In 1191 he fought against Prithviraj Chauhan, who was the ruler of Delhi, Ajmer and its allies,
and was one of the most powerful rajas of India; Ghori was defeated in this battle which is called
the first battle of Tarain 1191.

However, he was not dishearten and prepared his army for the next attack — this time with much
strategy and power. His efforts made him defeat Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of
Tarain, 1192. The victory paved the way for Ghori to push Muslim rule further in India.
After Prithviraj's death, there was no strong and brave ruler who could fight and hold back
Turkish invasions with such great valour as that of Prithviraj's.

Ghori treated his slaves very nicely and sometimes with as much affection as a father would have
for his son. One of his slaves was Qutb-ud-din Aibak. With the time, he rose through the ranks to
become the most trusted general of Ghori. His greatest military successes occurred while
working directly under Ghori's leadership. He was left with independent charge of Indian
campaigns and thus became the first Muslim emperor of Northern India. He also established
Turkish rule in India and made Delhi and Lahore his capital cities.

In 1206, a rebellion rose in Punjab so Ghori returned and crushed the rebels and on his way back
to Ghazni he was assassinated by someone which is still arguable as some say it was a Hindu
Ghakars while others say it was a Hindu Khokers — both different tribes.

Shahabuddin Ghori did not have any offspring who could inherit his empire. But he treated his
Turkic slaves as his children, he provided them with education and trained both as soldiers as
well as administrators. Many of his loyal slaves got positions in government as well as in army.

In India Qutb-ud-din Aibak became his successor and ruled over Delhi. Another slave, Nasir-ud-
din Qabacha became the ruler of Sindh and Multan. In fact, Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid down the
foundation of slave dynasty in India. Nasir-ud-din Qabacha was finally defeated by Shams-ud-
din Iltutmish and Sindh and Multan became part of the Delhi kingdom.

Mahmud of Ghazni opened the gate for the Turkish conquests in India but the task of
consolidation was done by Shahab-ud-din Ghori and his successors led to the establishment of
Muslim settlements in the subcontinent for many hundred years.

Mughal period
Babar:
Zahir al-Din Muhammad (throne name Babur) was a fifth-generation descendant of the Turkic
conqueror Timur, whose empire, built in the late 14th century, covered much of Central Asia and
Iran. Born in 1483 at the twilight of that empire, Babur faced a harsh reality: there were too
many Timurid princes and not enough principalities to go around. The result was a constant
churning of wars and political intrigue as rivals sought to unseat each other and expand their
territories. Babur spent much of his youth fixated on trying to capture and hold Samarkand, the
former capital of the Timurid empire. He occupied it in 1497, lost it, and then took it again in
1501. His second triumph was brief—in 1501 he was resoundingly defeated in battle by
Muhammad Shaybani Khan, losing the coveted city along with his native principality of
Fergana. After one final futile attempt to retake Samarkand in 1511, he gave up on his lifelong
goal.

But there are second acts in Timurid life. From Kabul, which he had occupied in 1504, Babur
turned his attention toward India, launching raids into the Punjab region beginning in 1519. In
1526 Babur’s army defeated a much larger force belonging to the Lodi Sultanate of Delhi at the
Battle of Panipat and marched on to occupy Delhi. By the time of Babur’s death in 1530, he
controlled all of northern India from the Indus to Bengal. The geographical framework for the
Mughal Empire was set, although it still lacked the administrative structures to be governed as a
single state.

Babur is also remembered for his autobiography, the Baburnamah, which gives a cultured and
witty account of his adventures and the fluctuations of his fortunes, with observations on nature,
society, and politics in the places he visited.

Hamayun:
Babur’s son Humayun (birth name Nasir al-Din Muhammad; reigned 1530–40 and 1555–56) lost
control of the empire after a rebellion led by the Afghan soldier of fortune Sher Shah of Sur
expelled him from India. Fifteen years later, Humayun took advantage of discord among Sher
Shah’s successors to recapture Lahore, Delhi, and Agra. But he wasn’t around long to enjoy his
restored empire; he died in a fall down the steps of his library in 1556 that may have been caused
by his excessive drinking. He was succeeded by his son Akbar.

Akbar:
Humayun’s son Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) is often remembered as the greatest of all Mughal
emperors. When Akbar came to the throne, he inherited a shrunken empire, not extending much
beyond the Punjab and the area around Delhi. He embarked on a series of military campaigns to
extend his boundaries, and some of his toughest opponents were the Rajputs, fierce warriors who
controlled Rajputna (now Rajasthan). The Rajputs’ main weakness was that they were divided by
fierce rivalries with each other. This made it possible for Akbar to deal with Rajput chiefs
individually instead of confronting them as a united force. In 1568 he captured the fortress of
Chitor (now Chittaurgarh), and his remaining Rajput opponents soon capitulated.

Akbar’s policy was to enlist his defeated opponents as allies by allowing them to retain their
privileges and continue governing if they acknowledged him as emperor. This approach,
combined with Akbar’s tolerant attitudes toward non-Muslim peoples, ensured a high degree of
harmony in the empire, in spite of the great diversity of its peoples and religions. Akbar is also
credited with developing the administrative structures that would shape the empire’s ruling elite
for generations. Along with his skill at military conquest, Akbar proved to be a thoughtful and
open-minded leader; he encouraged interreligious dialogue, and—despite being illiterate
himself—patronized literature and the arts.

Jahangir:
(Name salim) the son of Akbar, was so eager to take power that he staged a brief revolt in 1599,
proclaiming his independence while his father was still on the throne. Two years later he went so
far as to arrange for the assassination of his father’s closest friend and adviser, Abu al-Fazl.
These events disturbed Akbar, but the pool of possible successors was small, with two of
Jahangir’s younger brothers having drunk themselves to death, so Akbar formally designated
Jahangir as his successor before his death in 1605. Jahangir inherited an empire that was stable
and wealthy, leaving him to focus his attention on other activities. His patronage of the arts was
unprecedented, and his palace workshops produced some of the finest miniature paintings in the
Mughal tradition. He also consumed excessive amounts of alcohol and opium, at one point
employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs.

Shah Jahan:
Like his father Jahangir, Shah Jahan (birth name Shihab al-Din Muhammad Khurram) inherited
an empire that was relatively stable and prosperous. He had some success in extending the
Mughal Empire into the Deccan states (the states of the Indian peninsula), but he is known today
primarily as a builder. He commissioned his most famous creation, the Taj Mahal, in 1632 after
his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died while giving birth to the couple’s 14th child. The massive
mausoleum complex took more than 20 years to complete and today is one of the best-known
buildings on earth.

Mughal family politics remained tricky as always during Shah Jahan’s reign. In 1657 Shah Jahan
fell ill, igniting a war of succession among his sons. His son Aurangzeb won, declaring himself
emperor in 1658 and keeping his father confined until his death in 1666.

Aurangzeb:
A skilled military leader and administrator, Aurangzeb was a serious-minded ruler who avoided
the decadence and substance-abuse issues that had plagued several of his predecessors. He
presided over the Mughal Empire at its widest geographical extent, pushing the southern border
down the Deccan peninsula all the way to Tanjore. But his reign also saw the beginnings of the
empire’s decline. As a more strictly orthodox Muslim than his predecessors, he ended many of
the policies of religious tolerance that had made pluralism and social harmony possible.

As his reign progressed, events within the empire became increasingly chaotic. Religious
tensions and heavy taxes on agriculture led to rebellions. Aurangzeb suppressed most of these
uprisings, but doing so strained the military and financial resources of the imperial government.
When Aurangzeb died in 1707, the empire was still intact, but the tensions that emerged during
his nearly five-decade reign plagued his successors and caused the gradual breakup of the empire
over the course of the 18th century.

Bahadur shah:
Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar also known as Bahadur Shah or Bahadur
Shah II (October 24, 1775 – November 7, 1862) was the last of the Moghul emperors in India, as
well as the last ruler of the Timurid Dynasty. He was the son of Akbar Shah II by his Hindu wife
Lalbai. He became the Mughal Emperor upon his father's death on September 28, 1838, already
a purely symbolic and titular role while the British East India Company exercised real power.
Technically, the British were the Emperor’s agents. What residual political authority he had was
confined to the City of Delhi, where he lived on a British pension in the Red Fort. Somewhat
derisively, the British referred to him as the "King of Delhi." As a result of reluctantly giving his
name to the revolt of 1857, he was tried for treason by the British and exiled to Burma, where he
died. How a sovereign could rebel against himself remains a puzzle.

War of independence
In 1857 British faced a serious challenge to their rule in India. This war is called war of
Independence. There are many causes for this war which are:
Political:
As British extended their control they introduced many ways of grabbing land like the use of
Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie was very unpopular. The mistreatment of
Mughal Emperor was also another cause and when Lord Dalhousie moved the capital from
Delhi. It angered many people. English was replaced by Persian as an Official language.
Religious and Social:
As the rule of British grew so did its culture. The British thought that they were Superior Culture
and Disrespected the Indian culture they also did not get mixed with the Indians as they thought
that Indians are uneducated and uncivilized people. This arrogant attitude and the introduction of
new ways of life with railways, roads and telegraph were not accepted to many Indians. Indians
thought that their religion was ay threat by foreigners was sent Christian monks to spread their
religion. These monks insulted the religion of the Indians. This angered many Indians.
Economic:
We have learnt that how British merchants traded with India which was very profitable for them.
The British imposed high taxes on Indians and the tax collectors were corrupt and kept some
money for themselves the resentment grew when the British filled Indian market with cheap
mass produced goods and many families were unable to sell their goods thus this made most of
the Indians poor. British also made the salary of their army (Infantry) low.
Military:
There were many Indian soldiers in the British army but not even a single one of Indian was
made an officer. The British used their army to fight other countries and this was not accepted to
Indians who wanted to leave their mother land. They were also rumors that The Indians were
forced to convert into Christianity before they could be made the Officers.

The Events Of 1857

● In January 1857 the British announced that they would introduce a new rifle with a paper
cartridge covered with grease to keep the powder dry and before the cartridge would be loaded
the end had to be bitten off. However a rumor spread that the grease was made up of Cow and
pigs fat. The Sepoys were so angry that they refused to use the new rifle.
● In March a Sepoy named Mangal Pandey defied his British officer and was executed.

● In May Sepoys of Meerut refused to touch the new cartridge so they were put to prison but
their fellow Sepoys freed them and killed all the British then the soldiers marched to Delhi and
captured it. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II wined the support of Hindus and
Muslims. The War spread and British lost control of Mathura, Kanpur, Jhansi and Allahabad as
well as Delhi and Lucknow. This area is now known as Uttar pardesh. However British proved to
be too powerful and quickly regained the areas they had lost.

● In September Delhi was regained and Bahdur Shah was put into life time prison. In august
1858 the war was officially over.

Reasons For Failure Of War of Independence 1857

1. Lack of Unity:
Although the whole Indian nation faced resentment against the British but the aims were
different. The Muslim wanted to regain control and again set up the Mughal Empire. Their was
no general plan or a Leader. The princes did not want the Imperial power once again. There was
no sense of patriotism and India was too dived for such a feeling.The only uniting force was
Islam but the other groups opposed them which were Hindus and Sikhs as they did not want the
rule of Muslim once again on the India. These were the reasons as British considered this as
“Muslim Revolt”.
 2. British Strength:
The most powerful country of that time and because of Industrial Resolution they had High tech
weapons. The British army was well trained and was much disciplined and they were provided
with large weapons and Funds by the British government. The Perhaps the major reason for the
failure of this uprising was the strength of the British.The Britain was Indians were still fighting
with each other and in the mean time the British use it clever techniques and weapons to crush
the rebellion furthermore it had the support. of some loyal states like Kashmir who sent 2000
troops to support the British win the war.

The Effects of the War

The failure of the war conformed the British masters of India. The war did not loosen control but
rather tightened it. The East India Company was abolished and the Britain took full control of the
Indians affairs. In 1877 the Queen Victoria was given the title as Empress of India and the
Mughal royal family decade away. There were very cruel acts in the war as in the town of
Cawnpore the Indians had murdered several British women and children to avenge their deaths
the British killed anyone who was sympathetic to Indians. They also introduced Viceroy who
was known responsible for all the acts in the country. He had over thousand civil servants to help
him administer the country. These ranged from highly paid judge to lowly paid junior administer.
After the War the British stopped funding Muslim schools and because Muslims still were not
ready to accept the British rule so they did not go in the British schools and became uneducated.
This was not the case with Sikhs and Hindus and they became friendly with the British and very
quickly learned to speak English. After 1857 British did not trust the Indians and thus they were
not taken in the army and the British did not allow Indians to have their own weapons and thus
making the further rebellions less effective. The Control of the British in India was now
unchallenged.

Major events from (1857-1947).

1857 war of Independence:
In order to oust the British from India, the Indian people fought the war of independence but lost.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817 to 1898):

Efforts were made to make the Muslims socially and educationally strong.

Partition of Bengal 1905:

The British portioned Bengal into east and west Bengal to improve the administration.
The Simla Deputation 1906:
A deputation comprising of some Muslim leaders met the viceroy at Simla in order to get some
rights of the Muslims.

The Foundation of the Muslim League 1906:

The foundation of the first Muslim political party in India was laid.

The Lacknow pact 1916:

A constitutional agreement between the Muslims and the Hindus to chalk out a joint struggle in
India.

The Khilafat Movement 1919:

The Muslims of the sub-continent launched a movement to safeguard the Holy places from the
British during the First World War.

The Simon commission, November 1927:

For the grant of constitutional reforms in the sub-continent a deputation under the leadership of
Sir John Simon visited India.

The Nehru report, 1928:

Pandit Moti Lal Nehru presented certain constitutional proposals in which he ignored the rights
of the Muslims.

Fourteen points of the Quaid-e-Azam, 1929:

In relation to the Nehru report, the Quaid-e-Azam presented some proposal on behalf of the
Muslims.

The Allahabad address, 1930:

Allama Iqbal, during a meeting of All India Muslim League, presented the idea of the grant
autonomy in the Muslim majority areas.

The Ministries of the Indian National Congress 1937:

The Indian National Congress formed the Government in various provinces, after the general
elections, which made the life of the Muslims miserable.

The Pakistan Resolution, 1940:

The demand for separating the Muslims majority provinces was presented in the annual meeting
of the All India Muslim League at the Minto Park, Lahore.
The Crips proposals:
During the 2nd world war British Government deputed a mission under the leadership of Sir
Stifford Crips. In order to diffuse political tension he proposed the transfer of power to various
stated after ten years.

The Election of 1945-46:

During these elections the Muslims League won with overwhelming majority and proved that the
Muslims Leagues alone was the exclusive political party of the Muslims.

The Plan of 3rd June 1947:

The British Government proclaimed that India would gain independence by June, 1948.

The Creation of Pakistan on 14th August, 1947:

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah took oath as the Governor General of Pakistan.

POST-PARTITION
Making of pakitan
Initial problem:
1. Choice of Capital City and Establishment of Government:
The first problem Pakistan had to face was choosing an administrative Capital city to form and
establish a government. Quaid-e-Azam as Governor-General chose Karachi. Pakistan had to
build its administration from the start and officers were brought in specially from Delhi. Upon
arrival, there were no offices so interim offices were set up in barracks and public buildings just
to kick things off.

2. Unfair Boundary Distribution – Radcliffe Award:

The boundary commission set up under Sir Cyril Radcliffe proved to be a treacherous one for
Pakistan. Lord Mountbatten’s influence and incline towards India helped as Gurdaspur,
Ferozpur, Jullandar and Kashmir were sided with India – even though all these were Muslim
majority areas.

4. Rehabilitation of Refugees Who Reached Pakistan:

Upon arrival of the Muslim refugees in Pakistan – there was no base of accommodation for the
refugees. Again, the leadership had to resort to public buildings and barracks – refugee and aid
camps were set up and sustenance was given to the refugees. Quaid-e-Azam told the refugees:
“Pakistan has to come stay and it will stay!”

5. Division of Military and Financial Assets With India:

In order to embarrass Pakistan financially, India held against its promise and instead of providing
Pakistan with Rs.750 million, in a treacherous act again, only gave Rs.200 million. Also, the
division of military assets was unfair and Pakistan had to go with the flow instead of waging war
from the weapons that were inevitably to be Pakistan’s.

6. Electricity and Water Issues:

With the division of Punjab in a chronic manner, the Muslim majority areas fell to India – and
the electricity of West Punjab was disrupted because all the power stations were at Mundi (an
Indian area) – along with that, before the Indus Water Basin Treaty, Pakistan was buying water
from India because of the way the boundaries were commissioned. India took full advantage and
wanted to throw Pakistan into an economic crisis as most of our economy were through
agriculture.

8. Lingual Problems With East Pakistan (Bengal):

When Pakistan came into being, it was a heterogeneous inception of different languages
including Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Balochi and Pashto – along with Bengali. As Quaid declared
Urdu as the official language, it did not go well with the Bengalis. When the Bengalis rioted, the
establishment sustained them by firing on the crowd – all this lead to Bengalis’ stance on a
separate nation.

9. Leadership Vacuum After Quaid-e-Azam and Liaquat Ali Khan:

After Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah passed away due to his deteriorating health – all the
burdens of the country fell on the shoulders of Liaquat Ali Khan – who gave us the Objective
Resolution. The Anti-State Actors could not see Pakistan prospering and Khan was shot dead.
This created a vast leadership vacuum in Pakistan – nobody seemed good enough to step in
either one’s shoes.

10. Constitutional problem:

At the time of establishment of Pakistan the Government of India Act 1935 became the working
constitution of Pakistan with certain adoptions. • The need of a constitution framed by the
elected representatives of the people was necessary for free people. • So the first constituent
assembly was formed and was given the task to frame the constitution for the country. • But the
constituent assembly failed to frame a constitution even in eight years. • Lack of a permanent
constitution created chances of corrupt interference in democratic progress of Pakistan.
 Constitution (1956, 1962, 1973).
1956 constitution:
- Rigid constitution
- Islamic republic of Pak
- Parliamentary System
- Islamic law
- Language
- Fundamental Rights

1962 constitution:
- Rigid constitution
- Federal system
- Presidential form of government
- Islamic law
- Role of judiciary
- Language

1973 constitution:
- Parliamentary form of government.
- Amendment Bill.
- Supreme and high court (Fundamental rights)
- Teachings of holy Quran
- Language.

List of M. Law
Ayub khan (1958-1962):
There was a rapid change in governments and 4 Prime Ministers were changed in two years time
Chaudary Muhammad Ali, Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy,Feroz Khan
Noon. These changes caused many administrative problems and political instability.
Thus Ayub Khan felt that the only solution left to bring stability was to impose martial law.

Yahya khan (1969-1971):

Ayub Khan tried his best to handle the situation by releasing a number of political prisoners,
including the most popular leader of East Pakistan, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rahman. He held a Round
Table Conference in Rawalpindi with all the well-known political leaders in March 1969, but it
proved to be a stalemate, with the result that Ayub Khan was forced to hand over power to
General Muhammad Yahya Khan, on March 25, 1969. Pakistan was now under the grip of
another Martial Law.

Zia-ul-haq (1977-1987):
The martial law of 1977 ended in 1988 with the death of President Zia-ul-Haq and many other
key military administrators in the government. ... In 1999, martial law was again imposed against
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif by the armed forces, resulting in General Pervez Musharraf coming
to power for nine years.

Pervaiz mushraf (1999-2007):

During India Pakistan Kargil War, Bill Clinton pressurised Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz
Sharif, to remove armed forces from that area and end the war. PM, under American pressure,
had no choice but to order the removal of armed forced from the area which lead to severe
military castualines and loss of territory. This led the army - government conflict and it is said
that PM Nawaz Sharif made several efforts to clear these conflicts but Musharaf had different
plans

List of governor general of Pakistan:

 Quaid Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1947-1948)
 Khawaja Nazim-ud-din (948-1951)
 Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1951-1955)
 Major G. Sikandar Mirza (1955-1956)

Presidents Of Pakistan (1947-2019)

 Iskander Mirza (23 March 1956–27 October 1958)
 Ayub Khan (27 October 1958–25 March 1969)
 Yahya Khan (25 March 1969–20 December 1971)
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (20 December 1971–13 August 1973)
 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (14 August 1973–September 1978)
 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq] (16 September 1978–17 August 1988)
 Ghulam Ishaq Khan (17 August 1988–18 July 1993)
 Farooq Leghari (14 November 1993–2 December 1997)
 Rafiq Tarar (1 January 1998–21 June 2001)
 Pervez Musharraf (20 June 2001–18 August 2008)
 Asif Ali Zardari (9 September 2008–8 September 2013)
 Mamnoon Hussain (9 September 2013–8 September 2018)
 Arif Alvi (9 September 2018-present)

Prime Ministers Of Pakistan (1947-2019)

 Liaquat Ali Khan(1947-1951)
 Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin(1951-1953)
 Muhammad Ali Bogra(1953-1955)
 Chaudary Muhammad Ali(1955-1956)
 Huseyan Shaheed Suhrawardy (1956-1957)
 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar(1957-1957)
 Sir Feroze Khan Noon(1957-1958)
 Nurul Amin(1971-1971)
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto(1971-1973)
 Muhammad Khan Junejo(1985-1988)
 Benazir Bhutto(1988-1970)
 Nawaz Sharif(1990-1993)
 Benazir Bhutto(1993-1996)
 Nawaz Sharif(1997-1999)
 Mir Zulfiqar Khan Jamali(2002-2004)
 Chaudary Shujaat Hussain(2004-2004)
 Shaukat Aziz(2004-2007)
 Yousaf Raza Gillani(2008-2012)
 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf(2012-2013)
 Nawaz Sharif(2013-2017)
 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi(2017-2018)
 Imran Khan(2019)

Contemporary issues
 POVERTY:
According to an analysis conducted by the government of Pakistan and published at hec.
Gov .pk(the higher education commission of Pakistan) shows that the poverty has
 increased roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. Consider that if 40%of a
country’s population is earning their life below the poverty-line in which the people are
deprived of basic necessities of life such as clothing, shelter, food, education and
medication, such families and their children will be forced to think of their survival only.
 ILLITERACY:
Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.According to
this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half
of its population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child
labor this rate is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as
“Literate” are only able to read and write, which in today’s technology oriented world is
still considered as illiteracy.
 Terrorism:
Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent
years. The whole world looks at Pakistan,as a land of terrorists. Main reason being an
exploitation through the religious leaders and reaction of the military operations both
internally as well as externally.
 Health Issues:
Pakistan is facing a health crisis with rising rates of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and
other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affect poor families,
with possible side effects of disability and premature death, and worsening poverty as
people pay for medical treatment out of their own pockets.
 Overpopulation
According to official news Pakistani has an estimated 2% growth rate which for a country
of official population of 160 Million turns out to be roughly around3.2 Million every
year. This alarming growth rate is causing immense pressure on head of the families who
are to support them.