EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Electronic Fuel Injection Overview

How Electronic Fuel Injection

Works

Electronic Fuel injection works on the some The Electronic Fuel Injection system can be
very basic principles. The following divided into three: basic sub-systems. These
discussion broadly outlines how a basic or are the fuel delivery system, air induction
Convention Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) system, and the electronic control system.
system operates.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The Fuel Delivery System

• The fuel delivery system consists of the

fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery
pipe (fuel rail), fuel injector, fuel pressure
regulator, and fuel return pipe.

• Fuel is delivered from the tank to the

injector by means of an electric fuel pump.
The pump is typically located in or near the
fuel tank. Contaminants are filtered out by a
high capacity in line fuel filter.

• Fuel is maintained at a constant pressure

by means of a fuel pressure regulator. Any
fuel which is not delivered to the intake
manifold by the injector is returned to the
tank through a fuel return pipe.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

The Air Induction System

• The air induction system consists of the air • Air delivered to the engine is a function of
cleaner, air flow meter, throttle valve, air driver demand. As the throttle valve is
intake chamber, intake manifold runner, opened further, more air is allowed to enter
and intake valve. the engine cylinders.

• When the throttle valve is opened, air flows • Toyota engines use two different methods
through the air cleaner, through the air flow to measure intake air volume. The L type
meter (on L type systems), past the throttle EFI system measures air flow directly by
valve, and through a well tuned intake using an air flow meter. The D type EFI
manifold runner to the intake valve. system measures air flow indirectly by
monitoring the pressure in the intake
manifold.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Electronic Control System

• The electronic control system consists of

various engine sensors, Electronic Control
Unit (ECU), fuel injector assemblies, and
related wiring.

• The ECU determines precisely how much

fuel needs to be delivered by the injector by
monitoring the engine sensors.

• The ECU turns the injectors on for a

precise amount of time, referred to as
injection pulse width or injection duration,
to deliver the proper air/fuel ratio to the
engine.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Basic System Operation

• Air enters the engine through the air • As fuel is sprayed into the intake airstream,
induction system where it is measured by it mixes with the incoming air and vaporizes
the air flow meter. As the air flows into the due to the low pressures in the intake
cylinder, fuel is mixed into the air by the fuel manifold. The ECU signals the injector to
injector. deliver just enough fuel to achieve an ideal
air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1, often referred to as
• Fuel injectors are arranged in the intake stoichiometry.
manifold behind each intake valve. The
injectors are electrical solenoids which are • The precise amount of fuel delivered to the
operated by the ECU. engine is a function of ECU control.

• The ECU pulses the injector by switching • The ECU determines the basic injection
the injector ground circuit on and off. quantity based upon measured intake air
volume and engine rpm.
• When the injector is turned on, it opens,
spraying atomized fuel at the back side of • Depending on engine operating conditions,
the intake valve. injection quantity will vary. The ECU
monitors variables such as coolant
temperature, engine speed, throttle angle,
and exhaust oxygen content and makes
injection corrections which determine final
injection quantity.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Advantages of EFI

Uniform Air/Fuel Mixture Distribution Excellent Fuel Economy With

Each cylinder has its own injector which Improved Emissions Control
delivers fuel directly to the intake valve. This Cold engine and wide open throttle
eliminates the need for fuel to travel through enrichment can be reduced with an EFI
the intake manifold, improving cylinder to engine because fuel puddling in the intake
cylinder distribution. manifold is not a problem. This results in
better overall fuel economy and improved
Highly Accurate Air/Fuel Ratio Control emissions control.
Throughout All Engine Operating Conditions
EFI supplies a continuously accurate air/fuel Improved Cold Engine
ratio to the engine no matter what operating Startability and Operation
conditions are encountered. This provides The combination of better fuel atomization
better driveability, fuel economy, and and injection directly at the intake valve
emissions control. improves ability to start and run a cold
engine.
Superior Throttle Response and Power
By delivering fuel directly at the back of the Simpler Mechanics,
intake valve, the intake manifold design can Reduced Adjustment Sensitivity
be optimized to improve air velocity at the The EFI system does not rely on any major
intake valve. This improves torque and adjustments for cold enrichment or fuel
throttle response. metering. Because the system is
mechanically simple, maintenance
requirements are reduced.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

EFI/TCCS System

With the introduction of the Toyota Computer TCCS Electronic Control Unit (ECU) also
Control System (TCCS), the EFI system went controls ignition spark angle. Additionally,
from a simple fuel control system to a fully TCCS also regulates an Idle Speed Control
integrated engine and emissions device, an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
management system. Although the fuel Vacuum Switching Valve and, depending on
delivery system operates the same as application, other engine related systems.
Conventional EFI, the

Ignition Spark Management (ESA) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

The EFI/'TCCS system regulates spark The EFI/TCCS system regulates the periods
advance angle by monitoring engine under which EGR can be introduced to the
operating conditions, calculating the engine. This control is accomplished through
optimum spark timing, and firing the spark the use of an EGR Vacuum Switching Valve.
plug at the appropriate time.
Other Engine Related Systems
Idle Speed Control (ISC) In addition to the major systems just
The EFI/TCCS system regulates engine idle described, the TCCS ECU often operates an
speed by means of several different types of Electronically Controlled Transmission
ECU controlled devices. The ECU monitors (ECT), a Variable Induction System (T-VIS),
engine operating conditions to determine the air conditioner compressor clutch, and
which idle speed strategy to use. the turbocharger/supercharger.

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 EFI #1 - SYSTEM OVERVIEW

Self Diagnosis System

A self diagnosis system is incorporated into • The air induction system delivers air to the
all TCCS Electronic Control Units (ECUs) engine based on driver demand. The
and into some Conventional EFI system air/fuel mixture is formed in the intake
ECUs. A Conventional EFI engine equipped manifold as air moves through the intake
with self diagnostics is a P7/EFI system. runners.
This diagnostic system uses a check engine
warning lamp in the combination meter The EFI system allows for improved engine
which is capable of warning the driver when performance, better fuel economy, and
specific faults are detected in the engine improved emissions control. Although
control system. The check engine light is technologically advanced, the EFI system is
also capable of flashing a series of mechanically simpler than other fuel
diagnosis codes to assist the technician in metering systems and requires very little
troubleshooting these faults. maintenance or periodic adjustment.

Summary • The Conventional EFI system only controls

fuel delivery and injection quantity. 'Me
The Electronic Fuel Injection system introduction of EFI/TCCS added control Of
consists of three basic subsystems. Electronic Spark Advance, idle speed, EGR,
and other related engine systems.
• The electronic control system determines
basic injection quantity based upon • Most of Toyota's late model EFI systems
electrical signals from the air flow meter are equipped with some type of on board
and engine rpm. diagnosis system. All TCCS systems are
equipped with an advanced self diagnosis
• The fuel delivery system maintains a system capable of monitoring many
constant fuel pressure on the injector. This important engine electrical circuits. Only
allows the ECU to control the fuel injection some of the later production
duration and deliver the appropriate Conventional(P7) EFI engines are
amount of fuel for engine operating equipped with a self diagnosis system.
conditions. Reprinted with permission from Toyota Motor Sale,
U.S.A., Inc. from #850 EFI Course Book.

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