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Electricity and Magnetism: - Last Time: Electric Field - Today

- Electric flux is defined as the electric field passing through a surface area, similar to the flow of water. - Gauss' law relates the electric flux passing through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed by the surface. - For a solid charged sphere, the electric flux through a spherical surface enclosing the charge is proportional to the total enclosed charge.

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sandeep yadav
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42 views18 pages

Electricity and Magnetism: - Last Time: Electric Field - Today

- Electric flux is defined as the electric field passing through a surface area, similar to the flow of water. - Gauss' law relates the electric flux passing through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed by the surface. - For a solid charged sphere, the electric flux through a spherical surface enclosing the charge is proportional to the total enclosed charge.

Uploaded by

sandeep yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electricity and Magnetism

• Last time: Electric Field


• Today:
– Electric Flux
– Gauss’ Law

Feb 19 2002
Gauss’ Law (1830)

• Today: Gauss’ Law


– Not so many demos, some math
• Electricity and Magnetism in 4 equations:

Feb 19 2002
Electric Flux
• Definition (simple case):

Electric Flux ΦE = E A

• What does that mean?


– Analogy with flow of e.g. water

Feb 19 2002
‘Flux’ of water
Area A

Velocity v

Flow: dV/dt = A dx/dt = Av


Feb 19 2002
‘Flux’ of water
Area A

Velocity v
Flow: Av cos(α) = A v
Feb 19 2002
Electric Flux
• Electric Flux: ΦE = E A
• Same mathematical form as water flow
• But there is no ‘substance’ flowing
• Took almost a century to accept
• Flux tells us how much field ‘passes’ through
surface A

Feb 19 2002
Electric Flux
• For ‘complicated’ surfaces:
– Use integral

• Often, ‘closed’ surfaces

Feb 19 2002
Electric Flux
• Example of closed surface: Box

dA dA

E
• Flux in (left) = -Flux out (right): ΦE = 0
• No ‘source’ of flux in this box
Feb 19 2002
Electric Flux
• How to make ΦE non-zero?
• Remember:

+Q

• Put Charge Q inside ‘box’!

Feb 19 2002
Gauss’ Law
• How are flux and charge connected?
• Charge Qencl as source of flux through closed
surface

Feb 19 2002
Gauss’ Law
• Gauss vs Coulomb

+Q

Feb 19 2002
Gauss’ Law
• Gauss vs Coulomb

dA
+Q

Feb 19 2002
Example
• Solid charged sphere (non-conducting)

++ ++
+ ++ + +
+ + +
r0+
+ + ++
++ + +
+
A1
Feb 19 2002
Example
• Solid charged sphere (non-conducting)

++ ++
+ ++ + +
+ + +
r0+
A+2+ + ++
+ ++ +

Feb 19 2002
Example
• Solid charged sphere (non-conducting)

++ ++ E
+ ++ + + E~r
+ + + E~1/r2
r0+
+ + ++
++ + +
+
r0 r
Feb 19 2002
Example II
• Conducting Sphere

+ + + +
+ E
+ +
+ E~1/r2
E=0 +
+ +
++ +
+ + +
E=0
r0 r
Feb 19 2002
Example IIa
• Conducting Sphere

+ + + +
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
++ +
+ + +

Feb 19 2002
Example III
• Line of Charge
λ: Charge density dQ/dl
l

+ ++ + ++ + +

Feb 19 2002

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