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Assignment # 03

Course:
Computer Communication Network

Submitted to
Mr. Muhammad Umar

Submitted by
AZEEM UR REHMAN
SP17 BSE 077

Date: 01-04-2019

COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal

campus
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Question 1:

IPv 4 vs IPv 6?

1. IPv 4:
IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. IPv4 is a connectionless
protocol used for packet switched networks. It operates on a best effort
delivery model, in which neither delivery is guaranteed, nor proper sequencing
or avoidance of duplicate delivery is assured. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol and a widely used protocol in
data communication over different kinds of networks. IPv4 is a connectionless
protocol used in packet-switched layer networks, such as Ethernet.

 Why are we running out of IPv4 addresses?

IPv4 uses 32 bits for its Internet addresses. That means it can support 2^32 IP
addresses in total — around 4.29 billion. That may seem like a lot, but all 4.29
billion IP addresses have now been assigned to various institutions, leading to
the crisis we face today.

2. IPv 6:
IPv6 is the sixth revision to the Internet Protocol and the successor to IPv4. It
functions similarly to IPv4 in that it provides the unique, numerical IP addresses
necessary for Internet-enabled devices to communicate. IP v6 was developed
by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the problem of IP v4
exhaustion. IP v6 is 128-bits address having an address space of 2^128, which is
way bigger than IPv4. In IPv6 we use Colon-Hexa representation. There are 8
groups and each group represents 2 Bytes.

IPv6 retains many of the core concepts from the current protocol, IPv4 but
changes most details. IPv4 was devised as a transport and communications
means, but the number of addresses came to an exhaustion that was the reason
for the development of IPv6. IPv6 provides scalability, flexibility and seamless
possibilities in the field of networking.
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Comparison Chart:

BASIS OF COMPARISON IPV4 IPV6

Address Configuration Supports Manual and DHCP Supports Auto-configuration and

configuration. renumbering

End-to-end connection Unachievable Achievable

integrity

Address Space It can generate 4.29 x It can produce quite a large number of

109 addresses. addresses, i.e., 3.4 x 1038.

Security features Security is dependent on IPSEC is inbuilt in the IPv6 protocol

application

Address length 32 bits (4 bytes) 128 bits (16 bytes)

Address Representation In decimal In hexadecimal

Fragmentation Sender and forwarding Only by the sender

performed by routers
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BASIS OF COMPARISON IPV4 IPV6

Packet flow Not available Available and uses flow label field in the

identification header

Checksum Field Available Not available

Message Transmission Broadcasting Multicasting and Anycasting

Scheme

Encryption and Not Provided Provided

Authentication

Question 2:
Wireless Standards?

What Is 802.11?
In 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers created the first
WLAN standard. They called it 802.11 after the name of the group formed to
oversee its development. This is actually the name of a standard used to define
the WiFi. This name/number is given by a society called IEEE(you can read
about it on Wikipedia). So 802.11 is further divided into 4 classes, 802.11a,
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802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. There were actually two variations on the initial
802.11 wireless standard. Both offered 1 or 2Mbps transmission speeds and
the same RF of 2.4GHz. The difference between the two was in how data
traveled through the RF media. One used FHSS, and the other used DSSS.

802.11a:
802.11a supports bandwidth up to 54 Mbps and signals in a regulated
frequency spectrum around 5 GHz. This higher frequency compared to 802.11b
shortens the range of 802.11a networks. The higher frequency also means
802.11a signals have more difficulty penetrating walls and other obstructions.
Because 802.11a and 802.11b use different frequencies, the two technologies
are incompatible with each other. Some vendors offer
hybrid 802.11a/b network gear, but these products merely implement the two
standards side by side (each connected devices must use one or the other).

802.11b:
IEEE expanded on the original 802.11 standard in July 1999, creating
the 802.11bspecification. The 802.11b standard provides for a maximum
transmission speed of 11Mbps. 802.11b supports a theoretical speed up to 11
Mbps. A more realistic bandwidth of 5.9 Mbps (TCP) and 7.1 Mbps (UDP)
should be expected.

802.11b uses the same unregulated radio signaling frequency (2.4 GHz) as the
original 802.11 standard. Vendors often prefer using these frequencies to
lower their production costs. Being unregulated, 802.11b gear can incur
interference from microwave ovens, cordless phones, and other appliances
using the same 2.4 GHz range. However, by installing 802.11b gear a
reasonable distance from other appliances, interference can easily be
avoided.802.11b is also referred to as Wi-Fi 1.

IEEE 802.11g:
802.11g is a popular wireless standard today. 802.11g offers wireless
transmission over distances of 150 feet and speeds up to 54Mbps compared
with the 11Mbps of the 802.11b standard. Like 802.11b, 802.11g operates in
the 2.4GHz range and therefore is compatible with it.
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EEE 802.11n:
The newest of the wireless standards listed in the Network+ objectives is
802.11n. The goal of the 802.11n standard is to significantly increase
throughput in both the 2.4GHz and the 5GHz frequency range. The baseline
goal of the standard was to reach speeds of 100Mbps, but given the right
conditions, it is estimated that the 802.11n speeds might reach a staggering
600Mbps. In practical operation, 802.11n speeds will be much slower.

Comparison of wireless standards:

IEEE Frequency/Mediu Speed Topology Transmissio Access

Standar m n Range Method
d

802.11 2.4GHz RF 1 to Ad 20 feet CSMA/C

2Mbps hoc/infrastructur indoors. A
e

802.11a 5GHz Up to Ad 25 to 75 CSMA/C

54Mbps hoc/infrastructur feet A
e indoors;
range can
be affected
by building
materials.

802.11b 2.4GHz Up to Ad Up to 150 CSMA/C

11Mbps hoc/infrastructur feet A
e indoors;
range can
be affected
by building
materials.
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IEEE Frequency/Mediu Speed Topology Transmissio Access

Standar m n Range Method
d

802.11g 2.4GHz Up to Ad Up to 150 CSMA/C

54Mbps hoc/infrastructur feet A
e indoors;
range can
be affected
by building
materials.

802.11n 2.4GHz/5GHz Up to Ad 175+ feet CSMA/C

600Mbp hoc/infrastructur indoors; A
s e range can
be affected
by building
materials.