1

Experiment 3 Bernoulli Experiment

Team MGK Busayong, Khryzel Khyle; Flores, Elizalde Miguel; Nismal, Gianne Gilbert

I. Objectives 𝑃=
This experiment aims to verify the equation accel
formulated by Bernoulli when applied to a eratio
steady flow of water in a venturi duct. n due
to
Specifically, it aims to: gravi
a. Calculate the area at the tap points in the ty
venturi duct from the velocity at each point, (9.81 𝑃/
b. Determine the total head at each tap point 𝑃2 )
from the potential, kinetic, and pressure 𝑃= mean velocity of fluid at the cross section
heads, and (𝑃/𝑃)
c. Verify if the calculated and measured total 𝑃= elevation head with respect to datum 𝑃 =
0 (𝑃)
heads are equal at each tap point based on
𝑃𝑃 = total static head (𝑃)
Bernoulli’s equation.

Figure 1. A duct with a constricted region at

II. Theory
𝑃2 (Hyperphysics, nd).

The Bernoulli’s principle describes the

To further visualize the Bernoulli’s principle, a
relationship between the pressure, velocity, and
duct with varying cross sectional areas as in
elevation of a flowing fluid. It states that for a
Figure 1 is considered where a finite volume of
horizontal fluid flow, points with higher
water approaches the constricted region towards
velocity will have less pressure than those with
𝑃2 . The force at 𝑃1 pushes the fluid to the right
lower velocity. The validity of this theorem lies
and does positive work since force is in the same
on the following assumptions: 1) steady flow, 2)
direction as the fluid motion. Also, the force at
constant density, and 3) negligible viscous and
𝑃2 pushes the fluid to the opposite direction,
frictional forces, and 4) the fluid flows along a
thus exerting negative work.
streamline (Hambali, n.d.).

From the continuity equation, the fluid must

The underlying equation from this principle was
speed up to obtain a constant flow rate. Thus, a
also named after Daniel Bernoulli which states
net positive work must be exerted which means
that the sum of the velocity head, the pressure
that the force at 𝑃1 must be greater than that of
head, and the elevation head per unit weight of
𝑃2 . This follows that the pressure at the wider,
the fluid remains constant at any point in the
slower side must be larger than that of the
flow. This also follows the same assumptions as
narrower, faster side of the duct (Khan
stated above, and in addition, energy is neither
Academy, n.d.).
added to nor removed from the system (T/ROX,
n.d.). The Bernoulli equation can be written as:
III. Materials and Methods
𝑃1 𝑃21 𝑃2 𝑃22
+ + 𝑃1 = + + 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 2𝑃 𝑃𝑃 2𝑃

where
𝑃1 = fluid static pressure at the cross section
(𝑃/𝑃2 )
𝜌= density of the flowing fluid (𝑃𝑃/𝑃3 )
 2

Figure 2. Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus and head calculated using the Bernoulli equation
parts and the total head reading from the piezometer.

The materials and equipment used in the In the calculation of these parameters, pertinent
experiment include a Bernoulli’s Theorem equipment and operating data were measured
Apparatus shown in Fig. 2, a hydraulic bench, to obtain the necessary variables. The
stopwatch, graduated cylinder, and dimensions of the venturi duct were not given,
thermometer.
and the water temperature is 29˚C. From the

For start-up, the outlet control valve was given temperature, the density was interpolated
gradually opened to fill the hydraulic bench from the handbook (Green and Perry, 2008) and
tank and water was allowed to fill the was calculated to be 994.0944 kg/m3.
manometer tubes until trapped air is removed.
Then, the air bleed screw was opened for the
fluid to flow and then closed when the Table 1. Average Area and Velocity at each Tap
piezometer has reached a convenient height. Point on Different Flow Rates

Ta Are Velocity (m/s)

The discharge valve was adjusted to certain flow
rate and was allowed to be stabilized. Then, a p a
specific amount of water was collected in the Poi (m--
graduated cylinder and the time was recorded nt -2) Q1 Q2 Q3
to obtain the flow rate. The hypodermic probe
was then slided at the first tap point 𝑃0 and the
piezometer reading at that tap point and the S0 0.02 0.485 0.31 0.3132
total head at the rightmost tube were measured. 52 2 32
The probe was then slided at the tap points 𝑃1 ,
𝑃2 , 𝑃3 , 𝑃4 , 𝑃5 , and 𝑃6 and the same parameters S1 0.01 0.505 0.52 0.6570
were measured. The discharge valve was then 54 0 41
adjusted to two other flow rates and the flow
rate, static head, and total head for each tap S2 0.01 0.657 0.71 0.8969
points were determined. 14 0 42

IV. Results and Discussion S3 0.00 0.714 0.84 1.1379

97 2 04
The experiment is based on the Bernoulli’s
principle which relates between velocities with S4 0.00 0.852 1.00 1.2528
pressure for an inviscid flow. In order to 83 0 00
investigate the validity of Bernoulli equation
when applied to the steady flow of water in a S5 0.00 1.019 1.12 1.4890
tapped duct, three methods in gathering data 72 7 06
were used: 1) calculating the velocity at each tap
S6 0.00 0.980 1.13 1.3140
point given the pressure readings in piezometer,
76 5 79
then using this together with the volumetric
flow rate to calculate the area, 2) using the given
values to calculate the pressure, velocity heads
First part of the experiment was to determine
and the total head and 3) comparing the total
the area at each tap point and since there were
 3

no dimensions given, the cross-sectional area at

S1 331.1 330 335.1 334 349.1 348
each point can be calculated by dividing the
3 4 7
volumetric flow rate with the velocity. To
calculate the velocity, the individual pressure S2 329.0 328 334.1 333 347.0 346
head and the total pressure head readings were 9 0 9
obtained from the piezometer and the following
S3 327.0 326 333.0 332 346.0 345
equation was used:
7 6 0

S4 326.0 325 332.0 331 343.9 343

3 0 4
Where htp= total head and hi is the pressure head
at a point. S5 324.9 324 330.9 330 343.8 343
7 5 2
From the results obtained (see Appendix), it can
be inferred that when the flow rate was S6 324.9 324 330.9 330 334.8 334
increased (taking note that the flow rates were in 8 4 8
ascending order meaning Q3 has the highest
Legend: HTB – Total Head using Bernoulli
flow rate), the pressure difference or head also
Equation
increased. Another observation is when the
velocity of the water that flows in the tapered H-TP – Total Head from Piezometer
duct increases, the duct area decreases Reading
regardless of the pressure difference as shown in
Table 1. It was generalized that the diameter of The next part of the experiment was to

the tube highly affects the velocity of the determine the velocity head, pressure head and

flowing fluid but there might also be minor to solve the total head using the Bernoulli

energy losses in the pipe due to sudden equation (stated above) by comparing it to the

expansion or compression at tap points. total head measured in the piezometer. The
velocity head is the pressure needed to increase
Table 2. Total Head Measurements at each point the speed at which a liquid flows while pressure
using Bernoulli and Piezometer head refers to the internal energy of a fluid due
to the pressure exerted on its pipe, (see
Tap Q1 Q2 Q3 appendix for values). Table 2 shows both the
Poi values for total head calculated using the
nt Bernoulli equation and the total head reading on
the piezometer. The values were expected to be
HTB HTP HTB HTP HTB HTP
equal but somehow the values vary slightly
(mm) (mm (mm (mm (mm (mm
from each other. This small deviation might be
) ) ) ) )
cause by some human errors made by the
S0 334.1 333 336.1 335 351.2 350 experimenters like parallax error in taking the
5 8 3 readings at each tap point or that the water
levels inside the manometer were not stable and
 4

always kept on moving but small changes were Table 4. Raw Data for the Second Trial
not given attention.

V. Conclusion

It can be concluded that the experiment was able

to agree with Bernoulli’s principle which state
that a change in cross-sectional area and
pressure differences affect the velocity of the
fluid. The total head values at each point using
Table 5. Raw Data for the Third Trial
the Piezometer and the Bernoulli equation also
were close to each other proving the accuracy of
the formula. Even though the raw data values
and the expected values were not exactly the
same, the pattern of the increasing and
decreasing of the values in the converging and
diverging portions could be observed.

VI. References
B. Sample Calculations
Hambali, H. (n.d.). Experiment 1: Bernoulli’s
Flow Rate
Theorem Demonstration. Retrieved from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/68038037/Experime
V/t=Q 510 mL/ 4.67 s = 109.2077 mL/s
nt-Bernoulli
Khan Academy (n.d.). What is Bernoulli’s Velocity
equation? Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/
fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-bernoullis-
equation
1
√2(9.81)(350 − 345)( ) = 0.313209
1000
T/ROX (n.d.). Bernoulli’s Theorem. Retrieved
from Area
https://www.scribd.com/document/155647993/B
ernoulli-s-theorem-Experiment Q/v = A

VII. Appendices 0.0109815 / 0.313209 = 0.0350614

A. Raw Data
Table 3. Raw Data for the First Trial Group Name: MGK
Group Members:
Busayong, Khryzel Khyle – Results and
Discussion, Sample Calculations
Flores, Elizalde Miguel – Objectives, Theory,
Materials and Methods
Nismal, Gianne Gilbert – Conclusion,
Appendices, Raw Data, Compilation of Report

Date Performed: March 19, 2019

Date Submitted: March 26, 2019