Rotations

Why?
Traditionally, the energy generated by a windmill was
Then used to pump water or grind grain into flour. Modern
You identified rotations windmill technology may be an important alternative
and verified them
to fossil fuels. Windmills convert the wind’s energy into
as congruence
electricity through the rotation of turbine blades.
transformations. 
(Lesson 4-7) Draw Rotations  In Lesson 4-7, you learned that a rotation or turn moves every point of
a preimage through a specified angle and direction about a fixed point.
Now
Draw rotations. Key Concept Rotation
For Your
Draw rotations in the
coordinate plane.
A rotation about a fixed point, called the center
angle of rotation
of rotation, through an angle of x° maps a point "�
New Vocabulary
center of rotation to its image such that
angle of rotation • if the point is the center of rotation, then the 120°
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image and preimage are the same point, or
$ center of
Math Online rotation
• if the point is not the center of rotation, then the
glencoe.com image and preimage are the same distance
Extra Examples from the center of rotation and the measure of
Personal Tutor the angle of rotation formed by the preimage, A′ is the image of A after a
Self-Check Quiz center of rotation, and image points is x. 120° rotation about point C.
Homework Help $"BJ

The direction of a rotation can be either clockwise

or counterclockwise. From this point forward, all
rotations will be counterclockwise, unless stated
otherwise. DMPDLXJTF DPVOUFSDMPDLXJTF

EXAMPLE 1 Draw a Rotation "

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Copy △ABC and point K. Then use a "QQSPWFE
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protractor and ruler to draw a 140°
rotation of △ABC about point K. #
Step 1 Draw a segment from vertex A Step 2 Draw a 140° angle using
̶̶
to point K. ​ KA​ as one side.
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Step 3 Use a ruler to draw A′ such Step 4 Repeat Steps 1–3 for vertices B
that KA′ = KA. and C and draw △A′B′C′.
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140°
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632  Chapter 9  Transformations and Symmetry

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 ✓ Check Your Progress
Copy each figure and point K. Then use a protractor and ruler to draw a
rotation of the figure the given number of degrees about K.
1A. 65°  5 1B. 170° .
-

,
3
4 ,
+

Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

Draw Rotations in the Coordinate Plane  When a point is rotated 90°, 180°, or 270°
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counterclockwise $"BJ
about the origin, you can use the following rules.
StudyTip

Clockwise Key Concept Rotations in the Coordinate Plane

For Your

Rotation  Clockwise
rotation can be 90° Rotation Example y
To rotate a point 90° counterclockwise about 1 '(-2, 5)
designated by a
negative angle the origin, multiply the y-coordinate by -1 and 1 (5, 2)
measure. For example then interchange the x- and y-coordinates. 90°
a rotation of -90°
Symbols (x, y) → (-y, x) 0 x
about the origin is a
rotation 90° clockwise
180° Rotation Example y
about the origin.
To rotate a point 180° counterclockwise
about the origin, multiply the x- and 1 (5, 2)
180°
y-coordinates by -1.
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0 x
Symbols (x, y) → (-x, -y)
1 '(-5, -2)

270° Rotation Example y

To rotate a point 270° counterclockwise about 1 (5, 2)
the origin, multiply the x-coordinate by -1 and 270°
then interchange the x- and y-coordinates. $"BJ
0 x

Symbols (x, y) → (y, -x)

1 '(2, -5)

StudyTip

360° Rotation  EXAMPLE 2 Rotations in the Coordinate Plane

A rotation of 360° $"BJ
about a point returns a Triangle PQR has vertices P(1, 1), Q(4, 5), and R(5, 1). Graph △PQR and
figure to its original its image after a rotation 90° about the origin.
position. That is, the Multiply the y-coordinate of each vertex y
image under a 360°
by -1 and interchange.
rotation is equal to the 2 (4, 5)
preimage. (x, y) →  (-y, x) 2�(-5, 4) 3� (-1, 5)

P(1, 1) →  P′(-1, 1)
Q(4, 5)  →  Q′(-5, 4)
1�(-1, 1) 1 (1, 1) 3 (5, 1)
R(5, 1) →  R′(-1, 5) 0 x

Graph △PQR and its image △P′Q′R′.

✓ Check Your Progress
2. Parallelogram FGHJ has vertices F(2, 1), G(7, 1), H(6, -3), and J(1, -3).
Graph FGHJ and its image after a rotation 180° about the origin.
Personal Tutor  glencoe.com
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Lesson 9-3  Rotations  633
 STANDARDIZED TEST EXAMPLE 3

Triangle JKL is shown at the right. What is the image y

of point J after a rotation 270° counterclockwise 0 ,(1, -1) x
about the origin?
-(5, -3)
A (-3, -7)
B (-7, 3)
C (-7, -3)
+(3, -7)
D (7, -3)

Read the Test Item

You are given that △JKL has coordinates J(3, -7), K(1, -1), and L(5, -3) and
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are then asked to identify the coordinates of the image of point J after a 270°
counterclockwise rotation about the origin.
Solve the Test Item
StudyTip
To find the coordinates of point J after a 270° counterclockwise rotation about
270° Rotation  You the origin, multiply the x-coordinate by -1 and then interchange the x- and
can complete a 270° y-coordinates.
rotation by performing
a 90° rotation and a (x, y) → (y, -x) (3, -7) → (-7, -3)
180° rotation in
sequence. The answer is choice C.

✓ Check Your Progress

3. P
 arallelogram WXYZ is rotated 180° y
8(-6, 3) ;(-2, 3)
counterclockwise about the origin.
Which of these graphs represents the
resulting image? 
0 x

9(-5, -3) :(-1, -3)

F y   H y
8(3, 6) : (1, 3) 9 (5, 3)

Test-TakingTip 9(-3, 5)
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Solve a Simpler 0 x
Problem  Instead of :(-3, 1) ; (3, 2)
checking all four vertices
0 x ; (2, -3) 8 (6, -3)
of parallelogram WXYZ
in each graph, check just
one vertex, such as X.
G y   J y
8(-6, 3) ;(-2, 3)
9(3, 2)
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8(-3, 1)
0 x 0 x

;(-3, -3) :(3, -2)

9(-5, -3) :(-1, -3)

Personal Tutor  glencoe.com

634  Chapter 9  Transformations and Symmetry

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 ✓ Check Your Understanding
Example 1 Copy each polygon and point K. Then use a protractor and ruler to draw the
p. 632 specified rotation of each figure about point K.
1. 45°  2. 120° 
( 2

3
, 5
,
' )
4

Example 2 3 Triangle DFG has vertices D(-2, 6), F(2, 8), and G(2, 3). Graph △DFG and
p. 633 its image after a rotation 180° about the origin. 
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Example 3 4. MULTIPLE CHOICE  For the transformation y #
p. 634 shown, what is the measure of the angle of $"BJ
8
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rotation of ABCD about the origin?  4

A 90° %' "

-8 -4 0 4 8x
B 180° "' %
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C 270° $'
-8
D 360° #'

  =  Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R20.

Practice and Problem Solving    Extra Practice begins on page 969.
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Example 1 Copy each polygon and point K. Then use a protractor and ruler to draw the
p. 632 specified rotation of each figure about point K.
5. 90°  6. 15° 7. 145°
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8. 30°  9. 260°  10. 50°

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3
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PINWHEELS  Find the angle of rotation to the nearest tenth of a degree that
maps P onto P′. Explain your reasoning.
11. 1   12. $"BJ
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Lesson 9-3  Rotations  635

 Examples 2 and 3 Graph each figure and its image after the specified rotation about the origin.
pp. 633–634
14. △JKL has vertices J(2, 6), K(5, 2), and L(7, 5); 90°
15. rhombus WXYZ has vertices W(-3, 4), X(0, 7), Y(3, 4), and Z(0, 1); 90°
16. △FGH has vertices F(2, 4), G(5, 6), and H(7, 2); 180°
17. trapezoid ABCD has vertices A(-7, -2), B(-6, -6), C(-1, -1), and D(-5, 0); 180°
18. △RST has vertices R(-6, -1), S(-4, -5), and T(-2, -1); 270°
19. parallelogram MPQV has vertices M(-6, 3), P(-2, 3), Q(-3, -2), and V(-7, -2); 270°
"'
" 20. WEATHER  A weathervane is used to indicate the
B direction of the wind. If the vane is pointing northeast
and rotates 270°, what is the new wind direction?

21. PHOTOGRAPHY  The photograph of the Grande Roue, or

Big Wheel, at the left appears blurred because of the
camera’s shutter speed—the length of time the camera’s
shutter was open.
a. Estimate the angle of rotation in the photo.
(Hint: Use points A and A′.) 
b. If the Ferris wheel makes one revolution per minute,
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The Grande Roue was use your estimate from part a to estimate the camera’s
built in Paris in 1999 for the shutter speed. 
millennium celebrations. The
diameter of the wheel is Each figure shows a preimage and its image after a rotation about point P.
60 meters. Copy each figure, locate point P, and find the angle of rotation. 
Source: Speeple News
22.   23.

C ALGEBRA  Give the equation of the line y = -x - 2 y

after a rotation about the origin through the given
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angle. Then describe the relationship between the
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equations of the image and preimage.
24. 90°  25. 180° 0 x
y
=
-x
- 2
26. 270°  27. 360°

ALGEBRA  Rotate the line the specified number of degrees about the x- and y-intercepts
and find the equation of the resulting image.
28. y = x - 5; 90°  29. y = 2x + 4; 180°  30. y = 3x - 2; 270°
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31 RIDES  An amusement park ride consists of y
8
four circular cars. The ride rotates at a rate of
0.25 revolution per second. In addition, each 4
car rotates 0.5 revolution per second. If Jane is
positioned at point P when the ride begins, -8 -4 0 4 8x
what coordinates describe her position after 1
-4
31 seconds? 
-8

636  Chapter 9  Transformations and Symmetry

 32. BICYCLE RACING  Brandon and Nestor are y
(x, y)
participating in a bicycle race on a circular track
with a radius of 200 feet. 200
a. If the race starts at (200, 0) and both complete
one rotation in 30 seconds, what are their
coordinates after 5 seconds?  0 (200, 0) x

b. Suppose the length of race is 50 laps and Brandon

continues the race at the same rate. If Nestor
finishes in 26.2 minutes, who is the winner? 
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33 MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS  In this problem, you will investigate
reflections over a pair of intersecting lines.
m �
a. GEOMETRIC  On a coordinate y B'
B" C"
plane, draw a triangle and a pair
Bicycle tires can support of intersecting lines. Label the C' B
about 400 times their own triangle ABC and the lines ℓ and A " A'
A
weight and only collapse m. Reflect △ABC in the line ℓ.
under about 700 times Then reflect △A′B′C′ in the line
their own weight.
O C x
m. Label the final image A″B″C″.
Source: Exploratorium

b. GEOMETRIC  Repeat the process in part a two more times in two different quadrants.
Label the second triangle DEF and reflect it in intersecting lines n and p. Label the
third triangle MNP and reflect it in intersecting lines q and r. 
C09-127A-888484.ai
c. TABULAR  Measure the angle of rotation of each triangle about the point
of intersection of the two lines. Copy and complete the table below.
Angle of Rotation Angle Between
Between Figures Intersecting Lines
△ABC and △A″B″C″ ℓ and m
△DEF and △D″E″F″ n and p
△MNP and △M″N″P q and r

d. VERBAL  Make a conjecture about the angle of rotation of a figure about

the intersection of two lines after the figure is reflected in both lines.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

34. Writing in Math  Are collinearity and betweenness of points maintained

under rotation? Explain.

35. CHALLENGE  Point C has coordinates C(5, 5). The image of this point after a
rotation of 100° about a certain point is C′(-5, 7.5). Find the coordinates of the
center of this rotation. Explain. 

36. OPEN ENDED  Draw a figure on the coordinate plane. Describe a nonzero
rotation that maps the image onto the preimage with no change in
orientation. 

37. REASONING  Is the reflection of a figure in the x-axis equivalent to the

rotation of that same figure 180° about the origin? Explain. 

38. Writing in Math  Do invariant points sometimes, always, or never occur in a

rotation? Explain your reasoning. 

Lesson 9-3  Rotations  637