The document provides information about loop and horn antennas. It discusses the characteristics of small loops such as radiation resistance and far field patterns. It also describes horn antennas and provides their applications. Specifically, it discusses rectangular horn antennas and provides equations to calculate the length, aperture size, and flare angles of a pyramidal horn antenna given the E-plane aperture size. It gives an example problem to design a pyramidal horn antenna and calculate its beam widths and directivity.
The document provides information about loop and horn antennas. It discusses the characteristics of small loops such as radiation resistance and far field patterns. It also describes horn antennas and provides their applications. Specifically, it discusses rectangular horn antennas and provides equations to calculate the length, aperture size, and flare angles of a pyramidal horn antenna given the E-plane aperture size. It gives an example problem to design a pyramidal horn antenna and calculate its beam widths and directivity.
The document provides information about loop and horn antennas. It discusses the characteristics of small loops such as radiation resistance and far field patterns. It also describes horn antennas and provides their applications. Specifically, it discusses rectangular horn antennas and provides equations to calculate the length, aperture size, and flare angles of a pyramidal horn antenna given the E-plane aperture size. It gives an example problem to design a pyramidal horn antenna and calculate its beam widths and directivity.
The document provides information about loop and horn antennas. It discusses the characteristics of small loops such as radiation resistance and far field patterns. It also describes horn antennas and provides their applications. Specifically, it discusses rectangular horn antennas and provides equations to calculate the length, aperture size, and flare angles of a pyramidal horn antenna given the E-plane aperture size. It gives an example problem to design a pyramidal horn antenna and calculate its beam widths and directivity.
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ANTENNA & PROPAGATION
06EC64 | 10EC64
UNIT-4
Unit 4: Loop and Horn Antenna: Introduction, small loop, comparison of far field of small loop and short dipole, loop antenna general case, far field patterns of circular loop, radiation resistance, directivity, Horn antennas.
Introduction: It is a simple antenna. it may take many different forms such as square, rectangle, or circle. Loop antenna with electrically small circumference have small radiation resistance compare to their loss resistance. Their radiation is poor and rarely used in radio communication. These antenna are used in receiving mode where antenna efficiency is not very important. Mainly the loop antennas are used in direction finding.
The Small Loop:
Consider a circular loop of radius ‘a’ with a uniform in-phase current as shown in figure 4.1. The radius ‘a’ is very small compared to its wavelength [a<<λ]. The circular loop may be approximated by a square loop of length‘d’ with a uniform in-phase current. The length‘d’ is chosen such that the area of the square loop is the same as the area of the circular loop ie., d 2 = πa 2 ( 4.1)
Thus the loop can be treated as four short linear dipole. If the loop is oriented as shown in figure 4.2, its far field has only an E¢ components. To find the far field pattern in the yz plane it is only necessary to consider two of the linear dipoles 2 and 4 only. The dipole 1 and 3 do not contributes to the total field since their field components are exactly equal and opposite in phase at all point in the yz plane.
Since the individual small dipoles 2 and 4 are non directional in the yz plane, the fields pattern of the loop in this plane is the same as that of two isotropic point sources as in figure 4.3.
Thus the total fields E¢ is given by
Eφ = − Eφ0 e jψ / 2 + Eφ0 e − jψ / 2 (4.2)
Eφ0 = Electric field from individual dipole ψ = Phase difference between the two field component 2πd = sin θ = d r sin θ λ 2πd Where dr = λ The factor ψ/2 is used since phase is referred with respect to center.
= −2 jEφ0 [sinψ / 2] dr = −2 jEφ0 sin[ sin θ ] (4.3) 2 The factor j indicates that the total field E¢ in phase quadrature with the field E¢0 of their individual dipoles of d<<λ than the above equation reduces to
The far field E¢o of the individual dipole is given by
j 60π [ I ]L Eφ0 = [ θ = 90 sin θ = 1 θ − angle measured from dipole axis] rλ where [ I ] = retarted current on the dipole r = dis tan ce from the dipole substituting Eφ 0 in the above equation, it reduces to
60π [ I ]Ld r sin θ
Eφ = (4.4) rλ
2πd The length L of the dipole is same as d . [ L = d ] and d r = λ 2 120π [ I ] sin θ A ∴ Eφ = . 2 r λ 2 where A = d , Area of the loop Ed π [ I ] sin θ A Hφ = = . 2 (4.5) 120π r λ
Radiation Resistance of a small loop antenna
To find the radiation resistance the total power radiated is to be calculated the total power radiated is obtained by integrating the poynting vector
1 → → 1 E2 W= EXH= η = 120 2 2 η π 2π (120) 2 π 4 I 2 sin 2 θ A 2 1 W= ∫ ∫ θ = 0 φ =0 2 r 2 4 λ 120π r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
π 2π 60π 3 W= ∫ ∫ θ φ = 0 =0 λ4 I 2 A 2 sin 3 θ dθ dφ
160π 3 I 2 A 2 4 W = 4 (2π ) λ 3 160π 4 I 2 A 2 W = (4.6) λ4 If the radiation resistance of the loop is Rr then the total power dissipated=I2Rr/2 where I is the current
I 2 Rr 160π 4 I 2 A 2 ∴ = 2 λ4 2 2 A A Rr = 320 π 4 2 = 31200 2 Ω λ λ 2 nA when the number of turns is ' n' Rr = 31200 2 Ω ( 4. 7 ) λ
Field Comparison of Electric Dipole and Small Loop
Applications of Loop antenna:
The radiation resistance and efficiency of the loop antenna could be increased by increasing its perimeter or the number of turns. Another way to increase the radiation resistance is to insert the ferrite core of high permeability within the loop. This will raise the magnetic field intensity and hence the radiation resistance, such a loop is called ferrite loop. Ferrite loop antenna of few turns wound round a small ferrite rod are used as antenna in transistor radios.
Loop antennas are widely used for direction finding.
Horn Antennas
Flared waveguides that produce a nearly uniform phase front larger than the waveguide itself. Constructed in a variety of shapes such as sectoral E-plane, sectoral H-plane, pyramidal, conical, etc. as shown in figure 4.4.
a) Determine the length L, H-Plane aperture and flare angles θE and θH ( in the E and H planes, respectively) of a pyramidal horn for which the E-plane aperture aE = 10λ. The horn is fed by a rectangular waveguide with TE10 mode. Let δ = 0.2λ in the E plane and 0.375λ in the H plane.
b) What are the beam widths?
c) What is the directivity?
Solution:
Taking δ = λ/5 in the E plane, the required horn length
a 2 100 λ L= = = 62.5 λ 8δ 8 5
and the flare angle in the E plane
a 10 θ E = 2 tan −1 = 2 tan −1 = 9.10 2L 125
Taking δ = 3λ/8 in the H plane, the flare angle in the H plane
