CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methodology, properties of

materials, the sample, mixture, experimental procedures, curing and

testing, data gathering procedures and the statistical tools used to

analyze the data.

Research Design

This is a descriptive time-series experimental design to investigate

the compressive strength of concrete using COS and CDW as an

additional fine aggregate in the mixture. The compressive testing was

conducted at a given interval of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to determine the

development in each concrete specimen.

Properties of Materials

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general

use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar,

stucco, and most sometimes grout. Where this type of cement meets

ASTM C150. The specific gravity of Portland cement used in this study is

3.15.
 The gravel used in the research was specified as crushed rocks. The

fine aggregate used was sand.

The COS was formed into a sand-like material using a grinder. The

specific gravity was computed resulting to 1.963. The CDW has undergone

manual crushing. The specific gravity was also computed resulting to

2.346.

The Sample

The sample was a mixture of sand, gravel, Portland cement and for

the COS and CDW concrete, 50% of the total weight of sand was

replaced by COS and CDW. The samples were manufactured using a

cylindrical mold with the dimensions of w6 inches diameter and 12 inches

for the height. The average compressive strength of the samples was

taken after the curing period of 28 days using the compression testing

machine.

Mixture Proportion

In this study, the concrete mixture used was 1:2:4. The used mixture

was used for plain concrete which was done manually. The COS and

CDW used for the other specimens was 50% part of the total of the weight

of the sand. The amount of water used was added to have enough
moisture in the mixture. The manufacturing of the COS and CDW concrete

was also done manually.

Experimental Procedures

The procedures followed on the determining the specific gravity of

COA and CDW aggregates was based on the manual of laboratory work

in soil mechanics.

Curing and Testing

The concrete samples were cured using the immersion curing

process. The curing process was done before the testing of the samples

compressive strength at a specific duration. An amount of clean water

was just enough to fill the tank for the immersion curing process.

The compression testing machine was used to determine the

compressive strength of each sample. Each concrete samples: plain, COS

and CDW concrete, was placed individually to the machine. The

cracking of the sample indicates that the sample has reached its

maximum loading capacity and the measuring gauge had stopped. The

compressive strength was determined through the gauge reading in the

compression machine.

Data Gathering
 After the curing period of each concrete sample, the samples to be

used in determining the strength development were tested at 7, 14, 21

and 28 days. The average compressive strength of the samples was taken

at the 28th day. The samples were brought to the materials and quality

control division of the Provincial Engineer’s Office for testing. The

compression testing machine was used to determine the compressive

strength of each sample and the strength was determined using the

gauge reading on the machine. Data were recorded and evaluated.

Statistical Tools

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for

analyzing the data. The SPSS is a software package used in the study:

Linear Regression was used to establish the calibration curve for the

computation of the relationship between a scalar dependent variable y

and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variable)

denoted X.

Since the study compares two concrete hollow block samples,

analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Using ANOVA it will determine the

significant difference of the compressive strengths of the plain, COS and

CDW concrete.
 Provide and Select Sugar Palm Black Fibers

Prepare Sugar Palm black Fibers

Perform cleansing of water and drying of Fibers

Prepare concrete mix

Pouring and drying of CHB specimens

Prepare specimens for Testing in 7, 14, 21 and 28

days

Fix
corrections
NO Are test
and
specimens ok? YES
repeat
process

Provide Compressive test in concrete hollow block

Test

Data

Analysis of Result

Conclusion

Recommendation
THE EFFECTS OF UNTREATED SUGAR PALM BLACK FIBER ON THE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

A Student Research

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology

Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion

Roxas City

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirement for the Course CE Project 401E

By

IAN ED M. VALDISIMO

MIKEE A. BERNAS

KYZYL ALABAN

DONNA MAE L. FERRER

VIVIALYN ANN B. OLANGA

JAIRUS JASON RAGAS

A.Y. 2015 – 2016

 APPROVAL SHEET

This student research, entitled THE EFFECTS OF UNTREATED SUGAR PALM

BLACK FIBER ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCKS prepared and submitted by Ian Ed M. Valdisimo, Mikee A. Bernas,
Kyzyl Alaban, Donna Mae L. Ferrer, Vivialyn Ann B. Olanga, Jairus Jason
Ragas in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject CE Project
410E is hereby recommended for acceptance ad approval for Oral
Examination.

THE RESEARCH COMMITTEE

ENGR. GILDA D. BORBON, MEE ENGR. MA. ADELINE D. DIAZ, MEE

MEMBER MEMBER

ENGR. FRED O. BORBON, MEE

MEMBER

Accepted and approved by the Research Committee during the Oral

Examination on 10 August 2016 and was given a grade of PASSED.

ENGR. JOEL C. VILLARUZ, Ph. D

Dean, College of Engineering and technology

Date
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The student researchers would like to acknowledge and appreciate

the assistance and help by the following persons in the preparation and

completion of this study;

Engr. Joel C. Villaruz, Dean of the College of Engineering and

Technology, for giving us guidance upon making this research study.

Engr. Fernando Arce, for his never-ending support for the group, his

assistance on our statistical procedures and his guidance on making this

research study.

Engr. Fred O. Borbon, for his guidance on the laboratory procedures.

Quality Control Division of the provincial Engineer’s Office, for letting

us use their facilities and equipment for the laboratory testing and

processing the data needed in this study.

The friends of every member of this research study for providing us

help for making this study possible.

To our beloved parents, siblings and other family relatives for the

support, and understanding on making this possible.

Above all to Almighty Father for his immeasurable love and blessings

given to the group on making this study a success.

 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF FIGURE

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY 4

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 5

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 8

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 9

SCOPE AND DELIMITARTIONS 10

DEFINITION OF TERMS 11

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

ORGANIC FIBERS 13
 BLACK FIBER 14

NATURAL FIBER AS REINFORCEMENT 18

OTHER NATURAL FIBERS 20

CEMENT-AGGREGATE RATIO 21

PARTIAL CEMENT SUBSTITUTE 22

OTHER MATERIALS IN CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS 24

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FIBER-

REINFORCED CONCERETE 25

TENSILE STRENGTH OF FIBER-

REINFORCED CONCRETE 26

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN 27

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FLOW CHART 28

MIXTURE COMPONENTS 29

THE SAMPLE 29

MIXTURE PROPORTIONS 29

CHB MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES 30

CURING PROCESS 31

TESTING 31

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 32

STATISCAL TOOLS 32

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

 INTERPRETATION OF DATA 34

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY 41

FINDINGS 43

CONCLUSIONS 46

RECOMMENDATIONS 48

BIBLIOGRAPHY 49

APPENDICES 51
 LIST OF TABLE

TABLE PAGE

1 Philippine National Standards For Concrete Hollow Blocks 7

2 Compressive Strength of Regular Commercial Hollow

Blocks (CHB), CHB with 25g, CHB with 50g and
CHB with 100g Sugar Palm Black Fiber Additives 35

3 Differences in the Compressive Strength of Regular

Commercial Hollow Blocks (CHB), CHB with 25g,
CHB with 50g and CHB with 100g Sugar Palm
Black Fiber Additives 38

4 Differences in the Compressive Strength of Regular

Commercial Hollow Blocks (CHB) and CHB with 25g
Sugar Palm Black Fiber Additives 39

5 Differences in the Compressive Strength of Regular

Commercial Hollow Blocks (CHB) and CHB with 50g
Sugar Palm Black Fiber Additives 40

6 Differences in the Compressive Strength of Regular

Commercial Hollow Blocks (CHB) and CHB with 100g
Sugar Palm Black Fiber Additives 40
 LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE PAGE

1 Schematic Diagram showing the Framework of the Study 8

2 Experimental Design Flow Chart 28

3 Comparison and Development of Concrete Samples 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY