Sistem Multimedia

Konsep Pemrosesan Media (Image)

Mahardeka Tri Ananta
[email protected]

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Outline
• Gambaran umum Image (1, 8, 24-bits image)
• Popular File Format
• Color

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Graphics/Image
• Images consist of pixels—picture elements in digital images
• Image resolution refers to the number of pixels in a digital image

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Graphics/Image
• Aspect ratio refers the ratio of the width to the height of an image or
screen

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1-Bit Images
• A 1-bit image consists of on and off bits only and thus is the simplest
type of image
• Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1)
• Hence, such an image is also referred to as a binary image
• It is also sometimes called a 1-bit monochrome image since it
contains no color

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1-Bit Images

How much space do we need to store a 640x480 monochrome image?

640 x 480 = 307,200 pixels (bits)
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8-Bit Gray-Level Images
• Also called grayscale images
• Each pixel has a gray value between 0 and 255
• The image can be thought of as a two-dimensional array of pixel
values
• We refer to such an array as a bitmap

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8-Bit Gray-Level Images
• Each pixel is usually stored as a byte (28 = 256)
• How much space do we need to save a 640 x 480 grayscale image?
640 x 480 = 307,200 pixels (bytes)

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24-Bit Color Images
• Each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually representing RGB
• Each byte stores red, green, and blue values

• For each element in RGB, there are 256 values (0-255)

• Thus, there are 256 (R) x 256 (G) x 256 (B) = 16,777,216 possible
combination of colors

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24-Bit Color Images
• How about the space?
How much space do we need to save 640 x 480 24-Bit Color Images?
640 x 480 = 307,200 pixels
307,200 pixels x 3 bytes = 921,600 bytes
921,600 bytes / 1,024 = 900 kilobytes

• But many 24-bit color images are actually stored as 32-bit (integer)
• The extra byte of data for each pixel storing an α alpha value

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8-Bit Color Images
• 8-bit color image files use a lookup table (LUT) to store color
information
• The image stores only the index for each pixel
• For example, if a pixel stores the value 25, the meaning is to go to row
25 in a color lookup table
• The LUT is often called a palette
• The number of rows of the LUT is 256 (8 bit)
• Thus, only 256 (28) colors can be stored

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Popular File Formats

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GIF
• Graphics Interchange Format
• Limited to 8 bit (256) color images only
• Best suited for images with few distinctive colors (e.g., graphics or
drawing)
• The original specification is GIF87a
• The later version, GIF89a, supports simple animation
• The actual raster data is compressed using the LZW compression
scheme

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JPEG
• The most important current standard for image compression
• Created by Joint Photographic Experts Group, a working group of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• The human vision system has some specific limitations, which JPEG
takes advantage of
• The eye–brain system cannot see extremely fine detail
• If many changes occur within a few pixels, we refer to that image
segment as having high spatial frequency
• This compression scheme is “LOSSY”

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JPEG (SF)

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JPEG Compression

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PNG
• Portable Network Graphics
• Special features of PNG files include support for up to 16 bits per pixel
in each color channel, i.e., 48-bit color
• Supports both lossless and lossy compression with performance
better than GIF

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TIFF
• Tagged Image File Format
• Supports attachment of additional information (referred to as “tags”)
• Can store many different types of images: 1-bit, grayscale, 8-bit, 24-
bit RGB, and so on
• It is quite common to use TIFF files to store uncompressed data
(lossless).
• Format TIFF didukung oleh aplikasi-aplikasi manipulasi image, aplikasi
publishing dan page layout, scanning, faxing, word processing, OCR
(Optical Character Recognition), dan aplikasi lainnya.

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BMP
• BitMap (BMP)
• Major system standard image file format for Microsoft Windows
• Supports many pixel formats, including indexed color (up to 8 bits per
pixel), and 16, 24, and 32-bit color images
• Makes use of 24-bit Run-Length Encoding (RLE) compression 
lossless
• 16-bit and 32-bit color images (with α-channel information) are
always uncompressed

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Human Vision
• The eye works like a camera
• The lens focuses an image onto the retina (upside down and left-right
reversed)
• The retina consists of an array of rods and three kinds of cones
• These receptors are called such because they are shaped like cones
and rods

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• The rods come into play when light levels are low and produce a image in shades of gray
• For higher light levels, the cones each produce a signal
• The three kinds of cones are most sensitive to red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light
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Camera System
• A camera has three signals produced at each pixel location
• Analog signals are converted to digital, truncated to integers, and
stored
• If the precision used is 8-bit, then the maximum value for any of R, G,
B is 255, and the minimum is 0

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Additive vs Subtractive Color

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 TERIMA KASIH
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT

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